Agricultural Water Management最新文献

{"title":"Assessing the use of remotely sensed surface water flux to estimate net groundwater storage change in an aquifer predominantly used for irrigation","authors":"Cindy Viviers ,&nbsp;Michael van der Laan","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109592","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109592","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In intensely irrigated regions, effective cultivation and water use monitoring is crucial to ensure sustainability. Using the Steenkoppies Dolomitic Compartment (South Africa) as a case study, this study proposed a novel approach to monitor active cultivation, crop and net irrigation water use, and net groundwater storage (GWS) changes. The method addresses the limitations of annual land use land cover datasets and reliance on local ground-based data, enabling higher spatio-temporal Earth observation monitoring for intensively irrigated, groundwater-dependent areas. Remotely sensed data can estimate actual evapotranspiration (ET_a) across various land cover types, but application for crop and irrigation water use monitoring specifically, requires integration with datasets identifying actively cultivated areas. A Random Forest classifier, trained on seasonal Sentinel-2 composites to capture crop phenological changes, was used to identify cultivated areas in monthly composites. These cultivated areas were integrated with WaPOR (Water Productivity Open Access Portal) ET_a data to estimate monthly crop water use, while the difference between ET_a and precipitation provided estimates of monthly surface water flux and net irrigation water use. Comparing surface water flux with net GWS changes offered a holistic, near real-time view of water demand and aquifer status at a monthly temporal resolution and a spatial resolution of 250 m. The study concluded that the irrigated cropped area expanded by 14 % since 2012, reaching 6 065 ha in 2021. The WaPOR-based crop water use estimates concluded a 250–300 mm shortfall compared to crop model estimates. The deficits between mean annual precipitation (652–733 mm yr⁻¹) and the WaPOR-based mean annual irrigated crop water use (1 090 mm yr⁻¹) over 6 065 ha equate to 21.7 Mm³ yr⁻¹ and 26.6 Mm³ yr⁻¹, aligning with the literature groundwater abstraction estimates exceeding 20 Mm³ for irrigation. Using the pixel-based, sum of monthly net irrigation estimates, however, even when factoring in a precipitation efficiency of 70 % and an irrigation efficiency of 80 %, the WaPOR-based net irrigation water use was estimated at only 12.7 Mm³ yr⁻¹ for 2018/19 and 9.3 Mm³ yr⁻¹ for 2019/20. The comparison of surface water flux with net GWS and precipitation confirmed that irrigated cultivation is the primary groundwater user, and that groundwater abstraction peaks during low precipitation periods, with precipitation being the main aquifer recharge source. Surface water flux proved a reliable proxy for monitoring and predicting the impact of irrigation on GWS levels during dry seasons. The cultivation and net irrigation intensity maps can be essential for strategising regulatory efforts and monitoring compliance with groundwater mitigation measures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 109592"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144230447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mesoscale unfrozen water content measurements in frozen oasis soils using combined cosmic-ray neutron sensing and time domain reflectometry networks","authors":"Yongyong Zhang ,&nbsp;Shue Wei ,&nbsp;Wenzhi Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109600","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Frozen soil water is a key indicator for assessing soil thermal regimes, moisture status, and freeze-thaw dynamics, which are crucial for understanding soil hydrological processes in oasis ecosystems. However, accurately measuring mesoscale unfrozen and frozen water contents during freeze-thaw cycles remains challenging. This study combines Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensing (CRNS) and Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) networks to investigate ice-water transformation characteristics at the mesoscale in oasis ecosystems, including farmland with shallow groundwater (FSG), old farmland (OF), new farmland (NF), and artificial forest (AF) during the freezing period. The results show that CRNS effectively measured mesoscale soil moisture with high accuracy in desert-oasis ecoregion (R² = 0.930, RMSE = 0.027 cm³/cm³). While, the parameter <em>N</em>_<em>0</em> for farmland sites was similar, though it was lower for AF. The integrated CRNS and TDR networks effectively differentiated the frozen water content from the total value during the freezing period at the mesoscale. Unfrozen water content ranged from 0.04 to 0.48 cm³ /cm³ , with more variation in surface layers compared to deeper layers. Freezing occurred from the top to down in OF, NF, and AF, whereas FSG exhibited a bidirectional freezing pattern. Freezing rates were highest in FSG, followed by NF, AF, and OF. The OF retained a higher proportion of unfrozen water content, while AF maintained the lowest ratio throughout the freezing period. Soil temperature was the dominant factor. Below 0°C, unfrozen water content exhibited an exponential relationship with temperature, while above 0°C, it followed a power relationship. These findings enhance our understanding of freeze-thaw processes and provide valuable insights for monitoring mesoscale unfrozen soil moisture in oasis ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 109600"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144230445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nature positive farm dams","authors":"K.U.D.N. Hansani,&nbsp;Lukas Schuster,&nbsp;Peter I. Macreadie,&nbsp;Martino E. Malerba","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Farm dams are a ubiquitous feature in agricultural landscapes worldwide, functioning as a major source of water for livestock or crop irrigation. Their number is increasing rapidly, often dominating the cumulative surface area of inland waters. Unmanaged farm dams are sources of pollution and pests, whereas sustainably managed farm dams serve as multifunctional assets, supporting biodiversity, improving water quality, and more. Currently, there is a lack of studies that comprehensively assess the impacts of unmanaged farm dams and the benefits of well-managed dams across various domains, including farm productivity and environmental sustainability. To fill this gap, we reviewed the scientific literature to analyse the current knowledge on farm dam management. Farm dam studies (N = 310) constituted 0.1 % of the literature compared to studies on lakes and reservoirs. Nations with high agricultural production are leading farm dam research, especially the USA (26.5 %) and Australia (21.6 %). Hydrology and ecology (63 %) dominate the literature, whereas environment regulation, agriculture, economy, engineering, and social aspects are less represented. Nature positive management can increase the productivity of these assets while minimising their negative impacts. Some examples include limiting livestock access through fencing, enhancing vegetation cover through revegetation, introducing floating wetlands, low-flow bypass devices, and generating renewable energy using floating solar panels and micro-hydro pumps. Integrating carbon or biodiversity crediting for direct and indirect ecosystem services associated with nature positive farm dams is a promising solution for reducing the costs of sustainable farm dam management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 109580"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144221293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate, soil and management factors drive the quantitative relationships between soil fertility and spring maize water productivity in northern China","authors":"Jiao Shi ,&nbsp;Minggang Xu ,&nbsp;Xinhua He ,&nbsp;Huaiping Zhou ,&nbsp;Jianhua Li","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dryland agriculture in northern China is mainly limited by water scarcity and low soil fertility. This study thus quantified relationships between spring maize water productivity (WP) and soil fertility as well as variations in such relationships. In doing so, a total of 844 datasets were integrated by data from four 23–40 years long-term experiments (Gongzhuling, Pingliang, Shenyang and Shouyang) and 21 peer-reviewed publications. The random forest, partial least squares structural equation modeling and variance partitioning analysis were then applied to address the quantitative relationships (QRs) and relevant differences. Results showed that QRs between regions were 2.14 (Northwest China, NW) &gt; 1.53 (North China, NC) &gt; 0.97 kg m⁻³ (Northeast China, NE); 1.70, 1.41, and 1.18 kg m⁻³ at dry, normal and wet years; 1.09 under chemical nitrogen (N), 1.57 under NP (chemical phosphorus), 2.08 under NPK (chemical potassium) (highest), 1.29 under manure (M), 1.09 under NM, 1.39 under NPM and 0.98 kg m⁻³ under NPKM (lowest), respectively. Mean annual precipitation, mean annual temperature, available N, N fertilization rate and maize varieties were main factors affecting QRs, while the effects and interactions of climate, soil properties and management factors were the main causes producing differences in QRs. The potential QRs determined by boundary functions were reached up to 6.2, 5.26 and 6.12 kg m⁻³ in NW, at dry years and under NPK, respectively. To improve spring maize WP through enhanced soil fertility, the NW region, dry years, and NPK were parallelly optimal, while such WP increases were increased with N rate in NE and NW or planting pattern change in NC, each of them could efficiently benefit for using scarce water resources in dryland northern China and other dryland areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 109599"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144221294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing irrigation amount and salinity level for sustainable cotton production and soil health","authors":"Dong Lin ,&nbsp;Wenping Bi ,&nbsp;Yujie He ,&nbsp;Yanzhe Ge ,&nbsp;Xiaomin Mao","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109581","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109581","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Brackish water is usually abundant and regarded as potential irrigation water resource in arid regions such as Xinjiang Province, China. However, although brackish water can alleviate water stress for crop growth, it may bring salt into soil, resulting in potential threats of soil secondary salinization and crop salt stress. To use the brackish water safely and effectively, experiments were conducted in 2023 and 2024 to explore the impact of brackish water quantity and quality on the soil salt spatiotemporal distribution, cotton growth and yield in the film mulched drip irrigation fields in Southern Xinjiang. It includes three irrigation amounts (W1: 75 % I, W2: 100 % I and W3: 125 % I, where I is crop irrigation water requirement) and three irrigation salinities (S1: 1.5 g/L, S2: 3.5 g/L and S3: 5.5 g/L). Results show that under excessive irrigation (W3), higher irrigation water salinity would limit the root water uptake, and result in higher soil water content in the root zone. A single deficit irrigation with brackish water at 3.5 g/L showed no significant difference in soil salt distribution before and after irrigation, but increasing irrigation amount was beneficial for mitigating soil salt accumulation in the root zone under the film. Under sufficient irrigation, 5.5 g/L saline water irrigation also caused salt accumulation in the deep soil beneath the film and the bare soil between the films around the wetting front. Compared with deficit irrigation, increasing irrigation amount with 5.5 g/L saline water neither promote cotton growth, nor significantly inhibit it. Higher irrigation salinity lead to a significant decline in cotton yield, but the effect of salt stress was mitigated under water deficit condition. Considering soil salt accumulation in the root zone under the film, cotton yield and water productivity (WP), the optimal irrigation amounts were 1.25 I for freshwater irrigation at 1.5 g/L, 1.35 I for brackish water irrigation at 3.5 g/L, and 1.06 I for saline water irrigation at 5.5 g/L. Our research provides guidance for the rational use of irrigation with different salinities and the sustainable development of irrigated agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 109581"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144221295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change adaptation strategy of Greco grapevine","authors":"Antonello Bonfante ,&nbsp;Maurizio Buonanno ,&nbsp;Andrea Vitale ,&nbsp;Arturo Erbaggio ,&nbsp;Chiara Cirillo ,&nbsp;Eleonora Guadagno ,&nbsp;Francesca Petracca ,&nbsp;Chiara Amitrano ,&nbsp;Filippo Accomando ,&nbsp;Angelita Gambuti ,&nbsp;Veronica De Micco","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change is severely impacting viticulture in the southern Mediterranean, particularly in regions like Campania, Italy. This study investigated the effects of climate change on Greco, a native grape cultivar, by examining the relationship between water balance and grape quality to provide practical support to farmers.</div><div>A three-year field experiment was conducted in a vineyard owned by Feudi di San Gregorio winery in Santa Paolina (Avellino, Italy) employing various soil and canopy management practices. The data collected were used to calibrate and validate the SWAP agro-hydrological model, analyze the soil-plant-atmosphere system, and evaluate the impacts of climate change scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5) on grape quality. Results showed that managing water stress is crucial for achieving the desired grape quality, with the required level of °Brix, in particular during veraison when crop water stress index (CWSI) reaches values below 20 %.</div><div>When the expected climate change is considered using a simulation modelling application, in the periods of 2010–2040, 2040–2070, and 2070–2100, significant rise in water stress is expected with an increase on average by 7 %, 9 %, and 8 % respectively in the RCP 4.5 scenario and 4 %, 9 %, and 14 % in the RCP 8.5 compared to the Reference Climate (RC).</div><div>This research provides practical support for farmers adapting to climate change and ensuring the resilience of Controlled and Guaranteed Designation of Origin areas. The study was part of the GREASE project funded by the Campania Region, focusing on sustainable cultivation practices for Greco.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 109593"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144230446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A process-based modelling of groundwater recharge under contrasting irrigation methods in semi-arid crops","authors":"Taha Attou ,&nbsp;Sylvain Kuppel ,&nbsp;Mohamed Hakim Kharrou ,&nbsp;Jamal Ezzahar ,&nbsp;Lhoussaine Bouchaou ,&nbsp;Yassine Ait Brahim ,&nbsp;Valérie Demarez ,&nbsp;Abdelghani Chehbouni","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present an application of the process-based ecohydrological model EcH₂O to evaluate water-energy coupling and resulting percolation beneath the root zone under contrasting irrigation practices in a semi-arid region. The study uses high-resolution data from two wheat fields employing flood and drip irrigation, in a multi-objective calibration and evaluation approach with datasets encompassing soil water content at two depth ranges, energy balance components, and percolation rates at two depths. We find that the model reasonably simulates water fluxes and energy partitioning, and captures the distinct hydrological responses of the different irrigation methods. The best overall performances were found at both sites using calibration scenarios combining all available datasets, pointing at complementary information footprints. These footprints were nonetheless heteregeneous, as for example simulation of energy balance components showed little change between calibration scenarios, while percolation fluxes were acceptably captured only if the corresponding datasets were included in the calibration. Results highlight larger percolation dynamics and amounts beneath the root zone of flood-irrigated wheat, yet the two indices used here for irrigation efficiency reveal opposite rankings between the two irrigation methods depending on whether deep percolation is included (as a proxy for aquifer recharge) or not in the hydrological system being analysed. These findings challenge the view on greater water-saving benefits associated with drip irrigation, given the complex trade-offs between irrigation amounts and timing, plant water use, and return flows (e.g. underlying aquifer recharge). This analysis is a step forward for informing integrative and sustainable water management strategies in arid and semi-arid agricultural contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 109584"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144213109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer increase wheat productivity by improving root-shoot population coordination","authors":"Lifang Wang ,&nbsp;Shijie Liu ,&nbsp;Suhao Lu ,&nbsp;Tianyu Lv ,&nbsp;Dongyun Ma ,&nbsp;Guozhang Kang ,&nbsp;Yingxin Xie ,&nbsp;Jutao Sun ,&nbsp;Chenyang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109589","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The optimization of plant root distribution plays an important role in obtaining deep soil resources, and enhancement of photosynthetic performance has been demonstrated to maintain wheat production, but the ideal water-nitrogen (N) utilization regime for winter wheat root-shoot growth remains unclear. A 2-year field experiment was conducted during the wheat growing seasons of 2020–2022, with two irrigation levels (W0, no irrigation; W1, irrigation 75 mm at jointing and anthesis stages) and three N rates (N0, 0 kg ha⁻¹; N180, 180 kg ha⁻¹; N300, 300 kg ha⁻¹), N was applied before ploughing (50 %) and jointing stage (50 %). Wheat yield and yield components, leaf area index (LAI), radiative vegetation index, population canopy apparent photosynthesis (CAP), and root system architecture were examined. Irrigation significantly increased the spike number by 13.5 %, and the yield by 15.5 % (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) with respect to W0. N fertilization increased the spike number and grains per spike by 34.3 % and 11.2 % with respect to N0. Population quality (LAI, vegetation index, and ratio vegetation index) also increased under irrigation and N treatments; W1N180 increased the canopy photosynthetic rate by 3.5 %–12.8 % with respect to W1N300. Structural equation modeling indicated that root dry weight density (RWD) had a direct positive effect on CAP, whereas CAP and root-shoot ratio had significant effects on yield, and the physiological efficiency of N had direct negative effects on changes in grain yield. Therefore, W1N180 treatment may be considered the optimal management practice for resource use efficiency and environmental benefits of sustainable agricultural development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 109589"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144221296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of changes in water-heat-carbon fluxes at different time scales and their influencing factors in the cold black soil region of Northeast China","authors":"Shuang Lv ,&nbsp;Fanxiang Meng ,&nbsp;Tianxiao Li ,&nbsp;Qiang Fu ,&nbsp;Zhaoxing Xiao ,&nbsp;Mo Li ,&nbsp;Renjie Hou ,&nbsp;Minghao Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109595","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The changing characteristics of water-heat-carbon fluxes and their relationship with environmental influencing factors are crucial for understanding food security and achieving 'carbon peak' and 'carbon neutrality' in a changing climate. Utilizing the measured data from the study area, this study incorporated temperature coefficients to improve the Lloyd-Taylor model. Subsequently, the patterns of change in water-heat-carbon fluxes and environmental factors were analyzed across different time scales. The partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) was employed to calculate the direct and indirect effects of water-heat-carbon fluxes and environmental factors on one another. The findings indicate the following: (1) During the crop growth periods in the maize growing area, the daily mean value of net ecosystem carbon exchange (<em>NEE</em>) was measured at −1.46 μmol/m²/s, signifying a significant carbon sink. In contrast, during the freezing-thawing periods, the daily mean value of <em>NEE</em> was recorded at 0.23 μmol/m²/s, indicating a marginal carbon source. Overall, the annual carbon balance resulted in a carbon sink of 242.2 gC/m²/y, categorizing the entire ecosystem as a carbon sink. (2) Sensible heat flux (<em>H</em>) is negatively correlated with latent heat flux (<em>LE</em>) and evapotranspiration (<em>ET</em>) during the reproductive period at both daily and monthly scales but positively correlated with <em>ET</em> during other time scales. Environmental factors at the full-hourly-scale indirectly influenced <em>ET</em> by directly affecting <em>H</em>. (3) Air temperature (<em>Ta</em>), soil surface temperature (<em>Ts</em>), and the difference in saturated water vapor pressure (<em>VPD</em>) consistently demonstrated significant positive effects on ecosystem respiration (<em>Reco</em>), while <em>Rn</em> consistently exhibited substantial positive effects on ecosystem gross primary production (<em>GPP</em>). (4) <em>Reco</em> consistently exerted a significant direct positive effect on <em>NEE</em>, while <em>GPP</em> consistently demonstrated a significant direct negative effect on <em>NEE</em>. Environmental factors substantially impacted the carbon flux components, indirectly influencing farmland ecosystems' carbon sequestration capacity in the cold black soil region. These findings enhance our understanding of how water-heat-carbon fluxes respond to environmental factors and can provide theoretical support for coupled hydrothermal carbon modeling. This knowledge is crucial for assessing and predicting the responses of cropland ecosystems in the cold black soil Region to ongoing climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 109595"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144213026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of treated wastewater irrigation on soil properties, nutrient uptakes, and crop yields of agronomic crops under different crop rotations","authors":"Mohammad Saleh ,&nbsp;Mobin Salehi ,&nbsp;Shayan Khanaki ,&nbsp;Hamed Ebrahimian ,&nbsp;Abdolmajid Liaghat ,&nbsp;Seyed Majid Mousavi ,&nbsp;Salar Pashapour ,&nbsp;Ali Ashrafi","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109585","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global agricultural sector, as the largest consumer of water, faces critical challenges related to freshwater scarcity and quality. Treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation presents a viable solution, prompting this study to examine its effects on soil and crops over a two-year experiment (2020–2021) in Hashtgerd and Mahdasht, Karaj, Iran, across different growing seasons. Wheat, barley, alfalfa, and maize were cultivated in two farms per region. Findings revealed significant impacts on electrical conductivity (EC), nutrient levels (nitrogen and phosphorus), and heavy metal dynamics, varying based on TWW quality and soil properties. Notably, soil EC increased by 1.08 and 1.38 dS/m in Hashtgerd farms, while Mahdasht saw rises of 3.36 and 3.20 dS/m, reflecting regional disparities in TWW composition. Nitrate concentrations in Mahdasht increased by up to 25 mg/kg compared to baseline levels, while lead accumulation remained below critical thresholds in both regions. These region-specific values reflect local variations in water quality and soil characteristics, contributing to a broader understanding of spatial differences in TWW irrigation outcomes. While TWW enriched the soil with nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, it also posed risks such as salinization, nitrate leaching, and heavy metal accumulation, especially in Mahdasht, where wastewater quality is lower. Crop productivity improved for maize and barley under TWW irrigation, but wheat and alfalfa showed inconsistent outcomes, including occasional yield declines and nutrient imbalances. Although heavy metals in crops remained mostly within safe limits, nickel and lead exhibited worrisome trends. These findings emphasize the dual role of TWW in improving soil fertility and crop productivity while presenting environmental and health challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"316 ","pages":"Article 109585"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144195924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}