Agricultural Water Management最新文献

{"title":"Effect of different data quality control on evapotranspiration of winter wheat with Bowen ratio method","authors":"Yingnan Wu,&nbsp;Qiaozhen Li,&nbsp;Xiuli Zhong,&nbsp;Daozhi Gong,&nbsp;Xiaoying Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109379","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109379","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Bowen ratio energy balance (BREB) method is widely used to study surface evapotranspiration, but its major drawback is the uncertainty when Bowen ratio (β)→ −1. Various approaches have been employed to address this issue, but their performances were less evaluated via long-term field observations. Using data from three growing cycles, this study investigated the effect of five screening methods (Mth1 to Mth5 for −1 − |ε₁| &lt; β &lt; −1 + |ε₁|, −1.05 &lt; β &lt; −0.95, β &lt; −0.75, −1.3 &lt; β &lt; −0.75 and β &lt; −0.7 or β &gt; 10 or Δe ≤ 0, Δe denotes the measured vapor pressure gradient, and ε₁ is a coefficient depending on sensor resolution and Δe) on winter wheat evapotranspiration in northern China. On diurnal, daily and seasonal basis, the effect was in the order of Mth5 &gt; Mth3 &gt; Mth1 &gt; Mth2 &gt; Mth4, and the seasonal mean daily value of the gap-filled was 0.38, 0.22, 0.11, 0.01, and 0.01 mm d⁻¹ higher than the unfilled ones, yielding a seasonal total of 96.0, 53.5, 26.0, −0.9, and 0.4 mm, or 18.9 %, 11.4 %, 6.5 %, −0.2 %, and 0.1 % higher than the unfilled ones, respectively. These values resulted from the large difference in data rejection ranking as Mth5 &gt; Mth3 &gt; Mth1 &gt; Mth4 &gt; Mth2, seasonal mean daily 10-min rejection rate ranging from 15.4–73.2 %, 10.3–48.9 %, 5.3–44.9 %, 1.6–10.4 %, and 0.5–7.3 %, respectively (averaging 42.4 %, 30.5 %, 23.2 %, 5.7 %, and 2.6 %, respectively). The corresponding daily rejected hours ranged from 6.83–8.88, 3.60–6.11, 1.85–3.49, 0.10–0.39, and 0.07–0.33 h/day, respectively (averaging 7.53, 4.77, 2.90, 0.28, and 0.24 h/day, respectively), resulting in large data gaps for Mth5 (58.8 %), Mth3 (38.2 %), and Mth1 (17.5 %). Nighttime deletion dominated for Mth2 to Mth4, accounting for 61.1 %, 64.4 %, 68.3 %, and 63.2 % of the total deletion, whereas daytime deletion dominated for Mth1, accounting for 58.1 %. A large portion of invalid rejections of Mth1 (40.4 %–77.6 %), Mth3 (54.3 %–90.9 %) and Mth5 (61.8 %–92.7 %) was observed at the selected period, which was probably a consequence of the sensor’s error cancellation effect, questioning the traditional a priori assumption that small vapor gradients within instrumental error should be discarded. Overall, large differences were observed and the simple Mth4 performed better than the more restrictive ones. These findings are expected to guide the selection of post-data processing in the application of BREB method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 109379"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143487221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Irrigation technology, irrigation dose, and crop genetic impacts on alfalfa yield and quality","authors":"Bradley S. Crookston ,&nbsp;Dakota Boren ,&nbsp;Matt Yost ,&nbsp;Tina Sullivan ,&nbsp;Earl Creech ,&nbsp;Burdette Barker ,&nbsp;Cheyenne Reid","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109366","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109366","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In water limited environments, alfalfa (<em>Medicago sativa)</em> is often criticized for its high water use, prompting interest in optimizing irrigation technologies, deficit irrigation, and drought-tolerant genetics. However, potential cumulative benefits from combining water-saving strategies have not been previously identified. This study evaluated the independent and combined effects of five irrigation technologies (low-elevation Nelson advantage, low-elevation precision application, low-elevation spray application, mid-elevation spray application, and mobile drip irrigation), four irrigation doses (growers’ typical full dose, a 25 % reduction, and two 50 % reductions, uniform and growth stated-targeted), and two alfalfa varieties (growers’ conventional and drought-tolerant) across three Utah sites from 2020 to 2022. No interaction effects were found among these factors, indicating that stacking multiple water-saving strategies did not enhance yield or forage quality. Low-elevation sprinkler technologies generally outperformed mid-elevation and mobile drip irrigation, though results varied by environment. Deficit irrigation at 25 % reduction often maintained yields similar to growers’ Full irrigation dose, while 50 % reductions consistently decreased yield by 22–54 %. However, deficit irrigation improved forage quality and water use efficiency. Decision tree models revealed that maximizing relative feed value-adjusted water use efficiency primarily depended on matching irrigation dose and technology to site-specific climate demand rather than applying Full irrigation. These findings suggest that moderate deficit irrigation and low-elevation sprinkler technologies can improve forage quality and water resource efficiency without substantial yield loss that occurs with 50 % deficit irrigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 109366"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143487222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing evapotranspiration estimations using crop model-data fusion and satellite data-based models with lysimetric observations: Implications for irrigation scheduling","authors":"Claudio O. Stöckle ,&nbsp;Mingliang Liu ,&nbsp;Sunil A. Kadam ,&nbsp;Steven R. Evett ,&nbsp;Gary W. Marek ,&nbsp;Paul D. Colaizzi","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Irrigation scheduling relies on accurately estimating actual evapotranspiration (ET_a). However, achieving this goal remains challenging, with current trends attempting to integrate sensor data into biophysically-sound models. In this study, we used ET_a models that integrate satellite-derived data. Model outputs were compared with weighing lysimeter measurements collected at Bushland, Texas, focusing on the uncertainties associated with model estimations and lysimetric observations of ET_a. The data were for maize (<em>Zea mays</em> L) during the seasons 2013, 2016, and 2018, irrigated using a linear-move system applying 100 % and 75 % of ET_a, and a subsurface drip irrigation system applying 100 % ET_a. The models were CropSyst-W, a crop model integrating the normalized difference vegetation index to derive green canopy cover, and two remote sensing data-based energy balance models: EEFlux and OpenET. The average Willmott index of agreement (d, 0 = no agreement, 1 = perfect agreement) of 3 years and four lysimeters were 0.93 and 0.77 for CropSyst-W and EEFlux, respectively. OpenET estimates were only available in 2016 and 2018, with an average d of 0.89. The average normalized root mean square deviation was 0.31 and 0.47 for CropSyst-W and EEFlux and 0.32 for OpenET. Uncertainty factors affecting modeled and observed ET_a highlight the difficulty in defining model accuracy for adaptive irrigation scheduling, which is also affected by the spatial variability of ET_a and irrigation uniformity. Research on pathways for model improvement should continue, searching for practical solutions that integrate models and sensors and account for the limitations discussed here.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 109372"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the influence of different straw mulch-autumn irrigation patterns on soil water, heat, and salt in seasonally frozen regions with distributed SHAW model","authors":"Jing Xue,&nbsp;Chong Fu,&nbsp;Junfeng Chen,&nbsp;Lihong Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109377","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109377","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water scarcity and soil salinization are significant challenges to agricultural production in the Hetao Irrigation District (HID). Autumn irrigation is a crucial strategy for water conservation and salt leaching, and straw mulch is an effective method for alleviating soil salinization. This study used the distributed SHAW model to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of soil water-heat-salt during the freeze-thaw period (FTP) and spring sowing period (SSP) under various straw mulch-autumn irrigation (SMAI) patterns in the HID from 2000 to 2017. Suitable SMAI modes were recommended and quantitatively evaluated. Results showed that straw mulch thickness influenced soil water, heat, and salt dynamics and the effect of autumn watering was not obvious. Compared with no mulch, under different straw mulch patterns, the 0–40 cm soil water content (SWC) increased by 12.9∼13.1 % on average, the soil temperature (ST) rose by 31.6∼33.6 %, and the soil salt content (SSC) decreased by 38∼49.5 %. Aiming at \"low soil salt\", \"suitable soil moisture and temperature\", \"water saving\", and \"straw mulch cost saving\", an autumn irrigation quota of 90 mm and straw mulch of 0.9 kg/m² were recommended for Dengkou County (DK) and Hangqinhouqi (HH); Linhe District (LH) and Wuyuan County (WY) were advised to adopt an autumn irrigation quota of 90 mm and straw mulch of 0.6 kg/m²; Wulateqianqi (WQQ) was recommended to adopt an autumn irrigation quota of 90 mm with no mulch. Compared with traditional autumn irrigation, under the recommended SMAI mode, the average annual increase in SWC was 0.1∼6.6 %, ST varied from −6.6–6.2 %, and SSC changed from −34.6–20.8 %. Implementing the recommended mode could save approximately 494 million m³ of Yellow River water annually, despite an average annual cost of about 13.77 million RMB (1.97 million US $) for straw mulch. The results offer useful references for optimizing SMAI modes and conserving water resources in the HID.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 109377"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cover crop termination method has a limited effect on spring soil moisture and temperature in humid mid-Atlantic U.S.","authors":"Cara M. Peterson ,&nbsp;Harry H. Schomberg ,&nbsp;Alondra I. Thompson ,&nbsp;Steven B. Mirsky ,&nbsp;Kate L. Tully","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Winter cover crop termination is commonly achieved by applying broad-spectrum herbicides, which vary in mode of action and time required to kill the cover crop. Many growers also use roller-crimpers to mechanically kill cover crops or to create a uniform horizontal mulch for planting cash crops. The influence of mechanical termination methods on soil moisture and temperature has been previously evaluated, but not paired with chemical termination as frequently is the case in farming operations. To address this question, soil moisture and temperature were measured continuously in central Maryland, USA, across five weeks under a cereal rye (<em>Secale cereale</em> L.) cover crop terminated via roller-crimper and the application of glyphosate and paraquat. Over two years, there were minimal to no differences in cumulative infiltration or evapotranspiration among termination treatments at two fields with contrasting soil textures. In all four site-years, daily temperature fluctuation was higher in roller-crimped residue (17.3 °C) compared to standing (15.0 °C). In this study, we delayed cover crop termination until anthesis to facilitate successful roller-crimping, resulting in a thick cover crop mulch layer after termination and reduced soil moisture loss via evaporation. In humid regions such as the mid-Atlantic United States, growers may not observe differences in soil moisture or temperature between mechanical or chemical termination methods. However, soil moisture and thermal dynamics might shift depending on termination strategy in arid regions or years with lower-than-average precipitation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 109342"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143480286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of chemical characteristics and irrigation suitability of groundwater in arid and semi-arid regions","authors":"Yan Yan ,&nbsp;Haibin Shi ,&nbsp;Qingfeng Miao ,&nbsp;Yi Zhao ,&nbsp;Xin Nie ,&nbsp;Zhengzhong Li ,&nbsp;Meiling Pan ,&nbsp;Weiying Feng ,&nbsp;José Manuel Gonçalves ,&nbsp;Isabel Maria Duarte","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109361","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109361","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater is a vital resource in arid and semi-arid regions, playing a key role in sustaining ecosystems, supporting agricultural irrigation, and ensuring human survival. This study evaluates the irrigation suitability of groundwater in the Jiefang Sluice Irrigation District, part of the Hetao Irrigation District—the largest single-system irrigation district in Asia. A total of 126 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed to assess chemical environmental changes, classify water quality, and identify the environmental factors influencing the formation of groundwater components during typical irrigation periods. The findings reveal that groundwater in the region primarily falls into two chemical types: Cl-Na and Cl-SO₄-Ca-Mg. Analyses of the Water Quality Index (WQI) and irrigation suitability indicate that groundwater quality is poor, with 84.12 % of samples deemed unsuitable for irrigation. This unsuitability is primarily attributed to elevated concentrations of Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl⁻. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Gibbs geochemical model suggest that evaporation-induced crystallization and rock salt dissolution are the principal factors contributing to groundwater salinization, whereas processes like silicate hydrolysis and cation exchange are of secondary importance. To ensure the sustainable use of groundwater for irrigation, stricter control measures must be implemented. Key recommendations include optimizing irrigation techniques and promoting ecological restoration to enhance groundwater quality. This study underscores the critical importance of sustainable water resource management in addressing salinity issues and safeguarding groundwater resources, which are indispensable for agricultural sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 109361"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143471352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cutting nitrogen leaching in greenhouse soil by water-nitrogen partially decoupled drip fertigation","authors":"Jing He ,&nbsp;Mingfen Niu ,&nbsp;Jian Ma ,&nbsp;Zhi Quan ,&nbsp;Guangyu Chi ,&nbsp;Caiyan Lu ,&nbsp;Bin Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109382","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109382","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is challenging by popular water-nitrogen coupled drip fertigation (CF) to control dissolved nitrogen (DN) leaching in greenhouse soils planted with cucumber-represented vegetables that often need sufficient and frequent irrigation to ensure yields. This study proposed water-nitrogen partially decoupled drip fertigation (DF) as a substitute for CF to cut DN leaching from cucumber-planted greenhouse soil without cutting water and N input. DF performance in comparison with CF in soil DN leaching control was evaluated both theoretically based on presumed criteria and experimentally in a greenhouse loam soil without and with cucumbers. DF had a good potential in reducing DN leaching under moderate water leaching (15 %-25 %) when the ratio of irrigation and the ratio of N fertilization in water-more-dissolved nitrogen-less (WM) and water-less-dissolved nitrogen-more (WL) subzone soil specially formed under DF were respectively set at 2.0–3.0 and 0.6–0.8. Experimental results showed that the reduction effect of DF was limited on water leaching (&lt;10 %) but significant on DN leaching, especially with cucumbers. The cumulative leaching loss of DN dominated by nitrate N (&gt;75 %) from seven leaching events during the water demand-high fruiting period under moderate water leaching (averagely around 15 %) was 41.7 % lower (p &lt; 0.05) under DF than under CF, predominantly (78.3 %) via lowering its availability in leachate. Moreover, DF increased the cucumber yield somewhat with retention of significantly more nitrate N mainly in WL subzone soil. The presence of cucumber improved DF performance mainly by absorbing more water from WM subzone soil than from WL subzone soil to weaken lateral diffusion of water and nitrate-dominated DN between WM and WL subzone soil, lowering DN level in leachate mainly derived from WM subzone soil while enhancing its level mainly in WL subzone soil. Hence, DF may replace CF to cut N leaching without cutting irrigation in greenhouse soils cultivated with cucumber-represented vegetables needing sufficient and frequent irrigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"311 ","pages":"Article 109382"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143471351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Main influence indicators and regulatory pathways of emitter clogging under physical and chemical combination factors","authors":"Hui Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaotao Hu ,&nbsp;Wene Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaopeng Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109383","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109383","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ions, inorganic particles, and contaminants present in irrigation water under fertigation conditions are sources of substances that cause clogging of drip irrigation emitters. To comprehensively measure the degree and development of sensor blockage as a function of water quality and sensor size, and to further clarify the sensitivity of blockage to physical and chemical factors, the blockage performance of each sensor under drip irrigation was tested through drip irrigation tests with common fertilizers (UNF, SOP, MOP, MAP, DAP) and sediment irrigation, and three indices were used to evaluate the performance of blockage under drip irrigation: emitter life based on relative average flow rate, final relative average flow rate, and dry mass of emitter clogging material. The degree of clogging of emitters was evaluated using three indicators: relative average flow rate, final relative average flow rate, and dry mass of clogged material of emitters to comprehensively evaluate the degree of clogging of emitters and to measure the influence of different factors on the development of clogging. The results showed that the clogging of the emitters was mainly caused by two factors, namely the size of the emitters and the water quality. All three emitter clogging indicators (<em>f</em>_<em>Lq</em><em>, f</em>_<em>Dra</em><em>, f</em>_<em>DM</em>) were significantly correlated with sediment concentration at the 0.001 level. As sediment concentration (SC) increased, the degree of emitter clogging increased, and the negative effect of sediment gradation (SG) on the emitters became more significant. Fertilizer concentration, although affecting the clogging life of the emitters, was not significant for <em>f</em>_<em>Dra</em> and <em>f</em>_<em>DM</em>, i.e. the accumulation of clogging material was mainly affected by sediment. While the size and shape of the flow path affects the risk of clogging to a greater degree, water quality affects the scaling or clogging inside the emitter, which can alter the flow characteristics of the emitter.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"310 ","pages":"Article 109383"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change impacts on spatiotemporal variability of soybean water demands in North China Plain","authors":"Huiru Peng ,&nbsp;Yang Zhang ,&nbsp;Tiegui Nan ,&nbsp;Xiaolin Yang ,&nbsp;Steven Pacenka ,&nbsp;Tammo S. Steenhuis ,&nbsp;Jun Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109381","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109381","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change has been acknowledged as one of the greatest challenges for agricultural production and water management globally. This study investigates the trends and spatial distribution of the water demands of soybean (<em>Glycine max</em> (L.) Merrill) from 1961 to 2020 in the Jing-jin-ji region of the North China Plain to reveal the effects of climate change. Climate data were collected from 179 weather stations to calculate soybean evapotranspiration (<em>ET</em>_<em>c</em>) and irrigation demand using the SIMETAW (Simulation of EvapoTranspiration of Applied Water) model developed on Penman-Monteith equation with daily meteorology data. Results showed that soybean <em>ET</em>_<em>c</em> during growth season decreased significantly over the last sixty years, from 435 mm yr⁻¹ in 1961–1970–415 mm yr⁻¹ in 2011–2020, around an average of 423 ± 20 mm yr⁻¹. Effective rainfall during the growth period increased by + 0.5 mm yr⁻¹ rate, while irrigation demand declined by −0.9 mm yr⁻¹. Rainfall during growth seasons from May to September supplied about 92 % of the water demand for soybean, higher than winter crops. The spatial distribution of soybean <em>ET</em>_<em>c</em> showed high values in the south and low values in the north during the past six decades. The initial maximum <em>ET</em>_<em>c</em> area (&gt; 480 mm) shrank after 1961–1970, disappearing after 2000. During the last sixty years, solar radiation, wind speed and sunshine hours decreased significantly, leading to a significant decline in soybean <em>ET</em>_<em>c</em> at −0.4 mm yr⁻¹, but average daily precipitation had the most significant negative impact on <em>ET</em>_<em>c</em>. The study provided spatial and temporal information needed to improve water use efficiency and increase the adaptability of soybean production to climate change. This is essential to ensure regional food security and promote sustainable agricultural development for water-stressed agricultural areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"310 ","pages":"Article 109381"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing irrigation uniformity monitoring through remote sensing: A deep-learning framework for identifying the source of non-uniformity","authors":"Ígor Boninsenha ,&nbsp;Daran R. Rudnick ,&nbsp;Everardo C. Mantovani ,&nbsp;Higor de Q. Ribeiro","doi":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109376","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agwat.2025.109376","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient agricultural water management ensures crop productivity and sustainability amidst climate change and water scarcity. This study integrates remote sensing and deep learning to advance irrigation uniformity monitoring by identifying sources of non-uniformity. Sentinel-2 satellite imagery from 2021–2023 was processed to generate 159,088 NDVI images from 1382 center pivot irrigation systems in Mato Grosso, Brazil. These images were classified into nine categories: vegetated, not vegetated, emitters, mechanical problems, low pressure, management zones, operational, partial crop, and clouds. Artificial images mimicking these patterns pre-trained a DenseNet121 convolutional neural network (CNN), addressing the challenge of limited labeled training data. Fine-tuning with six subsets of satellite data (2000–20,000 images) enhanced performance, achieving a Hamming accuracy of 99 % and an Exact Match accuracy of 91 %. Class-specific metrics demonstrated high precision, recall, and F1 scores for most patterns, though underrepresented classes, like mechanical issues, showed lower performance. The methodology was applied to 80 pivots in Mato Grosso (January–October 2024) using 2752 images, integrating classification results with the Satellite-Derived Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient (SDCUC). Among the pivots, 45 showed high uniformity (&gt;90 % SDCUC), with 10 exhibiting irrigation-related issues, and 28 facing non-irrigation challenges. Another 32 pivots had acceptable uniformity (80–90 %), with 9 linked to irrigation problems and 25 to non-irrigation issues. Finally, 3 pivots had low uniformity (&lt;80 %), with all issues related to non-irrigation factors like partial crop coverage. This scalable approach offers actionable insights for addressing non-uniformity, improving irrigation efficiency, and supporting precision agriculture, large-scale water management, and policymaking.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7634,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Water Management","volume":"310 ","pages":"Article 109376"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143436710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}