Advances in Water Resources最新文献

{"title":"Submergence ratio and spacing between in-stream obstructions determine capture and accumulation of drifting particles in rivers","authors":"Hojung You ,&nbsp;Rafael O. Tinoco","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the effect of submergence ratio on the transport of exogenous particles in streams, targeting particles with density and diameter representative of microplastic and eggs of invasive species, which are of major concern in management of aquatic environments. Transport of two types of surrogate particles, with mean diameters of 1 and 4.8 mm and specific gravities of 1.00 and 1.0025, respectively, was assessed through experiments in a laboratory flume. Submerged obstacles with simplified geometries were mounted on the bed of a flume to represent in-stream obstructions. Image processing techniques, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Lagrangian Particle Tracking, were used to obtain flow velocity fields and particle trajectories. Angular momentum theorem was used to quantify the emergence of coherent eddies, which increase particle entry and timespans between submerged obstacles. Two indices are introduced: particle entry ratio and timespan of particles, which depend on particle characteristics, submergence ratio, and gap length. The study provides insights into the fundamental physics of particle transport, offering practical implications for aquatic debris and invasive species management, including effective monitoring locations and trap designs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7614,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Water Resources","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105129"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anisotropy of two-phase relative permeability in porous media and its implications for underground hydrogen storage","authors":"Ruichang Guo,&nbsp;Hongsheng Wang,&nbsp;Reza Ershadnia,&nbsp;Seyyed A. Hosseini","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Subsurface rocks with anisotropic pore structures that exhibit anisotropic absolute permeability also tend to display anisotropic behavior in relative permeability. As a key input for reservoir simulation, relative permeability is essential for evaluating and optimizing the performance of subsurface energy systems. However, this anisotropy is often overlooked in simulations due to the complexity involved in its characterization under varying conditions. A major challenge lies in the fact that relative permeability anisotropy is influenced by multiple factors, including fluid saturation, rock wettability, and the capillary number of the displacement process. Unlike absolute permeability, which can be succinctly characterized using an anisotropy ratio, relative permeability lacks a similarly concise representation. This study investigated how these factors affect relative permeability anisotropy in the context of underground hydrogen storage and provides insights for its modeling. Three types of porous media were designed to represent key forms of anisotropic pore structures: stratified sedimentary structure (SSS), directionally varying pore geometry (DVPG), and oriented fracture network (OFN). Direct pore-scale simulations using the lattice Boltzmann method were conducted to examine the anisotropic behavior of relative permeability in each medium. The degree of anisotropy was quantified using a relative permeability anisotropy ratio, <span><math><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mi>r</mi><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>, and its dependence on water saturation and wettability was analyzed. Results showed that <span><math><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mi>r</mi><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> in the SSS medium varied significantly with water saturation and wettability, while <span><math><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mi>r</mi><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> in DVPG and OFN media remained largely insensitive to these factors. A geometric average anisotropy ratio, <span><math><msub><mover><mi>R</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover><mrow><mi>r</mi><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>, was proposed to characterize the overall degree of relative permeability anisotropy under specific wetting conditions. This metric showed that <span><math><msub><mover><mi>R</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover><mrow><mi>r</mi><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>, was greater than 1 for all porous media types and was comparable in magnitude to the absolute permeability ratio. These findings suggested that neglecting relative permeability anisotropy in reservoir simulations could introduce significant errors. The results enhanced theoretical understanding of two-phase flow in complex porous media and offered practical guidance for reservoir-scale modeling in anisotropic formations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7614,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Water Resources","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105127"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of froude number on the development and evolution of secondary flows in a sharply curved bend: An experimental and numerical study","authors":"Chengwei Hu ,&nbsp;Yujiao Liu ,&nbsp;Minghui Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Meandering rivers sculpt landscapes and foster diverse ecosystems, with secondary flows in bends exerting a pivotal influence on sediment transport and channel morphology. Although the Froude number typically remains below 0.3 in natural meanders, the interplay of secondary flows under these low-Froude conditions is still poorly understood. This study addresses this knowledge gap by systematically examining the influence of Froude numbers (<em>Fr</em> = 0.12-0.21) on secondary flow structures in sharply curved channels through high-resolution flume experiments and numerical simulations. Results reveal that even slight variations in Froude number can markedly alter vortex dynamics and secondary flow complexity, underscoring a delicate balance between inertial and turbulent forces. In particular, the stability of S2-type secondary flows depends on the precise alignment of advective, centrifugal, and turbulence-induced vorticity. Minor shifts in inertial forcing can rapidly destabilize S2, leading to significant changes in velocity distributions. Additionally, a time or spatial lag between the onset of secondary circulation and the point of maximum velocity inversion points to a dynamic, two-way feedback between the secondary flow and the main flow, evolving from robust vortex growth at lower <em>Fr</em> to flow decay at higher <em>Fr</em>. These findings advance our understanding of secondary flow mechanisms in natural rivers and offer practical insights for river engineering and flood management, informing more effective strategies for sediment control and bank stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7614,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Water Resources","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105126"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling hydro-thermal processes in fractured geothermal reservoirs using embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM) and MRST","authors":"Tongchao Nan ,&nbsp;Tianwei Hu ,&nbsp;Zichen Wang ,&nbsp;Jiangjiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Jina Yin ,&nbsp;Yifan Xie ,&nbsp;Jichun Wu ,&nbsp;Chunhui Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fractures critically influence fluid flow and heat transfer in geothermal reservoirs, necessitating accurate and efficient simulation tools for resource management. Here we introduce ETH, an open-source Embedded Discrete Fracture Model (EDFM) module integrated with the MATLAB Reservoir Simulation Toolbox (MRST), enabling coupled hydrothermal simulations in both 2D and 3D fractured porous media. ETH extends prior EDFM frameworks by incorporating heat transfer and variable fluid properties, validated through four benchmarks ranging from analytical single-fracture cases to complex 3D fracture networks. Results demonstrate high accuracy (relative errors mostly &lt;1 %) and computational efficiency, with 20–50 % reduced cost compared to FEM-based discrete fracture models. ETH’s modular design supports mesh/time convergence control and integration of additional physics, facilitating robust modeling of heterogeneous and anisotropic reservoirs. This tool advances accessible, high-fidelity simulation capabilities for geothermal reservoir characterization, development, and uncertainty quantification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7614,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Water Resources","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105120"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling tracer dispersion in a coupled system composed of a proppant-packed hydraulic fracture and a tight porous medium","authors":"Morteza Dejam","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tracer tests are widely performed for the characterization of reservoir properties during the hydraulic fracturing operation. The dispersion of the tracer depends on the interaction of the proppant-packed hydraulic fracture and the tight porous medium through the naturally porous walls. However, the effects of the interaction of the porous walls and dynamics of flow in the proppant-packed hydraulic fracture on the tracer dispersion and reservoir dynamic mass/heat storage capacity have not yet been reported in the literature. In this work, the tracer dispersion in a proppant-packed hydraulic fracture surrounded by a tight porous medium is theoretically modeled and the dynamic storage capacity is evaluated. The Darcy-Brinkman equation is used to describe the fully developed laminar Stokes fluid flow in the proppant-packed hydraulic fracture. We used the Taylor dispersion theory and Reynolds decomposition approach to derive the exact equivalent transport parameters, including dispersion and advection coefficients, as well as the storage capacity of the tight porous medium. It is found that the tracer dispersion is controlled by the Darcy and the Peclet numbers in the proppant-packed hydraulic fracture. The results indicate that the ratio of tracer dispersion in the proppant-packed hydraulic fracture with porous walls to that with nonporous walls ranges from zero for very small Darcy numbers to 0.3 for large Darcy numbers. The ratio of the advection velocity in the proppant-packed hydraulic fracture with porous walls to that with nonporous walls ranges from unity for very small Darcy numbers to 7/5 for large Darcy numbers. The results also indicate that tracer mass storage capacity in the tight porous medium increases as the Peclet number for fluid flow in the proppant-packed hydraulic fracture increases. Conversely, storage decreases as the Darcy number in the proppant-packed hydraulic fracture rises. A comparison reveals that a flow transport model based on proppant-free hydraulic fracture may lead to the overestimation of the tracer mass/heat storage capacity. The findings of this study pave the way to advance our understanding of tracer tests for evaluating reservoir characteristics during fracturing operations in enhanced geothermal systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7614,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Water Resources","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105122"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring drywell infiltration dynamics using time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography","authors":"Z. Moreno ,&nbsp;L. Netzer ,&nbsp;U. Nachshon ,&nbsp;D. Kurtzman ,&nbsp;Y. Livshitz ,&nbsp;T. Kamai","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Drywell infiltration initiates as water is injected into the drywell. Subsequently, the water level in the drywell builds up the driving head of water flow into the subsurface via the surface area of the drywell. Drywell infiltration is a function of the surrounding media’s hydraulic properties, the drywell’s geometry, and the injection rate. The drywell infiltration capacity property determines the water volume that can infiltrate the subsurface for different injection rates without overspilling. This property can be evaluated under controlled infiltration experiments where water levels in the drywell are continuously monitored during injection. However, no available method exists for revealing spatiotemporal information on the subsurface flow mechanisms, including flow patterns and residual time at the vadose zone. Conventional methods for monitoring the subsurface are intrusive, expensive, and can provide limited information, especially on the spatial extent. Unlike conventional monitoring techniques, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) can provide continuous, non-invasive information on the subsurface in an easy-to-apply and efficient manner. We examine the ERT applicability to monitor water dynamics at the deep vadose zone (at depths of 20–40 m), induced by drywell infiltration. For that purpose, electrodes were installed at the surface, in the perforated section of the drywell, and at a wetwell, located 5 m from the dry one. Time-lapse ERT surveys were conducted during a controlled drywell infiltration experiment, including the borehole and surface electrodes. The results show that the relative changes in the electrical conductivity can describe water dynamics during the infiltration experiment. Saturation maps translated from the electrical tomograms using calibrated petrophysical relations preserved the water mass balance injected into the well up to <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>250 min after the injection started. Modeling this experiment with a semi-analytical solution, assuming a sharp-wetting front interface, agreed with the wetting front location from the time-lapse electrical tomograms and with the water levels measured in the drywell.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7614,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Water Resources","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105102"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrothermal evolution of high-latitude frozen soil during freeze-thaw cycles","authors":"Jiao Huang ,&nbsp;Xiabing Yue ,&nbsp;Xueying Wang ,&nbsp;Hongwei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The primary factors causing road damage in high-latitude areas are frost heave and thaw settlement, which are governed by hydrothermal changes. An indoor freeze-thaw cycle test based on similarity theory was conducted to analyze the hydrothermal evolution of high-latitude frozen soil in Northeast China. The results were verified by field data. A hydro-thermal coupling Eq. was established by using finite element software. The experimental and simulation results were compared to validate the finite element model of the soil column. The freeze-thaw cycles exhibited three distinct phases: freezing initiation, peak freezing intensity, and thawing. The soil moisture at the end of each freeze-thaw cycle increased, decreased, and increased. The proposed hydrothermal coupling model was used to describe the long-term freeze-thaw behavior of typical subgrade sections in high-latitude permafrost regions of China. The model based on similar particle gradation proved accurate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7614,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Water Resources","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105121"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145093972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced numerical investigation of flow field and morphological evolution around tandem piers","authors":"Suniti Kumari,&nbsp;H.L. Tiwari,&nbsp;Rutuja Chavan","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bridge pier scour around tandem piers constitutes a complex hydrodynamic phenomenon necessitating sophisticated numerical modeling for accurate prediction and mitigation strategies. This study employed FLOW-3D Hydro with LES turbulence model and Q-criterion vortex identification methodology to elucidate vortex-induced scour mechanisms at the vicinity of tandem arrangements, T1 and T2 under varying flow conditions. Numerical model validation achieved accuracies of 1.30–5.30 % against experimental observations, revealing best agreement with scour depths across all analysed arrangements. Morphological analysis reveals substantial configurational dependencies, with T2 arrangement exhibiting maximum scour depth as compared to T1. Interference of WVs significantly reduced scour by 38 % (T1) and 56 % (T2) at rear piers, elucidating the critical influence of pier diameter sequencing on erosional patterns. Findings established correlation between scour patterns and hydrodynamic parameters including velocity profiles, RSS and Q-criterion vortex structures, which are fundamental in understanding scour development. The velocity profiles and RSS distributions were analysed at three key section to assess flow characteristics and vortex behaviour around tandem piers. The Q-criterion methodology identifies coherent vortex structure as regions where rotational motion dominates strain, providing detailed visualisation and quantification of vortical structures responsible for scour development. Q-criterion analysis adequately identified coherent vortex structures with varying intensities at both u/s and d/s pier locations. In the complex flow region between the front and rear pier, Q-criterion vortex structures effectively captured the sheltering phenomenon where WVs from the u/s pier disrupted coherent vortex formation at the d/s pier. These vortical interactions resulted in substantial scour depth reductions of 38 % and 56 % for T1 and T2 arrangements, respectively. This paper contributes to a fundamental understanding of vortex-induced scour dynamics around complex pier arrangement, which is critical for designing resilient bridge foundations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7614,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Water Resources","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105119"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145106766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Semi-analytical solutions for nonequilibrium transport and transformation of PFAS and other solutes in heterogeneous vadose zones with structured porous media","authors":"Sidian Chen ,&nbsp;Bo Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105099","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present screening-type semi-analytical models for quantifying the fate and transport of PFAS, including perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and their precursors (i.e., polyfluoroalkyl substances that can transform to PFAAs), in a heterogeneous vadose zone. The models employ one-dimensional multi-continuum representations with varying complexities (dual-porosity, dual-permeability, or triple-porosity). They account for PFAS-specific transport processes, including multi-site rate-limited adsorption at solid–water and air–water interfaces, and first-order biochemical transformation. Assuming steady-state infiltration, we derive semi-analytical solutions for all models under arbitrary initial and boundary conditions. We validate these new solutions using literature experimental breakthrough curves of PFAS and other solutes for various soils and wetting conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrate the models’ capability by analyzing the long-term leaching and mass discharge of two example PFAS (PFOS and a precursor PFOSB) in a heterogeneous vadose zone beneath a model PFAS-contaminated site. The results demonstrate that the precursor undergoes significant transformation and adds additional PFOS mass discharge to groundwater. Additionally, the simulations suggest that, due to strong retention in the vadose zone (i.e., large residence time), the PFAS in the high- and low-conductivity transport pathways can be considered as in equilibrium. Taking advantage of this result, we illustrate that the multi-continuum models may be simplified to an effective single-porosity model for simulating the transport of longer-chain PFAS in a heterogeneous vadose zone. Overall, the semi-analytical models provide practical tools for assessing long-term fate and transport of PFAS in the vadose zone and mass discharge to groundwater in the presence of precursor transformations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7614,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Water Resources","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105099"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pore-scale imaging of hydrogen and methane storage in fractured aquifer rock: The impact of gas type on relative permeability","authors":"Sojwal Manoorkar ,&nbsp;Gülce Kalyoncu ,&nbsp;Hamdi Omar ,&nbsp;Soetkin Barbaix ,&nbsp;Dominique Ceursters ,&nbsp;Maxime Latinis ,&nbsp;Stefanie Van Offenwert ,&nbsp;Tom Bultreys","doi":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Underground hydrogen storage in saline aquifers is a potential solution for seasonal renewable energy storage. Among potential storage sites, facilities used for underground natural gas storage have advantages, including well-characterized cyclical injection-withdrawal behavior and partially reusable infrastructure. However, the differences between hydrogen-brine and natural gas-brine flow, particularly through fractures in the reservoir and the sealing caprock, remain unclear due to the complexity of two-phase flow. Therefore, we investigate fracture relative permeability for hydrogen versus methane (natural gas) and nitrogen (commonly used in laboratories). Steady-state relative permeability experiments were conducted at 10 MPa on fractured carbonate rock from the Loenhout natural gas storage in Belgium, where gas flows through <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>m-to-mm scale fractures. Our results reveal that the hydrogen exhibits similar relative permeability curves to methane, but both are significantly lower than those measured for nitrogen. This implies that nitrogen cannot reliably serve as a proxy for hydrogen at typical reservoir pressures. The low relative permeabilities for hydrogen and methane indicate strong fluid phase interference, which traditional relative permeability models fail to capture. This is supported by our observation of periodic pressure fluctuations associated with intermittent fluid connectivity for hydrogen and methane. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the fundamental flow properties of fractured rocks are complex but relatively similar for hydrogen and natural gas. This is an important insight for predictive modeling of the conversion of Loenhout and similar natural gas storage facilities, which is crucial to evaluate their hydrogen storage efficiency and integrity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7614,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Water Resources","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 105109"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}