Family planning perspectives最新文献

{"title":"Many Women at High Risk for Unintended Pregnancy Are Unaware of Emergency Contraception or How to Use It","authors":"B. Brown","doi":"10.2307/2673741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673741","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 1","pages":"42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673741","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68751136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public or private providers? U.S. women's use of reproductive health services.","authors":"J. Frost","doi":"10.2307/2673736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673736","url":null,"abstract":"CONTEXT U.S. women receive contraceptive and reproductive health services from a wide range of publicly funded and private providers. Information on trends in and on patterns of service use can help policymakers and program planners assess the adequacy of current services and plan for future improvements. METHODS Women who reported in the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth that they had obtained any contraceptive or other reproductive health service in the past year were classified by their primary source of care, and the services they received, their characteristics and their primary source of care were analyzed. Logistic regression was used to test which factors predict women's use of publicly subsidized family planning clinics and of specific types of services. RESULTS The percentage of women of reproductive age who obtained family planning services increased slightly between 1988 and 1995, primarily among women aged 30 and older. Nearly one in four women who received any contraceptive care visited a publicly funded family planning clinic, as did one in three who received contraceptive counseling or sexually transmitted disease (STD) testing and treatment. Women whose primary source of reproductive care was a publicly funded family planning clinic received a wider range of services than women who visited private providers; moreover, the former were significantly more likely to report obtaining contraceptive care or STD-related care, even after the effects of their background characteristics were controlled. Young, unmarried, minority, less-educated and poor women were more likely than others to depend on publicly subsidized family planning clinics. Source of health insurance was one of the most important predictors of the use of public family planning clinics: Medicaid recipients and uninsured women were 3-4 times as likely as women with private insurance to obtain clinic care. CONCLUSIONS Publicly funded family planning clinics are an important source of contraceptive and other reproductive health care, providing millions of U.S. women with a wide range of services. Since women's need for reproductive care and for publicly subsidized care is not likely to diminish, clinics may be financially challenged in their efforts to continue delivering this broad package of services to growing numbers of uninsured or disenfranchised women.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 1 1","pages":"4-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673736","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68750769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Choice of female-controlled barrier methods among young women and their male sexual partners.","authors":"A. Minnis, N. Padian","doi":"10.2307/2673739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673739","url":null,"abstract":"CONTEXT Little is known about the factors associated with the choice of female-controlled, over-the-counter barrier contraceptive methods among women and their male sexual partners. METHODS Predictors of method choice were assessed following an educational presentation on contraceptive use and risk reduction among 510 sexually active females aged 15-30 who were recruited in the San Francisco Bay Area. In addition, the primary partners of 160 of these women participated in the survey RESULTS Twenty-two percent of women who enrolled in the study alone, 25% of those who enrolled with their main partner and 18% of these male partners chose female-controlled, over-the-counter barrier methods alone. The strongest predictor of this choice was current use of a hormonal contraceptive both for women who participated in the study on their own (odds ratio, 2.1) and for those who enrolled their partner in the study (odds ratio, 6.3). Female-controlled methods were also chosen significantly more often by teenagers than by older women; for example, among those who enrolled with a male partner, the odds ratio for selection of a female-controlled barrier method by women younger than 18 was 6.0. Among women who enrolled without a partner, those who had had multiple partners in the previous six months and those who were current users of male condoms were less likely to choose female-controlled methods (odds ratios, 0.7 and 0.5, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Although the majority of participants did not choose female-controlled, over-the-counter barrier methods without also choosing male condoms, such female-controlled methods appear to offer an acceptable alternative for prevention of sexually transmitted infections. They may be a particularly attractive option for individuals using hormonal contraceptives and for teenage women.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 1 1","pages":"28-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673739","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68751035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Births at 32-36 weeks account for more infant deaths than earlier births.","authors":"D. Hollander","doi":"10.2307/2673746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673746","url":null,"abstract":"An examination of population-based data from the US and Canada revealed that infants born at 32-36 weeks gestation account for more infant deaths than earlier births. For the 1995 US birth cohort and the Canadian infants born in 1992-94 preterm births account for 9% and 13% of infant deaths respectively. In both cohorts these infants accounted for a higher proportion of deaths before the age of 1 year. Further analyses revealed that mildly preterm infants were 3 times more likely as those born at term to die within a year; moderately preterm infants were 6.6 times more likely as full-term babies to die at the age of 1 year. Relative risks of death for these infants were higher in the neonatal period than for the remainder of the year. The common causes of death were asphyxia infection sudden infant death syndrome and external causes. The researchers point out that while most studies of mortality among preterm infants focus on births that occurred at <32 weeks gestation births at 32-36 weeks are much more common and have an important public health impact.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 1","pages":"46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673746","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68750740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studying the health effects of induced abortion.","authors":"S K Henshaw","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"32 6","pages":"305-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21960910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of perceived stress, major life events and pregnancy attitudes on low birth weight.","authors":"M R Sable,&nbsp;D S Wilkinson","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>While low birth weight is the leading cause of infant mortality and morbidity, the factors influencing low birth weight are not well understood. In particular, the relationship between stressful life events and birth outcomes is unclear. It is important for health care providers to better understand the impact of stress on health outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from a statewide case-control study of 2,378 Missouri mothers are used to examine the relationship of perceived stress, pregnancy attitudes and major life events as psychosocial risk factors on very low birth weight (i.e., birth weight lower than 1,500 g). Such births are contrasted with moderately low birth weight births (those weighing between 1,500 and 2,499 g) and normal-birth-weight infants (those weighing 2,500 g or more). A stepwise logistic regression model is used to control for all study and control variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The risk of very low birth weight is one and one-half times greater if the mother perceived that she \"almost always\" felt stress during her pregnancy. The regression model confirms that besides perceived stress, several other factors are independently associated with an increased risk of very low or moderately low birth weight. For example, getting back with a husband or partner or experiencing a major injury accident or illness were associated with an elevated risk of low birth weight (odds ratio, 1. 7), as was pregnancy denial (1.4-1.6) and unhappiness about the pregnancy (1.3). On the other hand, a few factors (taking out a mortgage or loan, having a close relative die and having a mistimed pregnancy) appear to have reduced the odds of low birth weight (odds ratio, 0.5-0.8).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Interventions with pregnant women, especially those assessing perceived stress and attitudes toward the pregnancy, have the potential to improve pregnancy outcomes. Additional prospective research with pregnant women on the origins and effects of stress, including the biological effects of stress, is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"32 6","pages":"288-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21960911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abortion training in U.S. obstetrics and gynecology residency programs, 1998.","authors":"Rene Almeling, Laureen Tews, S. Dudley","doi":"10.2307/2648194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2648194","url":null,"abstract":"CONTEXT\u0000Since the late 1970s, the number of obstetrics and gynecology residency programs providing abortion training in the United States has steadily decreased. Given the documented shortage of abortion providers, assessing and ensuring the availability of abortion training in graduate medical education is critical.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000In 1998, the National Abortion Federation surveyed the 261 accredited U.S. residency programs in obstetrics and gynecology, and analyzed the availability of first- and second-trimester abortion training.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Of the 179 programs that responded to the survey, 81% reported that they offer first-trimester abortion training--46% routinely and 34% as an elective. Seventy-four percent of programs offer second-trimester training--44% routinely and 29% as an elective. Some programs that do not offer training give residents the option of obtaining it elsewhere. While 26% of programs indicated that all residents in their programs receive abortion training, 40% said that fewer than half are trained, including 14% that train no residents. The operating room is the most common training site: Fifty-nine percent of programs reported that abortion training takes place in the operating room.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000After a decades-long decline in the availability of abortion training, opportunities for abortion training have increased. However, there is reason to be cautious in interpreting these results, including possible response bias and pressure to report the availability of abortion training because of new guidelines from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"32 6 1","pages":"268-71, 320"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2648194","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68612221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studying the health effects of induced abortion.","authors":"Henshaw Sk","doi":"10.2307/2648200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2648200","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"32 1","pages":"305"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2648200","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68612460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Don't downplay market for the hormonal injectable.","authors":"M. J. Minkin","doi":"10.2307/2648202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2648202","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"32 6 1","pages":"306-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2648202","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68613776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterosexual genital sexual activity among adolescent males: 1988 and 1995.","authors":"G J Gates,&nbsp;F L Sonenstein","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Researchers have paid little attention to adolescents' experience with genital sexual activity other than vaginal intercourse, even though oral and anal intercourse expose youth to the risk of sexually transmitted diseases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Males aged 15-19 interviewed in 1988 and 1995 as part of the National Survey of Adolescent Males were asked questions about whether they had ever engaged in a series of genital sexual activities. These data were collected in a self-administered questionnaire that respondents completed at the end of the interview.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In 1995, 55% of males aged 15-19 reported that they had ever engaged in vaginal intercourse, 53% that they had ever been masturbated by a female, 49% that they had ever received oral sex, 39% that they had ever given oral sex and 11% that they had ever engaged in anal sex. More than three-quarters of males who had had vaginal intercourse reported experience with masturbation or oral sex by a female. Moreover, one in five males who had never had vaginal intercourse reported having been masturbated by a female, and one in seven said they had received oral sex. Between 1988 and 1995, the proportion of males who reported having ever been masturbated by a female increased significantly, from 40% to 53%. There were less sizable shifts in the proportions who had received oral sex: Overall proportions were similar in both years, although levels more than doubled among black teenagers, an increase that brings them in line with levels of oral sex reported by white and Hispanic adolescent males in 1995.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Evidence from the National Survey of Adolescent Males showing that a substantial share of male teenagers engage in genital sexual activity beyond vaginal sexual intercourse underlines the importance of monitoring a broad spectrum of sexual behaviors among teenagers. More detailed data with larger samples of both males and females are needed to determine the frequency and timing of these behaviors. Measuring risk for STD infections among teenagers requires attention to all forms of genital sexual activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"32 6","pages":"295-7, 304"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21960908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}