Family planning perspectives最新文献

{"title":"Risks among youths who have multiple sisters who were adolescent parents.","authors":"P. East, E. Kiernan","doi":"10.2307/2673753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673753","url":null,"abstract":"CONTEXT\u0000Past research has revealed that having a sister who gave birth as a teenager is associated with increases in young people's likelihood of engaging in risky sexual behavior. To date, however, no study has determined if having several sisters who were adolescent mothers further raises youths' chances of engaging in risky activities.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000Data were collected from 1,510 predominantly Hispanic and black 11-17-year-olds in a California program for youths who have at least one pregnant or parenting sister. Correlational analyses, analyses of variance and regression analyses were conducted to assess the effects of having multiple teenage parenting sisters on a variety of outcomes that are known risk factors for teenage pregnancy\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Twenty-four percent of participants had two or more sisters who had given birth as teenagers. The likelihood of having multiple adolescent parenting sisters was greatest in large families, but was unrelated to youths' other background characteristics. In analyses controlling for background factors, females with many parenting sisters had increased levels of behavioral problems (school problems, drug or alcohol use, and delinquent behavior) and an elevated likelihood of being sexually experienced. Having lived with two or more parenting sisters (as opposed to having lived with only one) was related to more permissive sexual and childbearing attitudes among young women and to earlier first intercourse among young men. Males with a sister who gave birth at a young age had elevated levels of delinquent behavior and promiscuous sexual behavior.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000As the number of teenage parenting sisters rises, youths'--particularly females'--risk of pregnancy involvement increases beyond the level associated with having only one teenage parenting sister. Screening for the number, living situation and age at first birth of parenting sisters is likely to be useful for programs seeking to identify youths at high risk of an early pregnancy.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 2 1","pages":"75-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673753","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68751346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A substantial minority of new mothers lack basic facts about the transmission of HIV from mother to child.","authors":"M. Klitsch","doi":"10.2307/2673756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673756","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1995 the US Public Health Service has recommended that all pregnant women be counseled about HIV infection and be offered voluntary HIV testing. To determine the extent of counseling and testing and how womens attitudes affect their willingness to be tested a cross-sectional study was conducted at seven hospitals in major cities in the US in 1997. A total of 1362 women from North Carolina Connecticut Florida and New York provided basic demographic data and information about the HIV counseling and testing services. Results show that 89% of the women said they received information about HIV/AIDS during prenatal care and 95% knew that pregnant women can transmit HIV to her unborn child. However much smaller proportions were aware that HIV can be passed to a child via breast milk (60%) and that medical treatment can prevent mother-to-child transmissions (51%). Many new mothers were reluctant to endorse legal requirements that pregnant women and newborns be tested for HIV. A sizable proportion believed either that the government is keeping the existence of a cure for AIDS from the general public or that HIV was developed in a laboratory expressly to harm people.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 1","pages":"90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673756","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68751577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cesarean Section Poses Fewer Risks Than Vaginal Delivery for Term Infants in Breech Presentation","authors":"F. Althaus","doi":"10.2307/2673758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673758","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 1","pages":"92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673758","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68751155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Levels of HIV risk behaviors are significantly elevated among women who have ever had sex with women.","authors":"L. Remez","doi":"10.2307/2673757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673757","url":null,"abstract":"This paper summarizes a case-control study that examined data from a sexually transmitted infections clinic in Sydney Australia concerning the levels of HIV risk behaviors among women who have ever had sex with women. The study revealed that the prevalence of both sexual and nonsexual behaviors that increase the risk of HIV is significantly higher among women who have had sex with women.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 1","pages":"91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673757","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68751619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors at Birth May Affect Women's Risk of Developing Breast Cancer at Young Age","authors":"B. Brown","doi":"10.2307/2673761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673761","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 1","pages":"94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673761","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68751160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Provision of hormonal contraceptives without a mandatory pelvic examination: the first stop demonstration project.","authors":"C. Harper, Elizabeth Balistreri, J. Boggess, K. Leon, P. Darney","doi":"10.2307/2673737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673737","url":null,"abstract":"CONTEXT First Stop, an 18-month demonstration project that operated in 1996-1997, was designed to offer low-income adult women in California hormonal contraceptives without requiring a pelvic examination. METHODS An evaluation was undertaken to assess the contraceptives adopted by First Stop clients, compare health risks of these women with risks among women using traditional family planning clinics and assess clients'satisfaction. Data on 2,065 First Stop clients and 1,507 women attending traditional clinics were collected through several self- and clinician-administered instruments, including questionnaires, a telephone survey and medical chart abstractions. RESULTS After the initial First Stop visit, 38% of women adopted a more effective method than they had used at last sex, 4 7% remained with the same method, 12% switched to a less-effective method and 3% accepted no method. Of clients who were referred for additional medical care, 73% followed through on their referrals. Compared with clients at traditional clinics, First Stop clients were less likely to have a regular source of health care, but more likely to have made a health care visit in the past year. Most First Stop clients valued the project's services; 76% said it was important to be able to receive pills or injections without a pelvic examination. CONCLUSIONS Programs that provide hormonal contraceptives without requiring a pelvic examination can expand low-income women's access to these methods and improve the chances that they will obtain other reproductive health services.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 1 1","pages":"13-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673737","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68750865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Women exposed to DES in utero have elevated risks of fertility impairment and adverse pregnancy outcomes.","authors":"D. Hollander","doi":"10.2307/2673742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673742","url":null,"abstract":"According to a study women whose mothers took diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy are more likely than women who were not exposed to the drug in utero to experience delays in conceiving and are less likely ever to become pregnant. The study included 3373 women who were exposed to DES and 1036 unexposed controls who were enrolled in one of two longitudinal projects in the US. Three groups of women were compared: 1) women identified through review of medical records 2) women referred to the project by a physician or self-referral and 3) control group. These women completed a questionnaire that was mailed to them in 1994 asking about their health history pregnancies and pregnancy outcomes. Data showed that DES-exposed women were significantly more likely than others to have had difficulty conceiving. The analysis of adverse outcomes in any pregnancy yielded similar results for both groups of women who were exposed to DES. Based on these findings the researchers concluded that it is important for obstetrician-gynecologists to be aware of the consequences of DES exposure in utero on pregnancy outcome.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 1","pages":"43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673742","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68750660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Union status, marital history and female contraceptive sterilization in the United States.","authors":"Amy L. Godecker, E. Thomson, L. Bumpass","doi":"10.2307/2673740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673740","url":null,"abstract":"CONTEXT Much of what is known about the choice of sterilization as a contraceptive method is based on data from married women or couples. Because of increasing rates of cohabitation, divorce and repartnering, however, the relationship context in which sterilization decisions are made has changed. METHODS The 1995 National Survey of Family Growth includes the complete birth and union histories of 10,277 white, black and Hispanic women. The distribution of union status and marital history at the time of tubal sterilization was estimated for these three racial and ethnic groups among the 799 women who had had a tubal ligation in 1990-1995 before age 40. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate the effects of union status and marital history on the risk of tubal sterilization. The analysis controlled for the woman's age, parity, race and ethnicity education, region, experience of an unwanted birth and calendar period. RESULTS Among women who obtained a tubal sterilization, most whites (79%) and Hispanics (66%) were married when they had the operation, compared with only 36% of black women. At the time of their sterilization, 46% of black women had never been married. Among all women, regardless of race and ethnicity and net of all controls, the probability of tubal sterilization is about 25% lower for single, never-married women than for cohabiting or married women. Cohabitation does not reduce the likelihood in comparison to marriage, however. Higher rates of tubal sterilization among Hispanic women are accounted for by their higher parity at each age; differences in parity or marriage by race only partially account for the relatively higher rates of tubal sterilization among black women. CONCLUSIONS Because women currently spend greater proportions of their lives outside of marriage or in less-stable cohabiting partnerships than they did in the past, they are increasingly likely to make the decision to seek sterilization on their own. As a result, the gender gap in contraceptive sterilization will likely increase. The possibility of partnership change is an important consideration in choosing sterilization as a contraceptive method.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 1 1","pages":"35-41, 49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673740","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68751106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A History of Sexual Abuse Elevates the Massachusetts Teenagers' Risk of Engaging in Unsafe Sexual Practices","authors":"L. Schreck","doi":"10.2307/2673743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673743","url":null,"abstract":"To assess the association between sexual abuse and risky sexual behavior among adolescents researchers analyzed data from the 1997 Massachusetts Youth Risk Behavior Survey. 779 female and 831 male high school students from 58 randomly selected Massachusetts public high schools participated in the survey. Results showed that almost one-third of females and nearly one in 10 high school male students experienced sexual abuse. Those who have had such experiences are more likely than others to take sexual risks. Young women who say they have had sexual contact against their will are more likely than those who have not to have had intercourse before age 15 and to have had multiple sex partners. Adolescent males with a history of sexual abuse are more likely than those without to have had three or more partners in their lifetime and to have had two or more partners within the past 3 months.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"71 1","pages":"44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673743","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68750682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contraceptive failure in the first two years of use: differences across socioeconomic subgroups.","authors":"N. Ranjit, A. Bankole, J. Darroch, Susheela Singh","doi":"10.2307/2673738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673738","url":null,"abstract":"CONTEXT While differences in levels of contraceptive use across socioeconomic subgroups of women have narrowed greatly over time, large disparities remain in rates of unintended pregnancy. One reason is variations in the effectiveness with which women and their partners use contraceptive methods. METHODS Data on contraceptive use and accidental pregnancy from the 1988 and 1995 National Surveys of Family Growth were corrected for abortion underreporting and pooled for analysis. Use-failure rates were estimated for reversible methods during the first year, second year and first two years of use, for subgroups of women of various characteristics. RESULTS The average failure rate for all reversible methods, adjusted for abortion underreporting, declines from 13% to 8% from the first year of method use to the second year. First-year failure rates are highest among women using spermicides, withdrawal and periodic abstinence (on average, 23-28% in the first year), and lowest for women relying on long-acting methods and oral contraceptives (4-8%). On average, they exceed 10% for all users except women aged 30-44, married women and women in the highest poverty-status category. The chance of accidental pregnancy does not differ significantly between method users younger than 18 and those aged 18-19. CONCLUSION Both user and method characteristics determine whether contraceptive users will be able to avoid unintended pregnancy. Family planning providers should help clients to identify methods that they are most likely to use successfully, and counsel them on how to be consistent users and to avoid behaviors that contribute to method failure.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 1 1","pages":"19-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673738","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68750975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}