Family planning perspectives最新文献

{"title":"Risk factors for HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases among adolescents in St. Petersburg, Russia.","authors":"Y. Amirkhanian, D. V. Tiunov, J. Kelly","doi":"10.2307/2673766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673766","url":null,"abstract":"CONTEXT\u0000Over the past several years, there have been sharp increases in the prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among young people in Russia. Very little is known about Russian adolescents' behaviors and attitudes that might influence their risk of acquiring these infections.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000A 1995 survey of 533 students aged 15-17 attending eight St Petersburg high schools assessed their sexual risk practices, AIDS-specific attitudes and beliefs, sexual relationship patterns and preferences, and social characteristics.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Overall, 39% of students were sexually experienced, and these young people had had, on average, 3.4 sexual partners. Only 29% of sexually experienced students said they consistently used condoms, and 29% said they never did. Unprotected vaginal intercourse was the predominant and preferred sexual practice; it also was the practice that most often occurred with students' last sexual partner. In all, 28% of students defined \"safer sex\" as condom use. Many young people believed that AIDS is a threat only to members of particular \"risk groups\"; relatively few believed that they could get AIDS (17%) or said that AIDS information had influenced their sexual behavior (29% of those who were sexually experienced). Females were more likely than males to prefer having an exclusive partner, and males were more likely to prefer having casual partners.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000Educational and behavioral interventions are urgently needed to help young people in Russia avoid HIV and other STDs. Risk and social characteristics identified in this study can help to guide the development and tailoring of risk reduction interventions.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 3 1","pages":"106-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673766","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68751176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge of and attitudes toward the pill: results of a national survey in Japan.","authors":"M. Kihara, J. Kramer, D. Bain, M. Kihara, J. Mandel","doi":"10.2307/2673768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673768","url":null,"abstract":"CONTEXT\u0000After decades of debate, the oral contraceptive pill was legalized in Japan in June 1999. Because the pill had been unavailable up until then, little is known about the public's knowledge about, attitudes toward and intentions to use the pill.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000In a nationwide probability sample, 630 women and men were interviewed in their homes in March 1999. Respondents were asked a range of questions to gauge their knowledge about and attitudes toward the pill.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Most respondents (79%) could identify both the name and purpose of the birth control pill. Roughly the same proportion of respondents held an overall positive impression (44%) as held a negative impression (42%) of the pill, and 14% were undecided about the method. The pill's high level of effectiveness in pregnancy prevention was the most common reason for having a favorable impression of it (47%). Women were more concerned about side effects than were men, and they also knew more about the pill's potential side effects than did men. Only 12% of respondents said they intended to use the pill if it were approved. Roughly one-quarter (23-26%) did not correctly identify the pill's inability to protect against HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000Legalization of oral contraceptives in Japan has led to an urgent need to educate both men and women on the inability of the pill to protect against STDs, including HIV Policymakers and providers need to recognize the importance of encouraging dual method use in Japan.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 3 1","pages":"123-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673768","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68751222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Most refined analysis to date confirms link between third-generation pills and venous thromboembolism.","authors":"D. Hollander","doi":"10.2307/2673770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673770","url":null,"abstract":"In Britain use of oral contraceptives containing a \"third generation\" progestogen is associated with a higher risk of venous thromboembolism than use of pills containing levonorgestrel. Hence the investigators conducted a cohort analysis to compare the risk of venous thromboembolism in the periods leading up to the pill scare between January 1993 and December 1999. They also conducted a case control analysis to compare the risks associated with the different types of pills. In these analyses women taking third-generation pills had twice the odds of venous thromboembolism of those using pills containing levonorgestrel. It is noted that the difference between the results in the cohort and case control analyses is attributable to the additional adjustments for confounding factors in the latter. The results were similar in the years preceding the pill scare and immediately thereafter.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 1","pages":"133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673770","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68751296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of adolescents' sexual partners and their association with use of condoms and other contraceptive methods.","authors":"K. Ford, W. Sohn, J. Lepkowski","doi":"10.2307/2673765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673765","url":null,"abstract":"CONTEXT\u0000While a number of studies have examined the association between individuals' characteristics and their contraceptive use, few studies have examined the influence of partners' characteristics on individuals' contraceptive use.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000Using nationally representative data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, multiple logistic analyses were conducted to identify associations between the demographic characteristics of adolescents' heterosexual partners and adolescents' use of condoms or other contraceptive methods.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000The partners of white and black adolescents were likely to be similar to them, while the partners of Latino adolescents and of adolescents of \"other\" race or ethnicity were more likely to be of a different racial or ethnic group. Differences in age between adolescents and their partners were notable in all racial and ethnic groups. As adolescents age, the characteristics of their partners become more heterogeneous. The less similar adolescents and their partners are to one another--whether because of a difference in age, grade or school--the less likely adolescents are to use condoms and other contraceptive methods.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000Many adolescents have relationships with partners whose characteristics differ from theirs and with whom they are less likely to use condoms or other contraceptive methods. This behavior is more common as adolescents grow older. To provide appropriate counseling, sexuality educators and family planning providers need to consider the ways in which adolescents' relationships change as they age and discuss with them the dynamics of relationships involving partners who differ in age or other characteristics.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 3 1","pages":"100-5, 132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673765","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68751168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manifestations of poverty and birthrates among young teenagers in California zip code areas.","authors":"D. Kirby, K. Coyle, J. Gould","doi":"10.2307/2673751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673751","url":null,"abstract":"CONTEXT\u0000Given that many communities are implementing community-wide initiatives to reduce teenage pregnancy or childbearing, it is important to understand the effects of a community's characteristics on adolescent birthrates.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODOLOGY\u0000Data from the 1990 census and from California birth certificates were obtained for zip codes in California. Regression analyses were conducted on data from zip code areas with at least 200 females aged 15-17 between 1991 and 1996, to predict the effects of race and ethnicity marital status, education, employment, income and poverty, and housing on birthrates among young teenagers.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000In bivariate analyses, the proportion of families living below poverty level within a zip code was highly related to the birthrate among young teenagers in that zip code (r=.80, p<.001). In multivariate analyses, which controlled for some of the correlates of family poverty level, the proportion of families living below poverty level remained by far the most important predictor of the birthrate among young teenagers (b=1.54), followed by the proportion of adults aged 25 or older who have a college education (b=-0.80). Race and ethnicity were only weakly related to birthrate. In all three racial and ethnic groups, poverty and education were significantly related to birthrate, but the effect of college education was greater among Hispanics (b=-2.98) than among either non-Hispanic whites (b=-0.53) or blacks (b=-1.12). Male employment and unemployment and female unemployment were highly related to the birthrate among young teenagers in some racial or ethnic groups, but not in others.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000Multiple manifestations of poverty, including poverty itself, low levels of education and employment, and high levels of unemployment, may have a large impact upon birthrates among young teenagers. Addressing some of these issues could substantially reduce childbearing among young adolescents.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 2 1","pages":"63-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673751","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68750823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reproductive health services for adolescents under the State Children's Health Insurance Program.","authors":"R. Gold, A. Sonfield","doi":"10.2307/2673754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673754","url":null,"abstract":"CONTEXT\u0000The federal government enacted the State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) in 1997 to provide insurance coverage to uninsured, low-income children up to age 19. Individual states' decisions when designing their CHIP efforts will in large part determine the extent to which the program will help the nation's nearly three million low-income uninsured adolescents get needed reproductive health services.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000CHIP administrators in all states and the District of Columbia were sent a survey concerning reproductive health services for adolescents aged 13-18 provided under their state's CHIP effort. The questionnaire asked about services covered, information provided to adolescents, confidentiality, outreach and enrollment activities, managed care and performance measures.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Of the 46 respondents to the survey, 29 states and the District of Columbia included a Medicaid component to their CHIP effort, and 28 states included a state-designed component. Overall, states provided relatively comprehensive coverage of reproductive health services, with all 58 CHIP programs covering routine gynecologic care, screening for sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy testing. Fifty-four covered the full range of the most commonly used prescription contraceptive methods, although only 43 covered emergency contraception. Twenty of 58 CHIP programs required that adolescents be provided with information about coverage for the full range of reproductive health services, and 18 required that information be provided about accessing care. Seventeen programs reported guarantees of confidentiality before and after receipt of reproductive health care. In 26 programs, enrollees in managed care were guaranteed access to contraceptive services through out-of-network providers. Twenty-six states and the District of Columbia reported targeting outreach activities specifically to adolescents, and 41 states and the District of Columbia stated that they provide outreach materials at middle schools, high schools and community-based organizations serving teenagers.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000Despite their nearly comprehensive coverage of reproductive health services, programs were inconsistent in guaranteeing the information, confidentiality and flexibility in choosing providers that is critical to adolescents' ability to access care. In addition, many states failed to creatively use strategies to target uninsured adolescents for enrollment, although new initiatives are under way to correct this problem.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 2 1","pages":"81-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673754","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68751415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of a parent-child communications intervention on young adolescents' risk for early onset of sexual intercourse.","authors":"S. Blake, Linda S. Simkin, R. Ledsky, Cheryl Perkins, J. Calabrese","doi":"10.2307/2673750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673750","url":null,"abstract":"CONTEXT\u0000The quality of parent-child communications about sex and sexuality appears to be a strong determinant of adolescents' sexual behavior. Evaluations of interventions aimed at improving such communications can help identify strategies for preventing early onset of sexual behavior.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000A school-based abstinence-only curriculum was implemented among 351 middle school students, who were randomly assigned to receive either the classroom instruction alone or the classroom instruction enhanced by five homework assignments designed to be completed by the students and their parents. An experimental design involving pretest and posttest surveys was used to assess the relative efficacy of the curriculum delivered with and without the parent-child homework assignments.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000In analyses of covariance controlling for baseline scores, immediately after the intervention, adolescents who received the enhanced curriculum reported greater self-efficacy for refusing high-risk behaviors than did those who received the classroom instruction only (mean scores, 16.8 vs. 15.8). They also reported less intention to have sex before finishing high school (0.4 vs. 0.5), and more frequent parent-child communications about prevention (1.6 vs. 1.0) and sexual consequences (1.6 vs. 1.1). In all significant comparisons, the direction of the findings favored adolescents who received the enhanced curriculum. Dose-response relationships supported the findings.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000Parent-child homework assignments designed to reinforce and support school-based prevention curricula can have an immediate impact on several key determinants of sexual behavior among middle school adolescents.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 2 1","pages":"52-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673750","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68750795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Teenage childbearing and long-term socioeconomic consequences: a case study in Sweden.","authors":"P. O. Olausson, B. Haglund, G. R. Weitoft, S. Cnattingius","doi":"10.2307/2673752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673752","url":null,"abstract":"CONTEXT\u0000Whether long-term socioeconomic problems experienced by many teenage mothers are a reflection of preexisting disadvantage or are consequences of teenage motherhood per se remains unclear.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000National data on all women born in Sweden from 1941 to 1970 who were younger than age 30 when they first gave birth (N=888,044) were analyzed. The outcome measures, assessed during adulthood, were employment status, socioeconomic status, educational attainment, single motherhood, family size, receipt of disability pension and dependence on welfare. Multiple logistic regression techniques were used to adjust for maternal birth cohort and for socioeconomic background of the woman's family.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Compared with Swedish women who first gave birth at ages 20-24, those who were teenage mothers had significantly increased odds of each unfavorable socioeconomic outcome in later life, even after the data were adjusted for family socioeconomic situation and maternal birth cohort. For example, teenage motherhood was positively associated with low educational attainment (odds ratios of 1.7-1.9, depending on the specific age during adolescence when the woman gave birth), with single living arrangements (odds ratios, 1.5-2.3), with high parity (odds ratios, 2.6-6.0), with collecting a disability pension (odds ratios, 1.6-1.9) and with welfare dependency (odds ratios, 1.9-2.6). These trends were usually linear, with the highest odds ratios corresponding to women who had had their first child at the youngest ages.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000A longitudinal analysis of record-linkage data from Sweden supports the view that childbearing during adolescence poses a risk for socioeconomic disadvantage in later life--even for adolescents from relatively comfortable backgrounds and for those who studied beyond elementary school.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"41 1","pages":"70-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673752","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68751203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How available is abortion training?","authors":"U. Landy, J. Steinauer","doi":"10.2307/2673755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673755","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 2 1","pages":"88-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673755","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68751439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The media, public opinion and population assistance: establishing the link.","authors":"T. Schindlmayr","doi":"10.2307/2673769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673769","url":null,"abstract":"This article establishes the link between the media public opinion and population assistance. It presents a synopsis of trends in global population assistance and examines the issue-attention cycle as a means of explaining how issues attract the notice of the media and the public as well as why media reporting public opinion and government responses to global population issues differ. Much of the evidence comes from the US which has been the main source of leadership and resources for population assistance and has well-documented democratic processes and global population concerns. Overall it is noted that through their wavering interest in global population questions the media have played an undervalued role in determining global funding trends for population assistance. The evidence suggests a strong link between donor governments funding for population assistance and media coverage of global population issues in developed countries. Media focus on population matters influence public opinion which in turn influence politicians in developed countries. Therefore its not surprising that donor government support for population assistance increased in years of heightened media attention and public support.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"23 1","pages":"128-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673769","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68751233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}