Family planning perspectives最新文献

{"title":"Young people in the United States are often misinformed about the proper use of condoms.","authors":"J. Rosenberg","doi":"10.2307/2673789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673789","url":null,"abstract":"According to a study of more than 15000 US teenagers adolescents commonly have misconceptions on the proper condom use. Data analysis on the 1995 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health was initiated to assess the prevalence of such misconceptions and whether these misconceptions vary with certain characteristics. The study also conducted an interview survey among 16677 young people aged 15-21 years equally composed of males and females. Overall results noted that teenagers who were sexually experienced without religious affiliation with experience on using condom who have four or more lifetime sexual partners and older teenagers were less likely to have misconceptions than younger teenagers. Moreover teenagers perceptions of their knowledge of proper condom use did not necessarily correspond to their actual knowledge. The findings indicate the need for preventive education even if the target audience believes he/she is knowledgeable.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 1","pages":"235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673789","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68752468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of partners' characteristics on teenage pregnancy and its resolution.","authors":"M. Zavodny","doi":"10.2307/2673781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673781","url":null,"abstract":"CONTEXT\u0000Although the determinants of whether a teenage woman has a nonmarital pregnancy and how such a pregnancy is resolved have been widely investigated, little is known about the effect of her partner's characteristics or the joint influence of the two partners' characteristics on nonmarital teenage pregnancy.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000Data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth are used to examine whether the characteristics of teenage women and their partners affect the likelihood of a nonmarital pregnancy and how the pregnancy is resolved. The data are corrected for underreporting of abortions.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000More than 17% of teenage women are estimated to have become pregnant during their first nonmarital teenage sexual relationship. About 44% of these pregnancies result in a nonmarital birth and about 18% in a marital birth, while 37% end in an abortion. The likelihood of nonmarital pregnancy declines as age at first intercourse rises, but age does not affect how such a pregnancy is resolved. Women who are older than their first partner are more likely to become pregnant than those who are the same age, and their pregnancies are less likely to end in abortion than in a marital birth. Women who are younger than their first partner are no more likely to become pregnant than other women after the effects of other characteristics are taken into account. The male partner's education is negatively associated with the likelihood of nonmarital pregnancy but is positively associated with the likelihood of abortion if a pregnancy occurs. Differences between partners in race or ethnicity do not affect the likelihood of a nonmarital pregnancy but do increase the likelihood that such a pregnancy will end in abortion or a nonmarital birth rather than in a marital birth.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000The characteristics of teenage women and their partners appear to play a role in nonmarital teenage pregnancy and its outcome. However, the estimated relationships between one partner's characteristics and the probability of a nonmarital pregnancy and its resolution are generally little affected by whether the other partner's characteristics are also taken into account.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 5 1","pages":"192-9, 205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673781","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68752529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Timing of alcohol and other drug use and sexual risk behaviors among unmarried adolescents and young adults.","authors":"John S. Santelli, Leah Robin, N. Brener, Richard Lowry","doi":"10.2307/2673782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673782","url":null,"abstract":"CONTEXT\u0000Although alcohol and drug use by young people has been associated with sexual risk behavior in some research, detailed data are lacking on the timing of substance use in relationship to sexual risk-taking.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODOLOGY\u0000Cross-sectional data on 7,441 unmarried young people aged 14-22 from the 1992 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (household supplement) were used in the analysis. Alcohol and other drug use at last sexual intercourse, substance use in the past 30 days (recent use), the number of different substances ever used (lifetime use) and age at initiation of alcohol use are examined here. The outcome variables assessed through multivariate regression analyses were condom use at last intercourse and more than one sexual partner in the past three months.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Failure to use a condom was strongly associated with the lifetime substance-use scale or, alternatively, with age at initiation of alcohol. Once the number of substances ever used was controlled for, neither substance use at last sexual intercourse nor recent use was associated with the likelihood of using a condom at last coitus. Among young men and women, recent substance use and use of either alcohol or drugs at last intercourse were both strongly associated with having had more than one sexual partner in the past three months. For females only, lifetime use also increased the probability of recent multiple partners.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000The relationships between alcohol and other drug use and two sexual behaviors--condom use and multiple partners-suggest distinct mechanisms of influence and the need for different prevention strategies.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"54 1","pages":"200-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673782","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68752570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Family planning clinic services in the United States: patterns and trends in the late 1990s.","authors":"Jennifer J. Frost, Nalini Ranjit, Kathleen Manzella, J. Darroch, S. Audam","doi":"10.2307/2673767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673767","url":null,"abstract":"CONTEXT\u0000Publicly funded family planning clinics are a vital source of contraceptive and reproductive health care for millions of U.S. women. It is important periodically to assess the number and type of clinics and the number of contraceptive clients they serve.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000Service data were requested for agencies and clinics providing publicly funded family planning services in the United States in 1997. The numbers of agencies, clinics and female contraceptive clients were tabulated according to various characteristics and were compared with similar data for 1994. Finally, county data were tabulated according to the presence of family planning clinics and private physicians likely to provide family planning care and according to the number of female contraceptive clients served compared with the number of women needing publicly funded care.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000In 1997, 3,117 agencies offered publicly funded contraceptive services at 7,206 clinic sites. Forty percent of clinics were run by health departments, 21% by community health centers, 13% by Planned Parenthood affiliates and 26% by hospitals or other agencies. Overall, 59% of clinics received Title X funding. Agencies operated an average of 2.3 clinics, and clinics served an average of 910 contraceptive clients per year. Altogether, clinics provided contraceptive services to 6.6 million women-approximately two of every five women estimated to need publicly funded contraceptive care. The total number of providers and the total number of women served remained stable between 1994 and 1997; at the local level, however, clinic turnover was high. Some 85% of all US counties had one or more publicly funded family planning clinics; 36% had one or more clinics, but no private obstetrician-gynecologist.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000Publicly funded family planning clinics are distributed widely throughout the United States and continue to provide contraceptive care to millions of US women. Clinics are sometimes the only source of specialized family planning care available to women in rural counties. However, the high rate of clinic tumover and the lack of significant growth in clinic numbers suggest that limited funding and rising costs have hindered the further expansion and outreach of the clinic network to new geographic areas and hard-to-reach populations.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 3 1","pages":"113-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673767","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68751184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vertical HIV transmission: risk grows with duration of membrane rupture.","authors":"J. Tomarken","doi":"10.2307/2673772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673772","url":null,"abstract":"Between 1982 and 1990 researchers pooled data from 15 prospective cohort studies conducted in Europe and North America. This was aimed to test the hypothesis that the longer an HIV-infected pregnant womans membranes have been ruptured the higher the risk of vertical transmission. The researchers used logistic regression to calculate odds ratios estimating the strength of the association between the length of time membranes ruptured and the infants HIV status controlling for the mothers CD4 percentage mode of delivery receipt of antiretroviral therapy and the infants birth weight. Overall the results show that each 1-hour increase in duration of ruptured membranes represented a 2% increase in the risk of transmission. As in the univariate analysis the mode of delivery was the only factor that did not contribute to the risk of vertical transmission. It is noted that the risk was significantly elevated for women with low CD4 percentages and those whose infants weighed < 2500 g at birth; it was reduced if the woman her infant or both received antiretroviral therapy. Finally for women with AIDS this probability was 8% if the duration of membrane rupture was 2 hours and it rose to 31% if the membranes were ruptured for 24 hours.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 1","pages":"134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673772","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68751458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Among teenagers treated for chlamydia two-year reinfection rate nears 20%.","authors":"J. Tomarken","doi":"10.2307/2673773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673773","url":null,"abstract":"Chlamydia is noted as the most common bacterial infection in the US. Since repeat infections of chlamydia increase the risk of long-term complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease infertility and ectopic pregnancy their contributing factors need to be identified and assessed. An analysis of data from a population-based sexually transmitted disease (STD) registry in Washington assessed the proportion of women with at least one repeat infection among 32698 women aged 10-44 who were treated for initial chlamydial infection during 1993-98. Logistic regression models in the analysis of predictors of reinfection were utilized. Overall it was noted that increase risk of repeat infection was associated with race obtaining care from facility other than family planning clinic seeking services because of symptoms of or exposure to STD and having gonorrhea at the time of the initial diagnosis. The study also confirmed that age is the strongest predictor of repeat chlamydial infection. Moreover it highlights the serious public health problem affecting adolescents and difficulty of follow-up and epidemiological evaluations.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 1","pages":"135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673773","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68751809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preteenage relationship with an older partner may lead to early first sex.","authors":"J. Liebmann-Smith","doi":"10.2307/2673771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673771","url":null,"abstract":"In 1997 a survey was conducted among 2829 urban ethnically diverse sixth graders in 19 middle schools in northern California. 56% of the sixth graders had never had a serious romantic relationship 35% had a boyfriend or girlfriend < 2 years older than they and 9% had been involved with someone at least 2 years older. Overall this survey shows that 1% of those who had never had a romantic attachment had had sex compared with 6% of those with a same-age boyfriend or girlfriend and 19% of those with an older boyfriend or girlfriend. The researchers also conducted multivariate logistic regression analyses to assess which characteristics had independent effects on sixth graders likelihood of having initiated sexual activity. This study demonstrates the significant role that older boyfriends and girlfriends play in early sexual initiation. It was noted that pre-adolescent relationships with older partners are particularly risky because they are associated with unwanted sexual advances and peer norms encouraging sexual activity. Hence interventions are needed that provide young people with a sense of their personal power the ability to state feelings and needs and an ability to set limits and personal boundaries.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 1","pages":"134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673771","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68751308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Clinical Use, Low-Dose Medical Abortion Method Proves Highly Successful","authors":"A. Brochert","doi":"10.2307/2673776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673776","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 1","pages":"138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673776","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68752116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal exposure to weed rodent killers raises risk of congenital heart defect.","authors":"F. Althaus","doi":"10.2307/2673775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673775","url":null,"abstract":"Data analysis of a case-control study conducted from 1981 to 1989 reveals that early maternal exposure to rodenticides and herbicides quintuples and triples the risk of having an infant with congenital heart disease respectively. The analysis included 1832 infants with congenital heart defects and 771 infants without such defects who were born in the Baltimore- Washington DC area in 1987-89 and treated at one of the regions six pediatric cardiology centers. Interviews were conducted among childrens parents to obtain information on socioeconomic and demographic status family history of heart defects and parental exposure to environmental contaminants. Preliminary analysis indicated that heart defects as a group were not associated with pesticide exposure. However a malformation called transposition of the great arteries was noted. In addition the families of infants with transposed arteries were of lower social economic status than that of the controls. Also their parents were more likely to have been exposed to solvents and pesticides. On the other hand no overall trend was evident according to frequency of exposure. Furthermore the timing of pesticide exposure in relation to conception was associated with the risk of having an infant with transposed arteries.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 1","pages":"137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673775","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68751933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Job-Related Fatigue during First Pregnancy May Cause Early Membrane Rupture","authors":"J. Ochs","doi":"10.2307/2673777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2673777","url":null,"abstract":"Between October 1992 and July 1994 a prospective study was conducted among women who were 22-24 weeks pregnant at enrollment and had a singleton gestation and intact membranes to determine the relationship between occupational fatigue and spontaneous preterm birth. Researchers obtained detailed socioeconomic medical and obstetric data from each woman through interviews and by reviewing medical records. The analyses include data on 2929 women--1218 nulliparous women and 1711 multiparous women. In univariate analyses preterm premature rupture of membranes was linked to each of the five sources of occupational fatigue for nulliparous women. Moreover results of multivariate analyses confirmed that nulliparous women who reported job-related fatigue had a significantly elevated risk of experiencing preterm premature rupture of membranes. On the other hand occupational fatigue was not associated with any of the categories of spontaneous preterm delivery for multiparous women at the univariate level and therefore was not examined in multivariate analysis. Hence studies to determine which nulliparous women may be at risk and why multiparous women appear able to avoid this risk need to be designed.","PeriodicalId":75844,"journal":{"name":"Family planning perspectives","volume":"33 1","pages":"138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2673777","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68752485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}