Agricultural Research最新文献

{"title":"Research on Non-destructive Detection of Chlorophyll in Zucchini Leaves Based on Machine Learning and Color Features","authors":"Xinyue Gou,&nbsp;Yuemei Sun,&nbsp;Xin Han,&nbsp;Yubin Lan,&nbsp;Huizheng Wang,&nbsp;Shuo Zhao,&nbsp;Jingbo Bai,&nbsp;Maochang Song","doi":"10.1007/s40003-025-00908-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-025-00908-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chlorophyll content is an important indicator for evaluating the physiological health of vegetables. Accurate and non-destructive detection techniques are of great significance for monitoring vegetable growth and improving quality and yield. This study proposes a non-destructive detection method for chlorophyll content in zucchini leaves based on machine learning and color features: 400 zucchini leaf images were collected, color features were extracted, and their correlations with SPAD and other features were analyzed. Combined with principal component analysis (PCA) for dimensionality reduction, four prediction models—Linear Regression (LR), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), and Bayesian Neural Network (BNN) prediction models and a tenfold cross-validation system were established to systematically analyze the results. Finally, the model performance was further validated using Friedman tests, Nemenyi post-hoc tests, and Bootstrap sampling. The experimental results showed that PCA processing significantly improved the performance of the four models, with PCA-BNN performing the best: in tenfold cross-validation, the validation set R² reached 0.9759 ± 0.0096, RMSE was 0.6213 ± 0.1307, and RPD was 6.8914 ± 1.6549. Statistical tests showed that the average rank of PCA-BNN in the Friedman and Nemenyi tests was the smallest at 1.3, significantly outperforming all other models except PCA-GPR; Bootstrap sampling validation further confirmed the reliability of the PCA-BNN model, with the validation set R² confidence interval ranging from 0.9578, 0.9903, RMSE from 0.4251, 0.7921, and RPD from 4.8829, 8.8931, with all interval ranges smaller than those of PCA-GPR, indicating superior stability. Additionally, directly inputting the original RGB image into the MobileNetV2 model yielded unsatisfactory results, confirming the necessity of manual feature extraction and dimensionality reduction. This study provides new insights for non-destructive chlorophyll detection in zucchini leaves and offers a technical approach for data feature processing and model construction in agricultural precision monitoring.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"15 2","pages":"825 - 839"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148299854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering Genetic Variability, Correlation and Path Analysis for Yield and Yield Related Traits in Early Rice (Oryza sativa) Genotypes Under the Direct-Seeded Rice (DSR) System","authors":"Shravan Kumar Singh,&nbsp;Vivekanand Sirohi,&nbsp;Ritik Digamber Bisane,&nbsp;Vemula Anjula Krishna,&nbsp;Amrit Prasad Poudel,&nbsp;Akansha Singh","doi":"10.1007/s40003-025-00917-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-025-00917-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigated genetic variability, correlation, and path analysis of yield and related traits in rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) under direct-seeded rice (DSR) conditions, highlighting traits for efficient selection in breeding programs. Ninety-one advanced breeding lines and four check varieties were evaluated for 24 yield and quality traits at the Agricultural Research Farm of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India, during Kharif 2023, using an alpha lattice design with two replications. ANOVA revealed significant differences among genotypes for all traits, reflecting substantial selection potential. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation, and heritability were recorded for alkali digestion value (GCV: 58.85%; PCV: 59.15; h2: 99 %), grain yield per plant (GCV: 33.73%; PCV: 36.63; h2: 84.78 %) , number of filled grains per panicle (FG) (GCV: 30.11%; PCV: 30.42; h2: 97.96 %; GA: 55.17), total spikelets per panicle (TSP) (GCV: 29.33%; PCV: 29.62; h2: 98 %; GA: 70.59), straw yield per plot (STRY) (GCV: 24.72%; PCV: 28.03; h2: 77.78 %, grain yield per plot (GYPP) (GCV: 24.12%; PCV: 25.9; h2: 86.76 %), and yield per hectare (GCV: 24.95%; PCV: 27.08; h2: 84.9 %) , indicating high variation for the trait and scope for selection under DSR condition. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance were recorded for the traits FG, TSP and spikelet fertility percentage (SPF) indicating additive gene action plays role in the expression of these traits and selection will be effective. Correlation analyses demonstrated significant positive associations of GYPP with plant height (PHT), panicle length (PL), SPF, test weight (TW), kernel length (KL), kernel breadth (KB), kernel breadth after cooking (KBAC), biomass (BM), and harvest index (HI) at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Importantly, none of the evaluated traits displayed a significant negative relationship with GYPP. Path coefficient analyses indicated high direct positive effect on GYPP through Days to 50% Flowering (0.49), KL (0.90) and BM (1.16) and direct negative effect through Days to Maturity (–0.44), STRY (–0.79), and LBR (–0.97) at genotypic level. Five genotypes namely, IRRI 104, IR19A8214, PC-2019-1-1, PC-2019-1-2, and IR20X1002, were identified as superior performers as they out-yielded the check varieties and expressed favourable traits, including high PL, higher tiller number, and SPF. These lines are recommended as promising candidates for DSR cultivation and can be used as donor for future breeding programs aiming to develop novel varieties for DSR ecology. Improving DSR-adapted rice using key traits (PHT, PL, SPF, TW, KL, KB, KBAC, BM, and HI) strengthens productivity, resilience, and grain quality, ultimately benefiting both farmers and consumers. .</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"15 2","pages":"706 - 716"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148299892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"12-Oxo-Phytodienoic Acid and Jasmonic Acid Play an Embryo Tissue-Specific Role in the Germination and Dormancy Release of Sunflower Seeds","authors":"Ana Vigliocco,&nbsp;Zoé Del Bel,&nbsp;Juan Alcoba,&nbsp;Andrea Andrade,&nbsp;Sergio Alemano","doi":"10.1007/s40003-025-00922-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-025-00922-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Jasmonic acid (JA) and its precursor 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) play a role in the regulation of seed dormancy and germination. Here, we investigated the crosstalk of JA and OPDA in sunflower embryo tissues -embryonic axes and cotyledons- during early imbibition of seeds of dormant and non-dormant inbred lines (B123 and B91, respectively). The analysis of OPDA and JA contents revealed higher levels of these phytohormones in embryonic axes than in cotyledons. During early imbibition, the increase in JA in B91 embryonic axes correlated with a decrease in OPDA in this tissue and a decrease in JA in cotyledons. In addition, the release of seed dormancy of B123 seeds after a dry storage treatment led to an increase in the contents of OPDA and JA in embryonic axes during early imbibition, compared to B123 dormant seeds (0 days post-harvest). These findings suggest that OPDA and JA participate in regulating germination and dormancy release in B123 sunflower seeds during early imbibition. Particularly, a noticeable increase of JA and OPDA in embryonic axes during early imbibition and to reach a certain threshold to trigger germination in sunflower seeds.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"15 2","pages":"840 - 845"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148299931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Organic and Inorganic Amendments on Uptake of Arsenic by Wheat and Transformations of Arsenic in a Contaminated Soil","authors":"Mamta,&nbsp;Mahesh Chand Meena,&nbsp;Debasis Golui,&nbsp;Abir Dey,&nbsp;Ananta Vashisth,&nbsp;Kapila Shekhawat,&nbsp;Rajendra Bairwa,&nbsp;Premlata Meena","doi":"10.1007/s40003-025-00920-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-025-00920-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Arsenic (As) poisoning to humans through the consumption of food grown on contaminated soil becomes a major issue. We, therefore, experimented to study the effect of selected organic and inorganic amendments to restrict the availability of As in contaminated soil of the Indo Gangetic Plain of Bihar and its uptake by wheat crop. Available As in post-harvest non-spiked and spiked soil and As content in wheat grain were reduced by the application of sugarcane bagasse, press mud, poultry manure, and red mud. The As concentrations in different soil fractions were determined. Among these soil fractions, only non-specifically sorbed and specifically sorbed bounded-As contributed significantly to plant uptake. Solubility-free ion activity model, based on pH, organic carbon and Olsen extractable As, was effective in predicting As uptake by wheat grains in both non-spiked and spiked soil, accounting for 89% and 87% of the variation, respectively. To assess the risk to human health posed by arsenic intake through consumption of wheat grain grown in contaminated soil treated with different amendments, we calculated hazard quotients (HQ), which ranged from 0.233 to 0.335 for non-spiked soil and 0.321 to 0.403 for spiked soil. Overall, study concluded that availability of As can be reduced significantly through application of organic and inorganic amendments in contaminated soils for growing crops to safe use of human consumption.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"15 2","pages":"1212 - 1221"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148299879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Progoitrin, Sinigrin, and Glucoerucin in Early and Mid-groups of Indian Cauliflower for Breeding Use","authors":"Geeta P. Karigar,&nbsp;Shrawan Singh,&nbsp;Aditi Kundu","doi":"10.1007/s40003-025-00911-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-025-00911-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Glucosinolates are the key secondary metabolites in <i>Brassica</i> crops and play a major role in both plant and human health. The present study aimed to analyse glucosinolates in the early group (15 parental lines, 50 F1 hybrids) and the mid group (9 parental lines and 20 F1 hybrids) of Indian cauliflower. The two sets were grown during June to October and September to January period, respectively. Progoitrin, sinigrin and glucoerucin were analyzed using LC–MS and total glucosinolates by an UV–VIS spectrophotometer. Significant (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) differences were observed in the tested genotypes and F1 hybrids. Over all, total glucosinolates ranged from 1.400 to 6.710 µmol/g in genotypes and 1.960–7.291 µmol/g in F1 hybrids of cauliflower. Progoitrin varied from 0.00 to 1.345 µmol/g in genotypes and 0.0–1.485 µmol/g in F1 hybrids. DCEH14 and DCEH26 of the early and DCMH14 of the mid group had the lowest progoitrin. Maturity groups also influenced glucosinolate content. PC1 and PC2 explained variance 71.5% and 88.9% for parents while 63.1% and 64.8% for F1 hybrids of the early and the mid groups, respectively. A significant correlation was observed between the progoitrin and sinigrin content. Negligible amount of progoitrin in some genotypes/F1 hybrids highlights scope for breeding varieties/hybrids with low-goitrogenic compounds.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"15 2","pages":"755 - 765"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148299883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biosynthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles and its Impact on Productivity and Biochemical Components of Chili Pepper Under Saline Conditions","authors":"Mansour E. Ramadan,&nbsp;Mahmoud M. El-Saber,&nbsp;Ahmed E. Abdelhamid,&nbsp;Ahmed A. El-Sayed","doi":"10.1007/s40003-025-00913-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-025-00913-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aims to green-synthesize magnetite nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄-NPs) using chili pepper aqueous extract, as well as chemically prepare and confirm the synthesis utilizing specialized equipment analysis. Furthermore, an investigation of the impact of chili pepper aqueous extract and magnetite nanoparticles green and chemical synthesis on the growth, yield, antioxidant activity, and active ingredients of chili pepper (Omega F1 cultivar) under salinity stress conditions was performed. The size of the formed magnetite nanoparticles in green synthesis ranged from 30.43 to 45.4 nm. However, chemically prepared magnetite nanoparticles were 10 ± 26 nm. From the results, the exogenous application of magnetite NPs alleviated the adverse effect of salinity on chili pepper plants and improved growth, fruit physical properties, and yield, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzymes activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and antioxidant capacity (DPPH scavenging). Plants treated with green-synthesized magnetite NPs had the greatest effect on these parameters when compared to other treatments. The main capsaicinoids found in chili peppers are capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin. The highest levels of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were found when plants were treated with green-synthesized magnetite nanoparticles at 10 ppm. The Scoville heat unit (SHU) was calculated for the overall flavor of chili pepper, and a high SHU was linked to higher capsaicinoid levels. The GC/MS analysis confirmed the existence of 32 active compounds, with the major bioactive molecules being N-acetyl aspartyl glutamic acid; (S(Fe), S(Fe’)) Bis[à[(2 S,4 S) 4 (Methoxymethyl) 1,3dioxan2yl]ferrocenyl] Ketone; 5-[4-(Dipropylamino) phenyl]-10,20-diphenyl-15-propylporphyrin; Dodecachloroperylene; 3,3’’’,5,5’’’-Tetrachloro-4,4’’,4’’’,6’-tetramethoxy2’,2’’-dinitromquaterphenyl; and m-Bis (3,4-diamino-2,5-diphenyl-6-pyridino) benzene.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"15 2","pages":"1184 - 1196"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148299869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cultivar Specific Agronomic Responses of Late–Sown Wheat to Terminal Heat Stress in the Eastern Sub–Himalayan Plains of India","authors":"Arnab Roy Chowdhury,&nbsp;Biplab Mitra,&nbsp;Kali Krishna Hazra,&nbsp;Saikat Das,&nbsp;Anil Kumar Singh,&nbsp;Mainak Ghosh,&nbsp;Shivasankar Acharya,&nbsp;Akbar Hossain","doi":"10.1007/s40003-025-00916-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-025-00916-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wheat is highly sensitive to terminal heat-stress, which significantly affects major wheat-growing regions in India. However, its impact in non-traditional regions, such as the Indian sub-Himalayan plains under late-sown conditions, remains understudied. Evaluating cultivar responses to terminal heat-stress in relation to phenological and agronomic traits, and identifying stage-specific temperature effects, is crucial for developing mitigation strategies. In this study, five wheat cultivars (HD-2967, HD-3086, DBW-187, K-0307, DBW-14) were evaluated under timely-sown (NSE) and late-sown conditions with delays of 15 (LSE-I), 30 (LSE-II), and 45 (LSE-III) days. The objective was to assess late-sowing-induced temperature impacts and to identify favourable agro-phenological traits for heat-stress environments. Late-sowing exposed crops to higher maximum (1–3.6 °C) and minimum (1.9–3.7 °C) temperatures during the reproductive phase in LSE-II and LSE-III, which shortened grain-filling period by 7–8 days. Elevated temperatures under LSE-II and LSE-III reduced ear density (17–41%), grains per ear (9–17%), and 1000-grain weight (6–8%), resulting in yield reductions of 22–51% and economic losses, while LSE-I showed no significant yield decline. Cultivars with higher tillering, greater biomass, and longer vegetative period, such as HD-2967 K-0307, performed better under late-sown conditions. Overall, the study highlights significant adverse impacts of terminal high-temperatures on phenology and agronomic traits of late-sown wheat (after December 5) in sub-Himalayan plains, primarily affecting tiller and grain formation. Moreover, contrasting response of cultivars demonstrate the need for ecology-specific cultivar selection from a broader genetic pool for enhanced climate resilience.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"15 2","pages":"984 - 995"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148299951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Diversity, Combining Ability and Stability Analysis of Linseed (Linum Usitatissimum) Under Acidic Soil Conditions in the North-Eastern Region of India","authors":"M. Bezil,&nbsp;P. Magudeeswari,&nbsp;Malemnganbi Keisham,&nbsp;Abhilash Behera,&nbsp;Amit Kumar,&nbsp;Wricha Tyagi,&nbsp;Mayank Rai","doi":"10.1007/s40003-025-00903-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-025-00903-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Linseed is a potential oilseed crop with various industrial and nutraceutical applications. The climatic conditions of the North-Eastern Region of India favour linseed cultivation, but the crop occupies a limited area and yields remain low. This is primarily due to soil acidity, which leads to phosphorus deficiency, as well as iron and aluminium toxicity in the soil. A set of 35 linseed genotypes was grown in the ICAR research complex for the NEH region, and the genotypes were evaluated for eight yield contributing traits. Analysis of variance revealed a significant difference among the genotypes for all the traits, indicating a considerable variability among the genotypes. Pearson correlation studies revealed a positive and significant correlation of yield per plant with number of capsules per plant and number of secondary branches per plant. Further, the hierarchical clustering method grouped 35 genotypes into four different clusters. Among that, cluster I consists of 23 genotypes, and clusters II, III and IV consist of six, five and one (NL294) genotypes, respectively. Additionally, AMMI and GGE biplot analysis revealed stable and high-yielding genotypes NL356, BAU-15-06 and T397 across environments. The genotypes SLS115 and PKDL166 were identified as high-yielding and moderately stable genotypes. Based on yield performance, five parental lines, namely RLC163, SLS115, RLC164, LMS-2015-14 and T397, were selected, and a total of 20 crosses were made in diallel fashion, including the reciprocals. GCA effects were non-significant for all traits, indicating the presence of non-additive gene action. Specific combining ability variances showed a significant variation for all traits except yield per plant. Among 20 crosses, C8 (SLS115 XT397) exhibited a high SCA effect for plant height, primary branches per plant, secondary branches per plant and performed better under acidic soil conditions. Thus, the population was advanced up to the F₅ generation, and the mean value comparison for selected plants of F₃, F₄ and F₅ generations revealed that the F₅ generation exhibited a higher mean value than the F₃ and F₄ generations, suggesting that the population performance is moving in a positive direction for yield-contributing traits. The presence of non-additive gene action suggests the use of heterosis breeding for the genetic improvement of the traits. The present study identified that the genotypes NL356, BAU-15-06, T397, SLS115 and PKDL166 can be used as parents in the future breeding programme and that the genotypes SLS115 and RLC163 were identified as the best combiners to increase yield per plant.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"15 2","pages":"670 - 681"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148299973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy Input–Output Analysis of Wheat Cultivated with Environment Conservation Technology: Modeling and Geospatial Mapping","authors":"Ankit Sharma,&nbsp;Amandeep Singh Brar,&nbsp;Snehasish Saha,&nbsp;Mantu Das","doi":"10.1007/s40003-025-00918-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-025-00918-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Based on energy source inputs, the modelling and geospatial mappings analysis of the wheat cultivated with resource conservation technology in combine-harvested paddy fields are investigated. The study was conducted in Moga I (B1), Moga II (B2), Kot-Ise-Khan (B3), Nihal Singh Wala (B4), and Bagha Purana (B5) blocks of district Moga, Punjab, India. From each block three farmer fields were selected to carry out the investigation. The Cobb-Douglas production function (CDPF) and the marginal physical productivity (MPP) approach were used in the investigation. Model I included direct and indirect energy, whereas Model II included renewable and non-renewable energies. The share of direct and non-renewable energy was more than that of indirect and renewable energy. Both models had an increasing return to scale, and model I indicates more sensitivity toward indirect energy sources with more MPP value than direct sources. In contrast, model II indicates more sensitivity towards non-renewable energy sources, which have more MPP value than renewable energy. The regression coefficients (<i>R</i>²) of models I and II were 0.76 and 0.67, respectively. The maximum energy use efficiency, energy efficiency ratio, energy productivity, net energy gain, and minimum specific energy were 6.69, 4.25, 0.289 kg MJ^-1, 105031.7 MJ ha^-1, and 3.45 MJ kg^-1. A geospatial thematic mapping of the energy expenditure and gain was carried out to analyze the energy distribution. The findings of this study are useful for estimating yields, maximizing energy inputs to increase production, besides avoiding straw burning and pollution, lessening greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and ensuring timely seeding.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"15 2","pages":"1197 - 1211"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148299960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calcium Phosphate Nanofertilizer for Phosphorus Use Efficiency: A Review","authors":"Navjeet Kaur,&nbsp;Samir Kulkarni,&nbsp;Sayali Jadhav,&nbsp;Mrunmai Yadav,&nbsp;Aishwarya Chavan","doi":"10.1007/s40003-025-00915-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-025-00915-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Phosphorus deficiency remains a major constraint to crop productivity in Indian agriculture, with over 80% of the soils testing inadequate phosphorus content. The use of conventional phosphorus fertilizers is hampered by their low solubility, high fixation in soils, and significant leaching losses, which lead to poor nutrient use efficiency and the environmental issues of P build up and eutrophication. In this context, calcium phosphate nanofertilizers (CaP NFs) have emerged as a promising alternative aligned with the goals of sustainable and climate-resilient agriculture. This review comprehensively examines the potential of CaP NFs to improve phosphorus uptake, minimize nutrient losses, and in compliance with soil health. In this context, calcium phosphate nanofertilizers (CaP NFs) have emerged as a promising alternative for improving nutrient use efficiency and minimizing nutrient losses. Evidence from recent studies indicates that CaP NFs support enhanced germination, biomass accumulation, stress resilience, and yield, especially under phosphorus-deficient or abiotic stress conditions. Beyond nutrient delivery, CaP NFs also serve as carriers for other macro- and micronutrients, enabling controlled release and reducing fertilizer application frequency. We discuss modes of application (soil, foliar, hydroponic), potential for integration with organic amendments, and field-scale feasibility. Environmental and regulatory concerns, particularly nanoparticle toxicity, standardization gaps, and cost barriers, are addressed in the context of agriculture in India. Finally, we propose policy and research interventions needed to facilitate large-scale adoption of CaP NFs, including capacity building, subsidy realignment, and inclusion in nutrient management frameworks. This review demonstrates that the synthesis methods of CaP NFs, their ability to act as carriers for multi-nutrients, and their capacity for controlled release position them as a viable route to enhancing phosphorus use efficiency in agriculture.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"1 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147559895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}