Agricultural Research最新文献

{"title":"Morphological Characterization of Aromatic Rice of Assam","authors":"Safiqul Hussain,&nbsp;Dibosh Bordoloi,&nbsp;Muqsitur Rahman Choudhury,&nbsp;Ritu Ranjan Taye,&nbsp;Parveen Khan","doi":"10.1007/s40003-025-00868-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-025-00868-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present investigation was carried out with 67 aromatic rice cultivars of Assam. The morphometric evaluation of the varieties was conducted using a randomized complete block design with two replications during the <i>Kharif</i> seasons of 2019 and 2020<i>.</i> DUS characterization of the cultivars revealed polymorphism in nineteen characters. The cultivars showed highly significant differences for all the quantitative characters.The characters like days to 50% flowering, grain length, number of effective tillers, plant height, grain breadth and grain length/breadth ratio exhibited high heritability values, indicating the most likely role of additive gene action. Mahalanobis <i>D</i>^<i>2</i> analysis revealed eleven multi-genotypic and six mono-genotypic clusters of the cultivars.The contribution towards the total variation was the maximum for grain length (42.15%).The inter-cluster <i>D</i>^<i>2</i> value was the maximum between clusters VI and XVI (132.70) and hybridization would likely produce a broad spectrum of variability and transgressive segregants. The Principal Component Analysis revealed that grain length, grain length breadth ratio, number of grains per panicle, spikelet fertility and grain yield contributed maximum to the PC 1 and the cultivars Aki Sail followed by Chini Sail, Kamini Sail, Bar Mula Sail and Tulsi Joha had high principal component score for PC 1. Based on the relationship of traits and cultivars to the PC 1, it can be concluded that these cultivars can be included in aromatic rice breeding programme for improvement of the above traits.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"15 2","pages":"587 - 598"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148299991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil Carbon Stock Estimation in Sugarcane Cropland Using the Cool Farm Tool","authors":"Amanullah Adeel,&nbsp;A. S. Jadhav","doi":"10.1007/s40003-025-00887-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-025-00887-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Soil carbon sequestration represents a crucial methodology for attenuating the effects of climate change; however, the precise measurement of soil organic carbon (SOC) reservoirs along with their interactions with nitrogen and phosphorus presents a formidable challenge. This investigation aims to bridge this gap by utilizing the cool farm tool (CFT), an instrument based on the IPCC guideline, to evaluate SOC dynamics, the capacity for carbon sequestration, and nutrient interactions within sugarcane agricultural systems. Centered on 15 distinct sites, we gathered input data via interviews with farmers and conducted analyses of 75 soil samples to ascertain levels of SOC, pH, nitrogen, and phosphate. The findings indicated that sites characterized by low SOC levels demonstrated the greatest potential for future carbon sequestration, with total nitrogen concentrations fluctuating between 2.04 and 9.56 kg-t and phosphate concentrations ranging from 300.33 to 411.39 kg. The overall subsurface carbon stock was approximated at 1,801,180 tons of CO₂, highlighting the substantial carbon sequestration potential inherent in these agricultural lands. This research illustrates that the CFT serves as a reliable and effective instrument for measuring carbon sequestration and nutrient dynamics within agricultural contexts, exhibiting minimal uncertainties and data deficiencies. By pinpointing areas with elevated carbon efficiency and saturation, this study furnishes pragmatic insights that can be leveraged to refine agricultural practices aimed at augmenting SOC storage and addressing climate change.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"15 2","pages":"1104 - 1112"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148299878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population and Diversity of Pigeonpea Rhizobia in Vertisols of Central India","authors":"Nagvanti Atoliya,&nbsp;Santosh Ranjan Mohanty,&nbsp;D. L. N. Rao","doi":"10.1007/s40003-025-00873-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-025-00873-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Pigeonpea (<i>Cajanus cajan</i> (L.) Millsp.) is an important leguminous crop in tropical countries. However, the productivity of pigeonpea is adversely affected in central India due to impaired nodulation. Limited studies are available on pigeonpea rhizobia in central India. Therefore, the current study was undertaken to estimate the abundance and molecular diversity of pigeonpea rhizobia in order to identify improved strains for bio-inoculants. Rhizobial numbers in Vertisols of central India averaged 3864 ± 714 cells g⁻¹ of soil. In general, their abundance was tenfold higher in rhizosphere than in bulk soil. Rhizobia isolates retrieved from field nodules were screened, and 48 promising isolates were shortlisted based on their nodulation efficiency and promotion of plant growth for further characterization. Both slow-growing (56%) and fast (44%)-growing rhizobia were predominant and there were no significant differences in their nodulating ability. The fast-growing <i>Rhizobium</i> spp. utilized the various carbon sources tested to a greater degree than the slow-growing <i>Bradyrhizobium</i> spp. Fast growers were resistant to antibiotics such as chloramphenicol, vancomycin, kanamycin, gentamycin and polymyxin-B while slow growers were resistant to erythromycin, carbenicillin and penicillin-G. BOX-PCR analysis highlighted that rhizobia in Vertisols of central India exhibit a wide range of diversity. 16S rRNA gene sequences were homologous to <i>Bradyrhizobium</i> spp<i>.</i>, <i>Rhizobium</i> spp<i>.</i>, <i>Ensifer</i> spp., and <i>Mesorhizobium</i> spp. Novel genera like <i>Labrys, Ramlibacter, Sphingobium</i> and <i>Ciceribacter</i> were also found to nodulate pigeonpea. The slow-growing <i>Bradyrhizobum yuanmingense</i> isolates were the most efficient in nodulating ability and can be further explored as effective inoculants for enhancing productivity of pigeonpea in central India.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"15 2","pages":"860 - 877"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148299886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatio-temporal Meteorological Drought Analysis over Tel River Basin of Mahanadi Using Standardized Precipitation Index and Geographical Information System (GIS)","authors":"Amit Prasad,&nbsp;R. K. Singh,&nbsp;K. V. Ramana Rao,&nbsp;C. K. Saxena,&nbsp;Karan Singh,&nbsp;Manoj Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s40003-025-00881-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-025-00881-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Drought is a complex formidable challenge and severe natural disaster that needs to be constantly investigated. In this study, the standardized precipitation indexes (SPI) were determined at short-term and long-term using D-run and D-SPI theories by using IMD precipitation data from 1970 to 2021 in the Tel River Basin, Odisha. Mann–Kendall tests showed no significant trend in rainfall across the grid except for two stations. Maximum drought events were observed at various locations, with the longest event being 253 months at G22 (Nuapada). D-SPI theory recorded 106 drought months in grid number 11, while D-run theory identified 265 drought months in G23 and G30. Temporally, the maximum negative SPI-3 values were − 3.08 in April 1999, − 3.06 in May 1972, − 2.85 in April 2009, and − 2.59 in December 1981. The study also found a severe hydrological drought in the study area in 2021, with consecutive droughts from July through October. Droughts also occurred in June in 2003, 2009, and 2016. Spatial analysis of drought in the last decade (2011–2021) had revealed that at a 3-month scale, July of 2011, 2015, 2019, and 2020 experienced the maximum affected area. Conversely, at a longer scale of SPI-12, the highest impact occurred in 2011, 2015, and 2016. Specifically, in July 2011, severe and moderate drought affected 93.43% of the area, in July 2016, while 89.06% experienced mild to extreme drought. The study reveals drought patterns, aiding policymakers in developing strategies for water management and agricultural systems, promoting socioeconomic growth and environmental protection in India’s most drought-prone areas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"15 2","pages":"1078 - 1090"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148299872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochar has Different Effects on Soil Fertility and Spring Barley Productivity in Two Boreal Soils with Contrasting Textures","authors":"Inna Dubrovina","doi":"10.1007/s40003-025-00885-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-025-00885-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study examined the effects of wood biochar and fertilizers on the agrochemical parameters of boreal soils and the growth and development of spring barley. Short-term, 6-week pot experiments were conducted using the sandy loam Umbric Podzol and clay loam Umbric Retisol. For each soil type, a completely randomized design was applied with two fractions of biochar and two different fertilizers in triplicate. In soil samples were measured pH_KCl, available P and K, N–NH₄⁺ and N–NO₃⁻ after the completion of the experiment. The linear growth and productivity of spring barley and the raw protein content in aboveground biomass were studied. Biochar application to a sandy loam Umbric Podzol resulted in a significant increase in soil pH of 0.5 units, relieving acidity and increasing potassium content by an average of 17 mg kg⁻¹, phosphorus by 7 mg kg⁻¹, and nitrate nitrogen by 4 mg kg⁻¹. Biochar enhanced linear growth, spring barley biomass yield, and raw protein content in the aboveground biomass. The fine fraction of biochar combined with NPK fertilizer exerted the most pronounced synergistic effect on almost all parameters. Applying the same experimental scheme to the clay loam Umbric Retisol slowed the growth and development of spring barley plants and reduced the average nitrate nitrogen content by 4–7 mg kg⁻¹, creating conditions conducive to denitrification. Biochar supplemented with low-dose NPK fertilizer serves as a source of plant nutrients and an ameliorant in low-fertile coarse-textured soils. Nitrogen availability in the fine-textured soils appeared lower, potentially affecting the biochar-NPK synergy. These features can be particularly pronounced under boreal conditions with increased humidity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"15 2","pages":"1091 - 1103"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148299932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Emerging Potential of Certain Existing Resistance Genes for Rice Diseases, Along with the Promising Prospects of Newly Identified Genes for Informed Application in Rice Improvement","authors":"Ranganathan Sridhar,&nbsp;Kalambur Muralidharan","doi":"10.1007/s40003-025-00872-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-025-00872-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This rice-centric review briefly revisits Flor's seminal hypothesis on plant resistance and principles of plant immunity to examine novel genetic strategies for managing disease resistance. We review the key resistance genes, both old and new, highlighting their functionalities. Broad-spectrum resistance and its durability focus on delaying or weakening the arms race between the host and the pathogen. Knowledge gained through integrated biochemical and molecular approaches in dissecting the nature of disease resistance facilitates a better understanding of host–pathogen interactions. This reveals the possibility of undertaking gene modification without disrupting the balance between normal growth and immunity. In addition, it has led to the discovery of valuable and novel, naturally occurring alleles for use in improving crop resistance to diseases. Recent advances in the fundamental molecular understanding of disease resistance, focusing on rice physiology and biochemistry, could aid in developing new strategies to enhance the durability of disease resistance through genome editing and breeding techniques, equipping farmers with robust cultivars for sustainable rice production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"14 4","pages":"647 - 674"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145659372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agro-Morphological Characterization of Rice Germplasm (Oryza sativa) and Comparative Analysis of Rice Caryopsis Ultrastructure Using Scanning Electron Microscope","authors":"Sona Limboo,&nbsp;Shukdeb Sarkar,&nbsp;Bhumika T. Yonzon,&nbsp;Subhas Chandra Roy","doi":"10.1007/s40003-025-00871-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-025-00871-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>During the 2021 and 2022 kharif seasons, 56 rice germplasm samples were grown and maintained in the experimental rice field of the Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal. The DUS (Distinctiveness, Uniformity, and Stability) protocol was employed to characterize the samples, which were based on qualitative agro-morphological descriptors. Characteristics such as flag leaf attitude, color of the basal leaf sheath, stem length, and 50% heading date were observed. The varieties like Ekley, Kalo dhan, Jetti mansuri, and Rajabar showed the lowest alkali spreading value (ASV) (2) and gelatinization temperature (GT) (7), whereas the varieties like Jallanga, Champhay, and Khampti showed the highest ASV (7) and lowest GT (1). Ten of the 56 rice varieties are aromatic rice with mild to strong aroma. The transverse cross section of rice grains under a scanning electron microscope clearly showed the pericarp layer, followed by the seed coat (testa), aleurone layer, and endosperm layer in a centripetal manner. Pericarp and testa thicknesses ranged from 1.31 to 10.33 μm across the 56 rice varieties. The thickness of the aleurone layer varied from 9.65 × 9.93 to 23.91 × 45.07 μm, while the size of the aleurone grain (AG) varied from 0.22 to 1.50 μm in Bhog Prasad to 2.16–4.46 μm in Joha. The thickness of the bran varied from 15.71 to 61.64 μm. Compound Starch Granules (CSG) ranged in size from 1.33 to 338 μm in Ram Dhan μm to 10.84–13.23 μm in Anandi, having a polygonal (hexagonal) shape. The spherical protein bodies (PB) found in abundance in most rice cultivars, including Dhoody Marshy, Champhay, Dhokay, Jallanga, and Jetti Mansuri, were embedded within the starch granules. The size of the protein bodies ranged from 0.30 to 2.77 μm. These germplasms showed the useful traits that breeder could utilize in their efforts to crop improvement programs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"15 2","pages":"599 - 612"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148299890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Standardisation of a Digital Competency Index for Extension Professionals of India: A Principal Component Analysis Approach","authors":"Sweety Mukherjee,&nbsp;R. N. Padaria,&nbsp;R. R. Burman,&nbsp;Vinayak R. Nikam,&nbsp;Praveen Koovalamkadu Velayudhan,&nbsp;Girijesh Singh Mahra,&nbsp;Kaustav Aditya,&nbsp;Bidisha Chakrabarti,&nbsp;Sushmita Saini,&nbsp;Kotha Shravani,&nbsp;Bhaskar Ghosh","doi":"10.1007/s40003-025-00865-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-025-00865-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The rapid progression of digital technologies necessitates that extension professionals develop robust digital skills to strengthen information delivery for effective growth and sustainability of agricultural sector. This study made an attempt to assess the digital competencies of extension professionals through development and standardisation of a digital competency index (DCI). Given that public extension system—primarily through Farm Science Centres (FSCs)—serves as the main conduit for disseminating agricultural information, the study focused on extension professionals engaged with these centres. A structured questionnaire comprising 27 indicators spanning six dimensions, namely, Information Management (IM), Content Creation (CC), Communication and Sharing (CS), Ethics and Responsibility (ER), Evaluation and Problem-Solving (EPS), and Technical Operations (TO), were developed using European Commission guidelines. The questionnaire was mailed to the extension professionals affiliated with 731 FSCs in different agro-climatic zones, and responses were recorded on a five-point proficiency scale. Data received from 210 extension professionals were subjected to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for allocating weights to each dimension. The suitability of data for PCA was confirmed through the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) measure and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity. The highest weight was attributed to ER (33.622%), suggesting that ethical conduct, as well as responsible digital practices, are paramount in maintaining the integrity and credibility of extension services. The findings showed that a considerable proportion of extension professionals (45.238%) exhibited medium level of digital competency. The results highlight the necessity for continuous skill enhancement in digital tools for extension professionals to reduce the information gap among farmers. Further, clearly defined roles and responsibilities could help better address the evolving information and development needs of the agricultural sector.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"579 - 586"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147561927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water Use Efficiency and Yield of Maize Hybrids Under Deficit Irrigation Using GT Biplot Analysis in the Gorgan Region of Iran","authors":"Mansour Esmaily,&nbsp;Mohamad Reza Dadashi,&nbsp;Mohamad Taghi Feyzbakhsh,&nbsp;Kami Kabousi,&nbsp;Fatemeh Sheikh","doi":"10.1007/s40003-025-00880-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-025-00880-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Deficit irrigation is one of the most important factors limiting plant growth and production, so the best way to deal with water deficit stress is to identify and develop stress-resistant cultivars. This experiment aimed to assess the impact of deficit irrigation on the yield of both forage maize hybrids. The study was structured as a split-plot design, utilizing a randomized complete block design with three replications, at the Agricultural Research Station of Gorgan during 2021 and 2022. Deficit irrigation was implemented at four different levels as the main plots (100%, 75%, 50%, and 25%) of the water requirement. These main plots were further subdivided into subplots, consisting of four hybrid varieties, namely SC703, SC704, ZP548, and BK50. The results showed that the all traits day to silking, days to maturity, thousand-grain weight, grain yield, number of seeds per cob, water use efficiency were influenced of the interaction effect of deficit irrigation × hybrid was significant at a 1% level. Also, the highest grain yield (8977 kg h⁻¹) from the treatment of 100% water requirement × ZP548 hybrid was obtained. The reduction in yield of the 75%, 50%, and 25%, when compared to the control treatment, amounted to 7.52% (8301 kg h⁻¹), 51.52% (4352 kg h⁻¹), and 82.38% (1581 kg h⁻¹), respectively. The highest water use efficiency was observed in the treatment of 75% water requirement × ZP548 hybrid (1.16 kg m⁻³). The GT biplot for genotype data explained 96.6% of the total variation of the standardized data. Considering the significant reduction in water consumption (2299 m³ h⁻¹) achieved with this treatment, it is advisable to recommend irrigation at 75% of the water requirement alongside the cultivation of the ZP548 hybrid in the north of Iran.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"15 2","pages":"1063 - 1077"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148299877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutritional and Nutraceutical Richness of Unexploited Folk Aromatic Rice Landraces from Eastern Ghats of India","authors":"Debabrata Panda,&nbsp;Prafulla K. Behera,&nbsp;Sujit K. Bishi,&nbsp;Sushanta K. Naik,&nbsp;Awadhesh Kumar,&nbsp;Sangram K. Lenka,&nbsp;Kartik C. Lenka","doi":"10.1007/s40003-025-00874-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-025-00874-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The study of genetic diversity in folk rice landraces is essential for advancing future breeding programs. This study assessed the nutritional compositions of unexploited folk rice landraces of Eastern Ghats of India and compared these with Pusa Basmati, Sugandha, and IR 64 (improved varieties). The proximate parameters such as moisture content ranged from 8.39 to 10.51 g/100 g, ash from 0.76 to 2.87 g/100 g, fat from 1.03 to 2.57 g/100 g, protein from 7.18 to 11.44 g/100 g, carbohydrate from 75.33 to 80.18 g/100 g, fiber from 0.55 to 2.42 g/100 g, and energy from 353 to 368 kcal/100 g. The glycemic index, hydrolysis index, and amylose content ranged from 55.27 to 64.64, 28.34 to 45.41, and 16.26 to 49.65 g/100 g, respectively, across the landraces. The initial two principal components showed 33.1% of the total variation, highlighting significant variations among the genotypes. Phenol, antioxidants, vitamin C, fiber, flavonoid, and iron showed the highest positive loadings and were major determinants of phenotypic variability. The heritability ranged from 61.64 to 99.99%, while the genetic advance varied from 3.20 to 141.01%. Notably, certain folk landraces such as Dudhamani, Dubraj, Bastabhoga, and Kalajeera exhibited exceptional richness in energy content, indicating their nutritional superiority compared to others. Kalajeera, Kuyerkuling, and Tikichudi also demonstrated enhanced levels of fiber, iron, flavonoid, and antioxidants. These nutrient-rich landraces are better genetic resources for future rice improvement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"15 2","pages":"613 - 628"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148299970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}