Agricultural Research最新文献

{"title":"Environmental Impacts of Brazilian Beef Production and Mitigation Alternatives—A Systematized Review","authors":"Mariana Vieira da Costa,&nbsp;Daniela Debone,&nbsp;Simone Georges El Khouri Miraglia","doi":"10.1007/s40003-025-00877-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-025-00877-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The rise in global mean temperature is the main cause of the increase in frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. In Brazil, the main sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are land use change and the agricultural sector, with emphasis on beef production. In this study, our objective was to examine the contribution of beef production to environmental impacts and evaluate the potential for mitigating these effects to address environmental concerns. We conducted a systematized review of agricultural production impacts on the environment, specifically deforestation and GHG emissions, and debated the solutions available to mitigate these impacts by focusing on alternatives for livestock production. The search resulted in 54 articles, of which 43 were selected and divided into categories according to topic similarities. Beef production, especially in the extensive system, widely contributes to GHG emissions, specifically due to enteric fermentation and manure left on the pasture, and deforestation for pasture opening. The solutions to mitigate these impacts permeate several areas, such as political and structural modifications, and changes in the agricultural production model. Of the intensification strategies discussed, we highlight pasture restoration, rotational grazing and diet supplementation as the most promising approaches. Our study makes an important contribution to the discourse on sustainability in beef production by recognizing and addressing the multifaceted challenges inherent in achieving sustainability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"14 3","pages":"399 - 413"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144918311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating Flavonoid and Nitrogen Status of Guava Leaves Using E-Nose and SPAD Meter","authors":"Bambang Marhaenanto,&nbsp;Putri Wahyulian Aningtyas,&nbsp;Bayu Taruna Widjaja Putraa,&nbsp;Dedy Wirawan Soedibyo,&nbsp;Wahyu Nurkholis Hadi Syahputra","doi":"10.1007/s40003-025-00849-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-025-00849-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Flavonoids are a type of antioxidants widely used to treat various human diseases. Apart from guava fruits, flavonoids are also found in the leaves. Determining the leaf flavonoid content generally involves chemical analysis, which is time-consuming and costly. This study aimed to estimate quickly the flavonoid and nitrogen contents in fresh and extracted leaves using two different phenomena: (gas and vision) captured by an e-nose (equipped with nine different MQ sensors) and a SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter. This study also determined the relationship between flavonoids and nitrogen in guava plants and the selection of leaf variations, which contained the maximum levels of these compounds. A total of nine machine learning algorithms were applied to evaluate the data obtained from both the e-nose and SPAD-502 m as ten input features. The results showed that: (1) using ten input features obtained from fresh leaf samples provided better accuracy in classifying and estimating both flavonoid and nitrogen contents rather than using feature important ranking and extracted guava leaves. An artificial neural network—multilayer perceptron (ANN MLP) is a machine learning algorithm that provided maximum accuracy in classifying and estimating flavonoid and nitrogen contents with coefficient determination (<i>R</i>²) ranging between 0.76 and 0.96; (2) laboratory analysis did not indicate a positive relationship between flavonoid and nitrogen contents in guava leaves; and (3) selection of leaf numbers 1–5 was appropriate to ascertain flavonoid content in the optimum–high range, while the leaf number 3 from shoots that have opened completely to estimate the N status can be selected.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"14 3","pages":"414 - 427"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144918539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dielectric Spectroscopy: Process and Quality Monitoring of Dairy Products: A Review","authors":"Khushbu Kumari,&nbsp;Subir Chakraborty,&nbsp;Anand Kishore,&nbsp;Hima John,&nbsp;Chitranayak Sinha","doi":"10.1007/s40003-025-00840-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-025-00840-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ignoring quality standards in dairy and food industry can lead to financial and health problems in the face of today's strict legislation and growing customer awareness. The nutrient dense nature, perishability and wide popularity of dairy-based foods make them prone to adulteration and compromise in quality. High-performing systems at every stage of the production chain in dairy industry have become more prevalent in the food sector as a lookout for solutions. Dielectric spectroscopy is a high-performing sensor-based technology which is gaining popularity because of their ability to monitor, analyse and diagnose fault of various agricultural, food and dairy products. This paper attempts to fully explore basic principle of dielectric spectroscopy, the various factors influencing the dielectric parameters of milk and dairy products, and the findings of studies in which dielectric spectroscopy was used for quality assessment and monitoring of dairy processing. A summary of current research in this area is presented along with some comments on recent developments to provide a collection of recent data in order to make experimental data available as a valuable reference for more studies and applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"47 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143570980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Ghout Agricultural System: Between Survival and Disappearance","authors":"Mohammed Faci,&nbsp;Miloud Oubadi,&nbsp;Mohammed Madi","doi":"10.1007/s40003-025-00843-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-025-00843-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Ghout is a traditional agrosystem classified among the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems by the FAO. This Saharan artificial ecosystem was created through manual digging of the soil to approach the level of groundwater; date palm trees are planted at about 1 m depth and benefit from water without irrigation. The Ghout, composed of three stratum (palm trees, fruit trees and shrubs, and herbaceous plants), had remarkable floristic and faunal biodiversity. Since the 1980s, this agricultural system has been persistently degraded due to anthropogenic origins in the municipality of El Oued, mainly as a result of urban expansion and fluctuations in the water table level. Until the early 2000s, the phenomenon of rising water levels caused the drowning of palm trees and the disappearance of Ghouts; this was the consequence of the lack of an effective sewage system. However, since the 2010s, the lowering of groundwater levels to a depth exceeding 9 m has led to the drying up of Ghouts; it is due to the high demand for irrigation water. In addition, other factors have contributed to the disappearance of this innovative system, such as the inheritance and amortization of gardens leading to low production, which has resulted in the abandonment of these areas and the lack of interest from the youth to work in this heritage. The degradation of agrobiodiversity and varietal diversity of the date palm are among the characteristics recorded during the last decade, where the two cultivars Deglet Nour and Ghars dominate the Ghouts. Despite these drawbacks, in recent years, the emergence of digging the Ghouts has been recorded in the northeast and southwest of the province of El Oued.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"14 3","pages":"639 - 646"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144918416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AgriDrones: A Holistic Review on the Integration of Drones in Indian Agriculture","authors":"Vishwajeet Ramesh Avhale,&nbsp;G. Senthil Kumar,&nbsp;R. Kumaraperumal,&nbsp;G. Prabukumar,&nbsp;C. Bharathi,&nbsp;R. Sathya Priya,&nbsp;M. Yuvaraj,&nbsp;D. Muthumanickam,&nbsp;P. Parasuraman,&nbsp;S. Pazhanivelan","doi":"10.1007/s40003-024-00829-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-024-00829-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Modern technologies in the agricultural sector present tremendous opportunities to increased farm profitability and productivity. To achieve this, it is necessary to identify suitable solutions and ways to meet agricultural needs and requirements. This may be done by increasing production and finding rapid solutions for common issues that arise in production and have an impact on the agricultural economy. Drone usage for precision agriculture has grown dramatically in the recent years. Since drones can collect data specific to a certain site and assess crop health, they are helpful in precision agriculture. Drone technology helps in preserving soil fertility, reduces overuse of water and pesticides and herbicides, increases productivity and enhances quality, while also assisting in the efficient use of human labour. Aerial seeding and spraying are two uses of drone technology that can help to overcome manpower and cost constraints associated with manual labour. Even though there are some constraints of using drones, drone market will grow as their new applications are realized. This paper provides an extensive overview of the types, construction and applications of drones in agriculture. It also points out the potential advantages of drones in this field and calls for cooperation to overcome obstacles and realize the full potential of precision farming on a worldwide scale.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"34 - 46"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143570984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving On-farm Energy Use Efficiency by Optimizing Machinery Operations and Management: A Review","authors":"Troy A. Jensen,&nbsp;Diogenes L. Antille,&nbsp;Jeff N. Tullberg","doi":"10.1007/s40003-024-00824-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-024-00824-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The energy use and emissions from direct fossil fuel combustion on-farms to power farm machinery was critically reviewed. Approximately, 15% of agricultural production costs on-farm are energy-related. A potential solution to more sustainable energy use is a shift toward biofuels from renewable resources. The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through the substitution of diesel oil with biodiesel depends on the feedstock, the inter-esterification process, the storage period, and ambient conditions. In modern tractors, increased fuel use efficiency (or reduced fuel consumption) has been achieved by power/load matching and the use of variable transmission. Engine management systems that are capable of continuously communicating with the engine and transmission to make appropriate adjustments based on inputs received from the tractor allow for quick and precise responses to changing conditions. As a result, maximum efficiency and productivity can be obtained from the tractor operating similarly to the traditional ‘gear-up and throttle-back’ methods of a proficient operator. The future for autonomous tractors is promising, though not new. Electric-powered tractors are near to commercialization or are already commercially available. Hybrid electric driven tractors present some advantages in terms of increased energy use efficiency and functionalities. Increased efficiency can lead to a reduction in diesel fuel consumption and hence, a concurrent decrease in CO₂ emission. Where the local electricity supply has a low-carbon emission factor, this can also result in significant emission reductions. Small light-weight robotic equipment can potentially perform functions currently undertaken by tractor-drawn and other heavy equipment with high-fuel consumption, provided field operating capacity was not compromised. However, the size and weight limitations inherent in current harvesting and transport technology mean that soil compaction will still be a problem with robotic units. The robotic operation of medium-scale equipment within a precision-controlled traffic farming environment should offer more feasible and energy-efficient alternatives.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"15 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40003-024-00824-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143571122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Variations of Experimental Conditions and Methods on the Quantification of Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Emissions in Sugarcane: a Meta-Analysis","authors":"Manuel C. Valencia-Molina,&nbsp;Jorge Chalco-Vera","doi":"10.1007/s40003-024-00796-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-024-00796-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Quantifying and analyzing nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from sugarcane-cultivated soils is a priority issue due to its potential role in climate change in the coming decades. However, understanding the impact of this crop on global N₂O emissions is complicated by the variety of experimental conditions and methods used to quantify these emissions. This study aimed to determine the influence of experimental conditions and methodological approaches on quantifying of N₂O emissions in soils used for sugarcane production. For this purpose, a meta-analysis of quantitative information on this topic, and published-online up to December 2020 was performed. The average daily N₂O emission rate calculated in this research was higher than similar studies and the differences were attributed to methodological differences with these references. In addition, results showed that variables associated with sampling and gas concentration measurement had no significant effects on daily mean N₂O emissions. The evaluation period, soil texture, and the management of synthetic N sources and application rates were the main variables affecting N₂O emissions. Among the important sugarcane-producing countries United States and India had significantly higher daily mean N₂O emission (4.5 ± 1.4 and 3.08 ± 0.08 mg N₂O–N m⁻² d⁻¹, respectively) than the global average (1.98 ± 0.4 mg N₂O–N m⁻² d⁻¹). High N₂O emissions were widely documented in coarse or intermediate-texture soils. It is recommended that to reduce the uncertainty associated with the estimation of cumulative N₂O emissions the monitoring of N₂O emissions should include multiple complete growing seasons and include high sampling frequency around the main management practices. The strategies to reduce emissions should focus on the exploration of alternative N fertilizers to urea in sub-traditional doses for sugarcane areas with coarser textured soils. This work provides an important reference framework for the design and development of future research focused on the assessment of N₂O mitigation options for sugarcane.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"1 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143571095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marker Assisted Introgression and Evaluation of Retinol Equivalent Carotenoid in the Elite Cultivars Background from Traditional Landrace ‘Kavuni’","authors":"Suvarna Rani Chimmili,&nbsp;G. Subashini,&nbsp;M. Raveendran,&nbsp;Anandakumar C. R.,&nbsp;Jyothi Badri,&nbsp;Divya Balakrishnan,&nbsp;S. Robin","doi":"10.1007/s40003-024-00789-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-024-00789-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bioactive compound ‘lutein’, an <i>α</i>-carotenoid is responsible for ocular health and preventing major cardiovascular diseases in human beings and it cannot be synthesized de novo. ‘Lutein content is found only in traces among the popular cultivars of rice. ‘Kavuni’, an Indian traditional landrace, rich in lutein content (238 μg/100 g) is used in the present study to transfer lutein into two popular cultivars ‘ASD 16’ and ‘Swarna Sub1’ using marker assisted backcross breeding strategy. Phenotyping for lutein quantification was done using HPLC (High performance Liquid Chromatography) and further antioxidant analysis was carried out by DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) based scavenging assay. Across the crosses, eight backcross progeny were found to have higher lutein content than respective recurrent parents with an average lutein content of 96.5 μg/100 g and background recovery of 64.53%. One progeny (S33) from Cross II recorded highest lutein content of 322 μg/100 g, much higher than the donor parent indicating transgressive segregation. Significant positive correlation was observed between lutein content and antioxidants among the backcross progeny.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"14 3","pages":"428 - 435"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144918469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fertilization Strategies for Peppermint (Mentha × piperita) Under Irrigation Patterns in Varamin, Iran: The Role of Mycorrhizae Depends on Chemical Phosphorus Availability","authors":"Seyed Abolfazl Mousavi-Jangali,&nbsp;Hamid Reza Tohidi Moghadam,&nbsp;Pourang Kasraie,&nbsp;Arash Borzou","doi":"10.1007/s40003-024-00773-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-024-00773-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Peppermint (<i>Mentha</i> × <i>piperita</i>) stands as the predominant mint species cultivated across various global regions, owing to its superior quality and abundance of essential oil. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of distinct biological fertilizers on physiological and morphological traits of peppermint. An experiment was conducted employing a split-plot design arranged within a randomized block framework. The experimental treatments encompassed varying irrigation intensities (full irrigation, and moderate and severe water-deficit stress, irrigation at 75%, 60%, and 45% of the field capacity, respectively), along with six combinations of phosphorus chemical fertilizers and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (<i>Glomus intraradices</i>). Inoculation with mycorrhiza exhibited a significant effect on leaf dry weight and essential oil yield, resulting in an augmentation of 5.3% and 10.7%, respectively, when contrasted with the non-fertilizer treatment. The results obtained show that moderate water stress elicited the highest essential oil content at 2.2%. The treatment combining 50% chemical phosphorus fertilizer with mycorrhiza inoculation yielded the highest leaf phosphorus content at 0.41%, while the lowest content of 0.21% was observed in the non-fertilizer treatment. Water restriction led to a reduction in gas exchange parameters; nevertheless, the application of fertilizers improved these attributes across all irrigation regimes. The highest proline content (0.036 μg g⁻¹ fresh weight) was detected in non-fertilizer peppermint subjected to severe water stress. The study unveiled that the combined application of phosphorus chemical fertilizer and biological fertilizer yielded superior outcomes compared to individual applications, even under stressful conditions. This approach holds promise for achieving heightened productivity while mitigating excessive use of phosphorus chemical fertilizers, thereby curbing environmental pollution and advancing toward sustainable agricultural practices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"14 3","pages":"495 - 507"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144918467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Supplementary Nickel on Minerals Balance, Hematobiochemical Parameters, Antioxidant Activity, Plasma Minerals and Hormones Status in Murrah Buffalo Calves","authors":"Thamizhan P,&nbsp;Chander Datt,&nbsp; Shambhvi,&nbsp;Prince Chauhan,&nbsp;Anupam Thakuria,&nbsp;Raman Malik","doi":"10.1007/s40003-024-00778-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40003-024-00778-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present study was carried out with eighteen Murrah buffalo calves of average age (8.7 ± 0.86 months) and body weight (125 ± 9.67 kg) were selected and divided into 3 groups of 6 animals each fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (T1), 5 (T2) and 10 (T3) ppm Ni and feeding trial lasted for 120 days. Supplementation of nickel up to 10 ppm did not show any significant effect (<i>P</i> &gt; 0.05) on intake, excretion, absorption and retention patterns of calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc and manganese and their levels in plasma. However, the retention of Ni and its level in plasma were increased linearly (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) with the level of nickel in their diet and it was the highest in T3 group. The retention of iron was significantly higher (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) in T3 and T2 groups than T1 group. Furthermore, plasma levels of Fe were significantly higher (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) in T3 group compared with T1 group. The selected hematobiochemical parameters, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity and plasma IGF-1 levels were comparable (<i>P</i> &gt; 0.05) among the groups. However, hemoglobin, red blood cell, hematocrits, plasma glucose and catalase activity were significantly higher (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05); while, total cholesterol and cortisol levels lowered (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) in group T3 as compared to T1 and T2 groups. Thus, it may be concluded that feeding Murrah buffalo calves a diet supplemented with 10 ppm of nickel had no determinantal effects on hematobiochemical parameters or minerals utilization. Additionally, it positively influenced nickel and iron balance, improved the physiological condition and health status by enhancing catalase activity, plasma glucose and hematology parameters, and lowered stress hormone and serum total cholesterol.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7553,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Research","volume":"14 3","pages":"559 - 568"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144918608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}