Veterinary medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)最新文献

{"title":"Anthelmintic Resistance of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Communally-Grazing Goats in Humbo District, Southern Ethiopia.","authors":"Tekle Alaro, Fitsum Dulo, Wondimu Wodajo, Lemlem Mathewos","doi":"10.2147/VMRR.S434584","DOIUrl":"10.2147/VMRR.S434584","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Anthelmintic resistance (AR) in gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) is currently present worldwide and a major challenge to goat production. However, no updated information is available on this topic in the study area. Thus, this study evaluated the efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics on GINs in naturally-infected goats and assessed farmers' perception of anthelmintic utilization practices in Humbo district, Southern Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The field experiments for routinely used anthelmintics, namely, albendazole, ivermectin, and tetramisole, were conducted from September 2022 to April 2023. Sixty naturally-infected goats with nematodes were selected based on egg count (≥150 eggs per gram of feces) and allocated randomly into four groups (15 animals per group). Then, fecal samples were collected pre- and post-treatment and examined for fecal egg count reduction (FECRT) to determine the AR status of goat GINs. The modified McMaster technique using standard floatation was used for quantifying the eggs. In addition, a questionnaire survey was conducted to assess anthelmintic utilization practices among goat owners.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The FECR levels for albendazole, ivermectin, and tetramisole were 94.6, 95.9, and 97.3%, respectively. By coproculture, the nematode genera identified before treatment were Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Teladorsagia, Oesophagostomum, Bunostomum, and Chabertia Species. However, post-treatment fecal cultures showed that some Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, and Strongyloides spp. did not respond to the treatments. The questionnaire survey revealed that albendazole was the most commonly used anthelmintic to treat nematode infection in goats. Respondents expressed that anthelmintic treatment was utilized based on veterinarian prescription (59%), availability (32%), efficacy (4%), and affordability (5%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Tetramisole should be used cautiously to prevent the development of resistant strains, as it was still effective in the study area. Additionally, regular monitoring of anthelmintic effectiveness is necessary.</p>","PeriodicalId":75300,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)","volume":"14 ","pages":"185-194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10695478/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138489258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the Epidemiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract Nematode Parasites in Sheep in Toke Kutaye, West Shoa Zone, Ethiopia.","authors":"Chaltu Desalegn,&nbsp;Gemechu Berhanu","doi":"10.2147/VMRR.S427828","DOIUrl":"10.2147/VMRR.S427828","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Gastrointestinal tract nematodes are considered to be the most significant and underestimated problems that hinder sheep productivity.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the epidemiology of gastrointestinal tract nematode infestation of sheep in the Toke Kutaye District of West Shoa Zone, Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with gastrointestinal tract nematode parasite infestation in sheep. Faecal samples were collected from 384 sheep and subjected to coprological examination, including direct smear, flotation techniques, and Baermann techniques for screening and identifying gastrointestinal nematodes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal tract nematode parasite infestation in sheep in the study area was 284 (73.96%). From the total positive cases, males and females were 97 (82.91%) and 187 (70.04%), respectively. The predominantly detected gastrointestinal tract nematodes of sheep in the study area were <i>Trichostrongylus</i> 111 (28.91%), <i>Oestartagia</i> 55 (14.32%), <i>Haemonchus</i> 42 (10.94%), <i>Oesophagostomum</i> 48 (12.50%), and <i>Trichuris</i> 23 (5.99%). Mixed nematode eggs were noticed in some of the sheep beside the single type of nematode eggs, with a prevalence of 85 (22.14%). The relationship in the occurrence of parasites between sex, age groups, body conditions, and seasons was statistically significant (P = 0.008, P = 0.014, P = 0.001 and P = 0.003), respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study is of great importance to add to the existing knowledge of the epidemiology of gastrointestinal tract nematodes of sheep, and the findings are very important to apply the proper control and prevention strategies for gastrointestinal tract nematodes of sheep in the area.</p>","PeriodicalId":75300,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)","volume":"14 ","pages":"177-183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e3/4b/vmrr-14-177.PMC10559793.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41175526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibiotic Use, Awareness of Antimicrobial Resistance and Residue in Veterinary Professionals and Farmers in Selected Districts of Kellem Wollega Zone, Ethiopia.","authors":"Sagni Ragassa,&nbsp;Gemechu Berhanu","doi":"10.2147/VMRR.S423141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/VMRR.S423141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Antimicrobials have a crucial role in reducing mortality and morbidity in animals, but misuse of them may cause antimicrobial resistance and residues which are challenging in animal production and public health. These problems are mostly aggravated in developing countries including Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Assessment of antibiotic use, awareness of antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial residue in veterinary professionals and farmers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2021 to August 2022 in three districts (Seyo, Hawa Gelan, and Dale Sadi) of the Kellem Wollega zone, selected by purposive sampling. The study population was farmers and veterinary professionals. Data was collected from a total of 312 respondents; 230 farmers and 82 veterinary professionals using interviews and questionnaires, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 312 total respondents, 230 (73.71%) were farmers and 82 (26.28%) were veterinary professionals. From the farmer respondents, 127 (55.22%), 153 (66.52%), and 142 (61.74%) had an awareness of antibiotics and their usage, antimicrobial resistance, and withdrawal period, respectively. Out of 82 veterinary professional respondents, 92.68% practice dose calculation during animal treatment, 79.27% diagnose systemic infections by tentative diagnosis, 85.37% have no laboratory facility for bacterial disease, and 81.71% give broad-spectrum antibiotics for undifferentiated cases. The income type of respondents looks to have a strong association (P < 0.05) with awareness of antibiotics (OR: 3.427, SE: 1.404, CI: 1.535-7.654), antimicrobial resistance (OR: 3.536, SE: 1.339, CI: 1.683-7.430) and withdrawal periods (OR: 3.297, SE: 1.267, CI: 1.552-7.004).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study shows most farmers have awareness about antibiotics and their use, antimicrobial resistance, and residue but inappropriate use of antimicrobials in farmers and lack of laboratory facilities in most veterinary professionals observed.</p>","PeriodicalId":75300,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)","volume":"14 ","pages":"159-175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/58/e3/vmrr-14-159.PMC10542589.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41163813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Cattle in and Around Hosanna Town, Southern Ethiopia.","authors":"Dembelo Tiele,&nbsp;Ephrem Sebro,&nbsp;Deginet H/Meskel,&nbsp;Mesfin Mathewos","doi":"10.2147/VMRR.S389787","DOIUrl":"10.2147/VMRR.S389787","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Gastrointestinal parasites are ubiquitous parasitic agents of cattle all over the world, and cause both clinical and subclinical parasitism that results in significant financial losses. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence and the risk variables related to gastrointestinal tract (GIT) parasites in cattle in Hossana town and the nearby area.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>On a total of 400 faecal samples, a cross-sectional investigation with a random sampling technique was carried out utilizing a coprologic parasitological examination.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two hundred and sixty-nine (67.2%) of the 400 faecal samples analyzed had one or more gastrointestinal parasites. Of this, 163 (40.75%) cattle had two or more parasites while a single infection was recorded in 106 (26.5%) cattle. Mixed infection of <i>Strongyle+Fasciola</i> (14%) was found a higher prevalence followed by <i>Strongyle+Paramphistomum</i> (7.75%) as compared to other GIT parasite combination. Major classes of parasites recorded include Trematodes, Nematodes, Cestodes, and Protozoa. The major parasites observed were <i>Strongyle type</i> (18.25%), <i>Paramphistomum</i> (9.5%), <i>Fasciola</i> (8.25%), <i>Toxocara</i> (3.25%) and <i>Eimeria</i> (2.75%). <i>Strongyle type</i> eggs were the most predominant type of eggs identified while <i>Trichuris</i> (2.25%) and <i>Moniezia</i> (1.5%) were observed to have relatively lowprevalence. There was a high relationship between risk factors such as age, body condition, and management system with the prevalence of GIT parasites.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The high frequency of GIT parasite infection in cattle in the research area necessitates the strategic deworming and effective management practices necessary for gastrointestinal parasite eradication.</p>","PeriodicalId":75300,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)","volume":"14 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/9d/97/vmrr-14-1.PMC9863452.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10619174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Aural and Rectal Temperature in Dogs Presenting to an Emergency Room.","authors":"Rebecca Smith,&nbsp;Alicia Mastrocco,&nbsp;Jennifer Prittie,&nbsp;Joel Weltman","doi":"10.2147/VMRR.S411935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/VMRR.S411935","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To compare rectal and aural temperatures in canines presenting to a small animal emergency room.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>We performed a prospective cohort study conducted between June 2022 and October 2022. One hundred and fifty-two dogs were evaluated that were presented to a private practice emergency room. Temperatures were obtained on presentation using both an aural Braun ExacTemp and a rectal Vet-Temp Rapid Digital Thermometer. The order of temperature measurement was randomized and recorded. Dogs were classified into three groups based on recorded temperature; normothermic (n = 105), hypothermic (n = 24), and hyperthermic (n = 23). Additional recorded parameters included: patient signalment, heart rate, respiratory rate, presence or absence of aural debris, coat length (classified as short, medium or long), body weight, body condition score, pain score, as well as venous lactate and non-invasive blood pressure, if performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall aural temperatures were significantly lower than rectal temperatures. The average rectal and aural temperatures were 38.7°C (range 36.6-40.7°C) and 38.3°C (range 35.7°C-40.4°C), respectively. Among all canines, there was a moderate, statistically significant relationship between rectal and aural temperatures (r = 0.636; p < 0.001) and this relationship remained significant with a weaker relationship for normothermic dogs (r = 0.411; p < 0.001). For hyperthermic and hypothermic dogs, there was not a statistically significant relationship between rectal and aural temperatures. Hyperthermic dogs had a significantly higher respiratory rate than other groups and hypothermic dogs were more likely to have a short haircoat. Lastly, ambient temperature, but not humidity, influenced patient temperature.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study found aural temperatures were consistently lower than rectal temperatures in dogs with both normal and abnormal rectal temperatures. Aural thermometry may not be an acceptable method of temperature measurement in the emergency patient cohort.</p>","PeriodicalId":75300,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)","volume":"14 ","pages":"125-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d1/43/vmrr-14-125.PMC10387255.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9919757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytokine Adsorption as an Adjunctive Treatment for Patients with Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia Receiving Therapeutic Plasma Exchange: A Case Series of 3 Dogs.","authors":"John Meagher,&nbsp;Jeanette Hendricks,&nbsp;Adam Eatroff","doi":"10.2147/VMRR.S407139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/VMRR.S407139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of cytokine adsorption is an emerging treatment for inflammatory diseases in human medicine. There are few reports of this treatment modality in veterinary medicine and no reports of the use of a cytokine adsorbent for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA). These case reports illustrate the use of a cytokine adsorbent as an adjunctive treatment during therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). All dogs were unresponsive to conventional treatment or were severely affected by rapid hemolysis of red blood cells. The aim was to treat all dogs with three sequential TPE sessions; however, one dog died before completion of three sessions and one dog required additional sessions. Preliminary evidence indicates that the use of a cytokine adsorption is well tolerated and can be considered as an adjunct in the management of IMHA that is severe or refractory to traditional treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":75300,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)","volume":"14 ","pages":"103-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/9f/d3/vmrr-14-103.PMC10241178.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9947156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coxiellosis in Livestock: Epidemiology, Public Health Significance, and Prevalence of <i>Coxiella burnetii</i> Infection in Ethiopia.","authors":"Dereje Tulu Robi,&nbsp;Wondimagegn Demissie,&nbsp;Shiferaw Temteme","doi":"10.2147/VMRR.S418346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/VMRR.S418346","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coxiellosis is a zoonotic disease that is prevalent globally and can pose significant challenges, especially in less developed countries like Ethiopia. <i>Coxiella burnetii</i> is responsible for causing an infection called Q fever in humans and coxiellosis in ruminants. Pneumonia and endocarditis are the only signs that characterize the acute and chronic forms of Q fever, respectively. Ruminants exhibit symptoms such as abortion during the later stages of pregnancy, impaired fertility, perinatal death, premature delivery, and reduced birth weight. <i>C. burnetii</i> infection typically spreads among healthy cattle via tick bites and exposure to infected cattle or their bodily secretions. The primary source of human infection is through the ingestion of contaminated milk and milk products, but transmission through aerosols and dust generated during livestock operations is also common. Cattle, sheep, camels and goats are the primary sources of human infection, and the bacterium can be found in various bodily fluids of infected animals. Several factors, including host characteristics, environmental conditions, and management practices, can potentially affect the occurrence of <i>C. burnetii</i> infection in livestock, such as cattle, camels, sheep, and goats. Coxiellosis is prevalent in Ethiopia's pastoral and mixed cattle management systems, as individuals frequently interact with cattle and are therefore more prone to exposure to the <i>C. burnetii</i> bacterium. Vaccination and biosecurity measures are effective techniques for managing <i>C. burnetii</i> infection. Therefore, it is crucial to implement appropriate mitigation strategies, raise awareness about the spread of <i>C. burnetii</i> infection, and conduct further studies on <i>C. burnetii</i> infection in high-risk groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":75300,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)","volume":"14 ","pages":"145-158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/25/c0/vmrr-14-145.PMC10443632.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10063087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seroprevalence of Bovine Brucellosis in Selected Sites of Central Highland of Ethiopia.","authors":"Temesgen Getahun,&nbsp;Beksisa Urge,&nbsp;Gezahegne Mamo","doi":"10.2147/VMRR.S388970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/VMRR.S388970","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Brucellosis is a contagious, economically significant bacterial disease that affects animals worldwide and is one of the most neglected zoonotic diseases in the world. The disease poses a barrier to the trade of animals and animal products, represents a public health hazard, and is an impediment to free animal movement.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was carried out from December 2019 to May 2020 in order to determine seroprevalence and identify potential risk factors for brucellosis in dairy cows in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia with recent cases of abortion. Purposive sampling was carried out on the farms and kebeles in question to screen for recent cases of abortion in dairy cows. For the purpose of performing serological testing, 352 blood samples from dairy cattle were obtained. The Rose Bengal Plate test was used to initially screen the serum samples, and the Complement Fixation test was utilized as a confirmatory test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Using combined RBPT and CFT tests, the overall seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis was 0.6% (95% CI: 0.16-2.09). Retained fetal membrane (OR = 32.74, p = 0.006), market-based stock replacement (OR = 16.55, p = 0.002), breeding method (OR = 7.58, p = 0.027), and late stage of abortion (OR = 14.74, p = 0.0002) are all significantly associated risk factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present seroprevalence study revealed that brucellosis is prevalent at a lower rate among dairy cattle in the study areas. However, there is a possible risk of brucellosis transmission in dairy cattle and the exposed human population in research locations because no control measures were put in place there. Implementing a test and slaughter method with compensation for farmers is advised due to the low prevalence of bovine brucellosis in government-owned and small-holder farms.</p>","PeriodicalId":75300,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)","volume":"14 ","pages":"11-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/93/09/vmrr-14-11.PMC9939795.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9327791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined Adjuvant Formulations Enhanced an Immune Response of Trivalent Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine in Cattle.","authors":"Getu Ayele,&nbsp;Belayneh Getachew,&nbsp;Fufa Dawo Bari,&nbsp;Berecha Bayissa,&nbsp;Ayelech Muluneh,&nbsp;Takele Abayneh,&nbsp;Esayas Gelaye,&nbsp;Bedaso Mammo Edao","doi":"10.2147/VMRR.S397590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/VMRR.S397590","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Foot-and-mouth disease is globally one of the most economically important viral diseases of cloven-hoofed animals that can be controlled by different strategies, where vaccination plays an important role. Selection of adjuvant added to vaccine preparation is crucial in ensuring the protective effect of the vaccine. Aluminum hydroxide gel mixed with saponin (AS) is widely used adjuvant, with its suboptimal immune response in FMD vaccine. The present study was undertaken to evaluate different ingredients of adjuvants for inactivated trivalent (A, O and SAT 2) FMD vaccine and to demonstrate the effect of booster dose in cattle.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cattle were grouped into five; four experimental and one control, with six animals in each group and immunized with trivalent vaccine with various formulations of adjuvants. Immune response was measured using Solid Phase Competitive Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (SPCE).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The antibody level in cattle immunised with a vaccine formulation containing a mixture of aluminum hydroxide gel and saponin (AS) were significantly lower than AS boosted group for the three serotypes (p<0.05, <i>t</i>-test), which directs the need for booster dose. Whereas the antibody response in the AS + oil group was higher followed by oil alone. The AS preparation with a booster dose has shown better immune response compared to the group without.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings of this study could suggest that oil based and AS with oil could replace the conventional aluminum hydroxide gel and saponin adjuvants in FMD vaccine preparations. Challenge test was not successful indicating the need for further research on the virus infectivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":75300,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)","volume":"14 ","pages":"47-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b5/53/vmrr-14-47.PMC10115203.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9444339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence, Risk Factors and Control Practices of Livestock Hirudiniasis in Mirab Abaya District, Southern Ethiopia.","authors":"Wasihun Seyoum,&nbsp;Chilotaw Ejigu,&nbsp;Ephrem Tora","doi":"10.2147/VMRR.S401079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/VMRR.S401079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Hirudiniasis is a disease in people and animals who have been infested by blood sucking leeches. In Ethiopia, it is a neglected disease, causing significant economic loss in the livestock industry. In the study area, information on livestock Hirudiniasis is very limited. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess livestock owners' awareness, knowledge, and control practices toward leech infestation, and to estimate the prevalence and associated risk factors of livestock Hirudiniasis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was carried out from February to September 2022 on domestic animals randomly selected from livestock owners of Mirab Abaya district, Southern Ethiopia. In total, 384 domestic animals were sampled and examined for the presence of leech infestation. A questionnaire survey was carried out on 150 livestock owners.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study discovered a 13.54% (52/384) overall prevalence of livestock Hirudiniasis in the study area and the highest prevalence was observed in cattle (22.14%), followed by sheep (10%), goats (8.65%), and equines (5%). <i>Limnatis nilotica</i> was the only leech species identified in the study area. The occurrence of livestock Hirudiniasis was significantly higher in the dry season (OR=3.16, <i>p</i><0.05), around bodies of water (OR=10.88, <i>p</i><0.01), in extensive production systems (OR=3.81, <i>p</i><0.05), and in adult (OR=2.58, <i>p</i><0.05) and poor body condition animals (OR=9, <i>p</i><0.01). However, the species and sex of domestic animals were not significantly associated with Hirudiniasis. The questionnaire showed 61.33% and 35.33% of respondents had knowledge about leech infestations in domestic animals and its zoonotic impacts, respectively. Manual removal and traditional medicine are common control measures taken by livestock owners against Hirudiniasis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study showed that leeches were prevalent and significantly affects the health and productivity of livestock in the study area. Hence, cost-effective parasitic control measures need to be implemented to address the setback.</p>","PeriodicalId":75300,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)","volume":"14 ","pages":"79-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a6/27/vmrr-14-79.PMC10132288.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9397555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}