Uirusu Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.69.23

Misaki Matsuo, Paola Miyazato, Yorifumi Satou

引用次数: 0

[Studies of a plant antiviral defense system that inhibits viral RNA replication]. [植物抗病毒防御系统抑制病毒RNA复制的研究]。

Uirusu Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.69.83

Kazuhiro Ishibashi

{"title":"[Studies of a plant antiviral defense system that inhibits viral RNA replication].","authors":"Kazuhiro Ishibashi","doi":"10.2222/jsv.69.83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2222/jsv.69.83","url":null,"abstract":"Tm-1 is a semi-dominant resistance gene of tomato against tomato mosaic virus (ToMV). I identified the Tm-1 gene product through biochemical purification of an inhibitor of in vitro ToMV RNA replication from a tomato cell extract. Tm-1 protein binds ToMV replication proteins and inhibits formation of ToMV replication complex. Replication proteins of resistance-breaking ToMV mutants did not bind Tm-1, suggesting that ToMV mutants break the resistance by escaping the inhibitory interaction. Through molecular evolutionary approach, I found that a small part of the Tm-1 gene is under positive selection, suggesting that this region underwent rapid amino acid changes against selective pressure by ToMV infection. Crystal structures of a fragment of the Tm-1 protein and a complex between the Tm-1 fragment and a ToMV helicase domain fragment of replication proteins revealed that Tm-1 and ToMV have coevolved by changing both sides of the interaction interface. ToMV-susceptible tomato cultivars have a Tm-1 allele, tm-1, whose product neither binds to ToMV replication proteins nor inhibits RNA replication. I found that tm-1 inhibits multiplication of tobacco green mild mosaic virus (TMGMV) and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), which does not adapt to tomato. A TMGMV mutant that can escape the inhibition by tm-1 lost the ability to suppress RNA silencing. Therefore, the multifunctionality of replication proteins is an evolutionary constraint of tobamoviruses that restricts their host ranges.","PeriodicalId":75275,"journal":{"name":"Uirusu","volume":"69 1","pages":"83-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38388242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

[Future perspectives of mumps vaccine]. [腮腺炎疫苗的未来展望]。

Uirusu Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.68.125

Minoru Kidokoro

{"title":"[Future perspectives of mumps vaccine].","authors":"Minoru Kidokoro","doi":"10.2222/jsv.68.125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2222/jsv.68.125","url":null,"abstract":"Because of the concerns about aseptic meningitis due to Japanese domestic mumps vaccine strains, the routine mumps immunization program has not yet been introduced in Japan, and it resulted in the situation where the major mumps epidemics occur every 4-5 years. However, the fact that at least 348 mumps hearing loss cases were reported during the recent epidemic period in 2015-2016, argues that the introduction of the routine mumps immunization program is an urgent issue for us. In contrast, 122 countries employ mumps-containing vaccines for nationwide immunization programs by 2018, of which 117 apply 2-dose vaccination regimens, and many of them use Jeryl-Lynn containing measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccines. While in these countries, where mumps seemed to have been controlled, mumps resurgented in the 2000s. Although, the concerns surrounding mumps vaccination are extremely different in Japan and abroad, both of them link to the inherent characteristics of mumps vaccine, in which it is hard to balance the safety and the efficacy. In order to promptly introduce the routine mumps immunization program in Japan, Japanese domestic mumps vaccine strains need to be re-evaluated based on the latest evidence. Furthermore, from a long-range viewpoint, a novel mumps vaccine should be developed, which combines the safety and the efficacy.","PeriodicalId":75275,"journal":{"name":"Uirusu","volume":"68 2","pages":"125-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38387415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

[Challenges toward elimination of rubella in Japan]. [在日本消灭风疹的挑战]。

Uirusu Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.68.157

Yoshio Mori

引用次数: 0

[Epidemiology of enterovirus D68 infection]. 肠道病毒D68感染的流行病学研究。

Uirusu Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.68.161

Keiko Tanaka-Taya

引用次数: 1

[Astute strategies of HTLV-1 with driven viral genes]. [HTLV-1驱动病毒基因的精明策略]。

Uirusu Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.69.37

Kosuke Toyoda, Jun-Ichirou Yasunaga, Masao Matsuoka

引用次数: 0

[Molecular mechanisms of entry and egress of herpes simplex virus 1]. 单纯疱疹病毒进入和退出的分子机制1。

Uirusu Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.69.73

Jun Arii

引用次数: 0

[Protease-dependent virus tropism and pathogenicity: The role for TMPRSS2]. 蛋白酶依赖性病毒的趋向性和致病性:TMPRSS2的作用。

Uirusu Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.69.61

Makoto Takeda

{"title":"[Protease-dependent virus tropism and pathogenicity: The role for TMPRSS2].","authors":"Makoto Takeda","doi":"10.2222/jsv.69.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2222/jsv.69.61","url":null,"abstract":"The distribution pattern of host proteases and their cleavage specificity for viral fusion glycoproteins are key determinants for viral tissue tropism and pathogenicity. The discovery of this protease-dependent virus tropism and pathogenicity has been triggered by the leading studies of the host-induced or -controlled modification of viruses by Homma et al. in 1970s. With the introduction of advanced protein analysis method, the observations by Homma et al. have been clearly explained by the cleavage activation of viral fusion glycoproteins by proteases. The molecular biological features of viruses, which show distinct protease specificity or dependency, have been also revealed by newly introduced nucleotide and molecular analysis method. Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have multi-basic cleavage motif in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein and are activated proteolytically by furin. Furin is ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotic cells and thereby HPAIVs have the potential to cause a systemic infection in infected animals. On the other hand, the HA cleavage site of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) and seasonal human influenza viruses is mono-basic and thus not recognized by furin. They are likely cleaved by protease(s) localized in specific organs or tissues. However, the protease(s), which cleaves mono-basic HA in vivo, has long been undetermined, although many proteases have been shown as candidates. Finally, recent studies using gene knocked out mice revealed that TMPRSS2, a member of type II transmembrane serine proteases, is responsible for the cleavage of influenza viruses with a mono-basic HA in vivo. A subsequent study further demonstrated that TMPRSS2 contributes to replication and pathology of emerging SARS- and MERS coronaviruses in vivo.","PeriodicalId":75275,"journal":{"name":"Uirusu","volume":"69 1","pages":"61-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38388240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

[Development of in-vitro and in-vivo assays for dengue vaccine and therapeutics evaluation, and pathogenesis studies]. [发展登革热疫苗和治疗方法评估的体外和体内试验，以及发病机制研究]。

Uirusu Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.69.91

Moi Meng Ling

{"title":"[Development of in-vitro and in-vivo assays for dengue vaccine and therapeutics evaluation, and pathogenesis studies].","authors":"Moi Meng Ling","doi":"10.2222/jsv.69.91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2222/jsv.69.91","url":null,"abstract":"Antibodies are considered central in the protective immunity to dengue and other flaviviruses. While Japanese encephalitis virus and yellow fever virus vaccines are available for more than half a century, there remains a need for the development of an effective dengue vaccine. An effective dengue vaccine should ideally elicit protective immunity against all four dengue virus serotypes. Cross-reactive antibodies play a competing role in dengue: high levels of neutralizing antibodies are associated with disease protection whereas non-neutralizing cross-reactive antibodies are associated with enhanced clinical presentation. During secondary infection, these cross-reactive, non-neutralizing antibodies are hypothesized to enhance virus infection of the Fcgamma receptor (Fc γ R) bearing cells. In a series of experiments, (1) an in-vitro assay using Fc γ R-expressing BHK cells as assay cells and (2) a non-human primate (NHP) model using marmosets was developed to determine the levels of neutralizing antibodies that contribute to disease pathogenesis and protection. This study has several implications; (1) non-neutralizing, infection-enhancing activity hampers flavivirus neutralizing activity, contributing to an immune profile that fails to offer protection, (2) during secondary flavivirus infection, non-neutralizing antibodies form infectious virus-immune complexes, leading to higher infectivity of virus target cell in vivo, the Fc γ R-bearing cells, and (3) in comparison to conventional neutralizing assays, assays using the Fc γ R-expressing cells may better reflect the biological properties of antibodies in vivo. The results also suggest that common marmosets could be a reliable primate model for the evaluation of candidate vaccines.","PeriodicalId":75275,"journal":{"name":"Uirusu","volume":"69 1","pages":"91-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38388243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

[Recent Advances in Basic Research on the Herpes Simplex Virus]. 单纯疱疹病毒的基础研究进展

Uirusu Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.68.115

Yasushi Kawaguchi

引用次数: 1

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