Uirusu Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.69.73

Jun Arii

引用次数: 0

[Protease-dependent virus tropism and pathogenicity: The role for TMPRSS2]. 蛋白酶依赖性病毒的趋向性和致病性:TMPRSS2的作用。

Uirusu Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.69.61

Makoto Takeda

{"title":"[Protease-dependent virus tropism and pathogenicity: The role for TMPRSS2].","authors":"Makoto Takeda","doi":"10.2222/jsv.69.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2222/jsv.69.61","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The distribution pattern of host proteases and their cleavage specificity for viral fusion glycoproteins are key determinants for viral tissue tropism and pathogenicity. The discovery of this protease-dependent virus tropism and pathogenicity has been triggered by the leading studies of the host-induced or -controlled modification of viruses by Homma et al. in 1970s. With the introduction of advanced protein analysis method, the observations by Homma et al. have been clearly explained by the cleavage activation of viral fusion glycoproteins by proteases. The molecular biological features of viruses, which show distinct protease specificity or dependency, have been also revealed by newly introduced nucleotide and molecular analysis method. Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have multi-basic cleavage motif in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein and are activated proteolytically by furin. Furin is ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotic cells and thereby HPAIVs have the potential to cause a systemic infection in infected animals. On the other hand, the HA cleavage site of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) and seasonal human influenza viruses is mono-basic and thus not recognized by furin. They are likely cleaved by protease(s) localized in specific organs or tissues. However, the protease(s), which cleaves mono-basic HA in vivo, has long been undetermined, although many proteases have been shown as candidates. Finally, recent studies using gene knocked out mice revealed that TMPRSS2, a member of type II transmembrane serine proteases, is responsible for the cleavage of influenza viruses with a mono-basic HA in vivo. A subsequent study further demonstrated that TMPRSS2 contributes to replication and pathology of emerging SARS- and MERS coronaviruses in vivo.</p>","PeriodicalId":75275,"journal":{"name":"Uirusu","volume":"69 1","pages":"61-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38388240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

[Development of in-vitro and in-vivo assays for dengue vaccine and therapeutics evaluation, and pathogenesis studies]. [发展登革热疫苗和治疗方法评估的体外和体内试验，以及发病机制研究]。

Uirusu Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.69.91

Moi Meng Ling

{"title":"[Development of in-vitro and in-vivo assays for dengue vaccine and therapeutics evaluation, and pathogenesis studies].","authors":"Moi Meng Ling","doi":"10.2222/jsv.69.91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2222/jsv.69.91","url":null,"abstract":"Antibodies are considered central in the protective immunity to dengue and other flaviviruses. While Japanese encephalitis virus and yellow fever virus vaccines are available for more than half a century, there remains a need for the development of an effective dengue vaccine. An effective dengue vaccine should ideally elicit protective immunity against all four dengue virus serotypes. Cross-reactive antibodies play a competing role in dengue: high levels of neutralizing antibodies are associated with disease protection whereas non-neutralizing cross-reactive antibodies are associated with enhanced clinical presentation. During secondary infection, these cross-reactive, non-neutralizing antibodies are hypothesized to enhance virus infection of the Fcgamma receptor (Fc γ R) bearing cells. In a series of experiments, (1) an in-vitro assay using Fc γ R-expressing BHK cells as assay cells and (2) a non-human primate (NHP) model using marmosets was developed to determine the levels of neutralizing antibodies that contribute to disease pathogenesis and protection. This study has several implications; (1) non-neutralizing, infection-enhancing activity hampers flavivirus neutralizing activity, contributing to an immune profile that fails to offer protection, (2) during secondary flavivirus infection, non-neutralizing antibodies form infectious virus-immune complexes, leading to higher infectivity of virus target cell in vivo, the Fc γ R-bearing cells, and (3) in comparison to conventional neutralizing assays, assays using the Fc γ R-expressing cells may better reflect the biological properties of antibodies in vivo. The results also suggest that common marmosets could be a reliable primate model for the evaluation of candidate vaccines.","PeriodicalId":75275,"journal":{"name":"Uirusu","volume":"69 1","pages":"91-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38388243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

[Recent Advances in Basic Research on the Herpes Simplex Virus]. 单纯疱疹病毒的基础研究进展

Uirusu Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.68.115

Yasushi Kawaguchi

引用次数: 1

[Anti-viral responses in insect cells]. [昆虫细胞的抗病毒反应]

Uirusu Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.69.47

Motoko Ikeda

引用次数: 0

[Reverse genetics of rotaviruses: Generation of recombinant human rotaviruses from just 11 cDNAs encoding the rotavirus genome]. [轮状病毒的反向遗传学:仅从编码轮状病毒基因组的11个cdna中产生重组人轮状病毒]。

Uirusu Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.69.1

Satoshi Komoto, Saori Fukuda