Agronomy Journal最新文献

{"title":"Productivity and economic implications of alfalfa–grass mixtures under variable irrigation","authors":"Mohammed Munkaila,&nbsp;M. Anowarul Islam","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70070","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A field study was established at the University of Wyoming James C. Hageman Sustainable Agriculture Research and Extension Center in 2020 with the following objectives: (1) Assess the performance of alfalfa–grass mixtures under reduced irrigation. (2) Identify the best grass species and optimum seeding ratio of alfalfa–grass mixtures for improved productivity and nutritive value under full and deficit irrigations; (3) Compare the net economic return from different seeding ratios of alfalfa–grass mixtures under full and deficit irrigations. Treatments included monocrop alfalfa, 75–25 ratio, 50–50 mixed row planting, and 50–50 alternate row planting of alfalfa with each of three perennial cool-season grasses (orchardgrass, tall fescue, and meadow bromegrass) under full and deficit irrigation. Under full irrigation, 75–25 mixture with tall fescue produced the highest 2-year total forage dry matter, while alternate row planting of alfalfa and orchardgrass produced the highest under deficit irrigation. Deficit irrigation affected forage dry matter yield negatively. Economic analysis revealed that a 75–25 mixture of alfalfa and tall fescue under full irrigation produced the highest net present value (NPV). Although deficit irrigation reduced costs, that did not result in higher NPV than full irrigation. However, alternate row planting with orchardgrass under deficit irrigation produced an NPVsimilar to the treatments under full irrigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"117 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implication of soil grid sampling on lime, phosphorus, and potassium management of corn","authors":"Manuel Marcaida III,&nbsp;Kirsten Workman,&nbsp;Quirine M. Ketterings","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70074","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Grid-based soil sampling captures within-field fertility variability, enabling site-specific lime and fertilizer management but at a high cost. This study grid-sampled 20 corn (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) fields in New York to (1) document spatial variability in soil series, pH, soil test phosphorus (P), and potassium (K); (2) assess the impact of grid size (0.2, 0.4, 1.0 ha/grid) on field-based lime, P, and K recommendations compared to whole-field sampling for corn with and without alfalfa (<i>Medicago sativa</i> L.) in the rotation; and (3) derive guidance for soil sampling beyond the initial grid-based sampling event. Soil pH was measured using a 1:1 soil-to-water mixture, while P and K were extracted or converted to Morgan equivalents. Soil pH ranged from 6.2 to 7.4, while P and K varied from 3 to 177 mg P/kg and 22 to 213 mg K/kg, respectively. Grid-based management led to higher recommended lime rates, especially for fields in alfalfa rotations. For P, grid-based decision-making increased the recommended amount of fertilizer for many fields. For K, several fields showed potential fertilizer savings. In most fields requiring lime applications, the amount recommended increased with grid size, whereas for P and K, smaller grid sizes resulted in higher recommendations. Grid-based soil measurements were converted to soil test-based management zones, providing both a transition from regular grid sampling in the initial year to more cost-effective zone-based sampling in future years, and a means to homogenize the field with targeted lime and fertilizer management.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"117 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agj2.70074","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143926051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mowing height changes and annual bluegrass putting green recovery from winter in field conditions or simulated ice encasement","authors":"Kailey Michelle Miller,&nbsp;Kevin Frank,&nbsp;Emily Merewitz","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70068","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Annual bluegrass (<i>Poa annua</i>) golf course putting greens are prone to winterkill in northern regions. Therefore, a 2-year field trial was conducted to investigate whether mowing height increases of annual bluegrass putting greens starting in late summer could improve winter recovery. Field plots in East Lansing, MI, were mown at a height of 3.17 mm (control), or the mowing height was raised gradually to a maximum height of 3.81, 4.44, and 5.08 mm. The changes in mowing regimes started in early September for both years. Normalized vegetative difference index (NDVI), leaf area index (LAI), and chlorophyll index (CHL) were measured during the fall and spring of 2021/2022 and 2022/2023. In March of both years, turfgrass plugs (10.16-cm diameter) were extracted from each plot and were transferred to a low-temperature growth chamber and encased in ice for 0 (no ice encasement), 10, 20, or 40 days. After ice encasement, percent green cover was determined and total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) analyzed for crowns, leaves, and roots. Fall NDVI, LAI, and CHL values were positively correlated with higher mowing heights, particularly 5.08 mm. Increasing duration of ice encasement reduced TNC in leaf, crown, and root tissues, but mowing height had no effect on TNC. Overall, increasing mowing height in fall may enhance annual bluegrass's spring recovery; however, additional research is needed to explore optimal mowing heights and timings.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"117 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agj2.70068","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143914509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening drought-tolerant durum wheat genotypes using morphophysiological traits","authors":"Bizuwork Tafes Desta,&nbsp;Gebrekidan Feleke,&nbsp;Sisay Eshetu,&nbsp;Worknesh Batu,&nbsp;Almaz Meseret,&nbsp;Alemayehu Zemede,&nbsp;Wogayehu Worku","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70061","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Drought stress is a critical factor that limits the growth, yield, and related traits of durum wheat (<i>Triticum turgidum</i> L. var. <i>durum</i>). Thus, to identify superior drought-tolerant genotypes, a comprehensive study was carried out through rainout shelter and field experiments during the 2020–2021 and 2022–2023 growing seasons. The goal was to select genotypes that exhibit enhanced drought resilience based on key morphophysiological traits. In the preliminary phase, 100 genotypes were exposed to two water regimes: drought-stressed and well-watered conditions. From this pool, 12 promising genotypes were shortlisted for further evaluation in both pot experiments and natural drought-prone environments. Various traits, including leaf water status, leaf gas exchange parameters, morphological characteristics, and agronomic performance, were measured. The results highlighted significant genetic variation among the genotypes for traits such as relative water content (RWC), excised leaf water loss (ELWL), and chlorophyll content. Significant differences were also observed from transpiration rate (<i>E</i>), photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance (gsw), intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci), boundary layer conductance, normalized difference vegetation index, leaf angle, and leaf rolling. Among the tested genotypes, DW183123 consistently outperformed others in both drought-stressed and well-watered conditions, demonstrating superior performance in pot and field trials. Under drought stress, it maintained higher RWC, Ci, <i>E</i>, and gsw, and low ELWL in drought stress conditions, which were identified as having a greater potential to maintain water balance in their leaves. Moreover, it displayed tighter inward leaf rolling with erect leaves compared to susceptible genotypes, which exhibited loose rolling. Therefore, these findings suggest that DW183123 is a promising candidate for future wheat breeding programs aimed at enhancing drought tolerance in durum wheat varieties.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"117 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143897211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cereal crop following organic intercrops and their respective monocultures in the semiarid Canadian Prairie","authors":"Myriam R. Fernandez,&nbsp;Prabhath Lokuruge,&nbsp;Lobna Abdellatif,&nbsp;Noe Waelchli,&nbsp;Julia Y. Leeson,&nbsp;Francis Zvomuya,&nbsp;Mervin St. Luce","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70032","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Organic crop production relies mostly on legumes for N input. Intercropping of organic legumes with more competitive crops might provide an alternative to the poor weed suppression and disease susceptibility of legumes. It might also be expected that such intercropping could be of benefit to crops grown in the subsequent year through increased N from the preceding intercropped legume, and lower weed growth due to the more competitive companion. The objective of this study, conducted under drier than average conditions in a semiarid region of the Canadian Prairies, was to determine how organic intercrops of legumes with a cereal or oilseed at different ratios would affect soil nutrients the next spring, weed levels, and the productivity and quality of the following durum wheat [<i>Triticum turgidum</i> L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.]. Results from 2018 to 2019 showed that intercropping had a negligible impact on Olsen P and extractable K. Soil NO₃-N (&gt;15-cm deep) was lowest following the lentil (<i>Lens culinaris</i> Medik.)–mustard (<i>Sinapis alba</i> L.) intercrops and mustard monoculture, which was reflected in lower growth of the durum wheat. Conversely, some of the pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i> L.)–oat (<i>Avena sativa</i> L.) intercrops and the oat and all legume monocultures resulted in higher durum wheat biomass and grain yield, with their highest values observed after the checks summerfallow and forage pea manure. Weeds tended to have lower densities after the intercrops than the grain legume monocultures. Nutrient concentration in plant tissue suggested that weeds could be a greater source of soil nutrients than crops.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"117 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agj2.70032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143884254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intercropping of oat or mustard with legumes under organic management in the semiarid Canadian Prairie","authors":"Myriam R. Fernandez,&nbsp;Prabhath Lokuruge,&nbsp;Lobna Abdellatif,&nbsp;Noe Waelchli,&nbsp;Julia Y. Leeson,&nbsp;Michael P. Schellenberg,&nbsp;Scott Chalmers","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70056","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Intercropping, the growing of more than one crop at the same time within the same land area, could be a sustainable method of crop production in semiarid regions, which could increase biodiversity, and productivity and quality of crops compared to monocultures. This may be of significance under limited N, such as in organic agriculture, and could be an alternative to green manure. An organic study was conducted in the semiarid Canadian Prairie in drier than average years (2017–2018) to determine if intercropping legumes with non-legumes could reduce weeds and increase grain yield and quality of crops at different seeding rate ratios. Intercrops examined were lentil (<i>Lens culinaris</i> Medik.)–yellow mustard (<i>Sinapis alba</i> L.), and field pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i> L.)–oat (<i>Avena sativa</i> L.), at three seeding rate ratios, and their respective monocultures. Weed density was lower in the pea–oat intercrop than the pea monoculture, while weed biomass was lower in the lentil–mustard intercrop than the lentil monoculture. Legumes, when intercropped even at monoculture ratios, had lower aboveground biomass and grain yield than their monocultures, with pea showing higher tolerance than lentil to competition with its companion. Total biomass and grain yield were accounted for mostly by the non-legumes, which performed better than expected based on their seeding ratios. Mustard grown with lentil appeared to be more competitive than oat grown with pea. Grain weight of oat was higher in all intercrops with pea than in its monoculture, while grain protein of pea was higher when intercropped with oat than in its monoculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"117 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agj2.70056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143884253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wheat mineral nutrient uptake, harvest indices, and grain density from a regional perspective","authors":"Curtis B. Adams,&nbsp;Christopher W. Rogers,&nbsp;Juliet M. Marshall,&nbsp;Olga S. Walsh,&nbsp;Garrett Thurgood,&nbsp;Biswanath Dari,&nbsp;Grant Loomis","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70066","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Research is lacking on wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) mineral nutrient uptake at broad scales, accounting for environmental variation, which is needed to effectively manage and model nutrient dynamics of wheat cropping systems. Therefore, our primary research objectives were to (1) provide analysis and estimation tools characterizing wheat nutrient (N, P, K, Mg, Ca, S, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu) uptake in grain and the whole crop at farm and regional scales and (2) evaluate nutrient harvest indices (NutHIs)—nutrients deposited in grain relative to total aboveground uptake—as an indicator of crop nutrient relations/economies. There were clear linear relationships between grain yield and nutrient uptakes in grain and the whole crop. Functions describing the nature and error of these relationships are presented, along with more flexible estimation approaches. Median NutHIs approximated averages synthesized from recent studies and generally exceeded those from older studies, consistent with evidence that NutHIs have increased with wheat improvement. The NutHIs, except ZnHI, were generally positively associated with grain harvest index and not related to yield. Given that grain mineral density, an indicator of nutritional value, has declined over time, making ongoing progress in simultaneously improving grain yield and mineral density may depend on selection for increased crop nutrient uptake and partitioning to grain. This study also provided corroborative evidence that the modern wheat classes do not differ in grain mineral density. In summary, this research provides valuable data and tools useful for sustainable nutrient management and provides insights into the nutrient economy and nutritional value of modern wheat.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"117 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cover crop potential of pea lines derived from crosses with nodulation mutants","authors":"Kyle Brasier,&nbsp;Erik Spitzer,&nbsp;Loveleen Dhillon,&nbsp;Donna Lindsay,&nbsp;Thomas Warkentin,&nbsp;Hossein Zakeri","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70069","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Over the past century, numerous studies have addressed the physiology and genetics of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in legumes—targeting improvements through screening of existing germplasm, hybridization, and mutagenesis. Although these efforts have not been successful in commercializing grain pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i>) varieties with enhanced BNF, they offer promising avenues for improving pea BNF for forage and cover crop (CC) cultivation. To examine this approach, we tested the performance of a panel of 20 pea lines derived from crosses between high-yielding pea cultivars and two supernodulated pea mutants, Frisson-<i>Sym29</i> and Rondo-<i>nod3</i>. The pea lines, parents, and mutant checks were trialed during the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons in Chico, CA, under rainfed conditions. Nodulation, the percent of nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa), biomass and nitrogen accumulation, and days to flowering of progenies were compared to their parent varieties and mutant donors. Overall, tested materials performed similarly in both study years. The pea produced an average dry biomass of 1694 kg in 2020 and 1964 kg in 2021 while accumulating 53.3 kg N ha⁻¹ in 2020 and 57.1 kg N ha⁻¹ in 2021. The materials produced up to 120 and 126 nodules plant⁻¹, weighing 126 and 217 mg plant⁻¹, in 2020 and 2021, respectively. Genotypic variations for agronomic and N-fixation traits were mainly associated with variations of parent cultivars and mutants. This study suggests that screening nodulation and aboveground and belowground biomass at pre-commercial breeding stages might yield effective CC varieties compared to screening solely for %Ndfa and grain yield.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"117 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143877807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EPIC model prediction of winter rye cover crop effects on crop yield and nitrate-N leaching in Minnesota","authors":"Muhammad Tahir,&nbsp;Fabian G. Fernández,&nbsp;Natalie Ricks,&nbsp;David J. Mulla","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70065","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Coarse-textured soils in central Minnesota cultivated with corn (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) and soybean (<i>Glycine max</i> L.) exhibit good productivity, however, are vulnerable to nitrate-N leaching losses. In such circumstances, winter rye (<i>Secale cereale</i> L.) as a cover crop may reduce nitrate-N leaching by scavenging soil nitrogen (N) in late-fall and early-spring fallow period. The Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model was used for decadal-scale (2010–2020) simulation of yield/biomass and nitrate-N leaching in corn– (C–C) and corn–soybean/soybean–corn (C–Sb/Sb–C) rotations, with and without winter rye, under different fertilizer N rates applied to corn (0, 100, 200, 250, and 300 kg ha⁻¹) on irrigated coarse-textured soils in central Minnesota. Model efficiency calculated based on Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient, relative root mean square error, and <i>R</i>² statistics indicate that EPIC assessment for calibration and validation treatments was excellent-good for corn/soybean yield, and good-satisfactory for rye biomass and NO₃-N leaching losses. Results indicate that N fertilizer rates up to 250 kg N ha⁻¹ applied to corn had a positive impact on rye biomass; however, large crop-rotation and climate-induced variations were observed. Annual nitrate-N leaching losses at maximum return to nitrogen rates at a 0.05 N price to crop value ratio for corn under C–C (250 kg N ha⁻¹) and C–Sb/Sb–C (200 kg N ha⁻¹) with no-rye averaged 61.5, 47.4, and 41.8 kg ha⁻¹, while grain yield averaged 12.5, 12.3, and 4.0 t ha⁻¹ for corn (C–C), corn (C–Sb/Sb–C), and soybean (C–Sb/Sb–C), respectively. Planting rye under these rotations gave annual average reductions in nitrate-N losses relative to corresponding no-rye treatments of 2.9 (4.7%), 3.4 (7.3%), and 6.5 kg ha⁻¹ (15.6%), with rye N uptake of 10.3, 12.1, and 33.5 kg ha⁻¹; and rye biomass production of 0.61, 0.74, and 2.0 t ha⁻¹, respectively. EPIC assessment indicates that winter rye as cover crop did not negatively impact the subsequent corn/soybean yield and proved to be an effective strategy for reducing nitrate-N losses, particularly following the soybean crop.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"117 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agj2.70065","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143875610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of static and sensor-based nitrogen recommendation models for winter wheat","authors":"Jose Cesario Pinto,&nbsp;Brian Arnall,&nbsp;Nathan Mueller,&nbsp;Guillermo R. Balboa,&nbsp;Laila A. Puntel","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70063","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nitrogen (N) management is crucial to increase winter wheat production. Improved prediction of the economic optimal N rates (EONR) for winter wheat could increase N use efficiency and farmers' profits. However, characterization of the variability in the EONR and the performance of existing dynamic and static N recommendation models have been limited. The objectives were (i) to characterize winter wheat yield and protein content response to N rate and timing and (ii) to evaluate the performance of static and dynamic N recommendation models. Nine experiments across 2 years were conducted in eastern Nebraska to evaluate N rate recommendation models and N application timing. Dynamic models included Oklahoma State University, Holland and Schepers, and Kansas State University remote sensing-based N recommendations. Static N recommendation models included empirical equations from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and Kansas State University. The EONR ranged across site-years from 57 to 150 kg N ha⁻¹, yield at the EONR from 3.33 to 7.51 Mg ha⁻¹, and protein at the EONR from 11.1% to 16.4%. There was no significant effect of the timing of N application on grain yield and protein content. Dynamic N recommendations performed better than static models based on an average difference from the observed EONR (±14.8 kg N ha⁻¹ and 46.0 ± 83 kg N ha⁻¹, respectively). Further testing of N winter wheat recommendation models is needed to better inform winter wheat growers about N management and fine-tuned N recommendations to current management practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"117 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agj2.70063","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143861764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}