Agronomy Journal最新文献

{"title":"Crop sequencing effects of seven crops on grain yield, volunteers, and weeds in Saskatchewan","authors":"William E. May,&nbsp;Steve Shirtliffe,&nbsp;Hamid A. Naeem,&nbsp;Brianne McInnes,&nbsp;Jaclyn Carcasole,&nbsp;Trisha M. Junco","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70531","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Every growing season, producers must decide which crops to grow and in what sequence to enhance returns and sustain productivity. However, when producers consider growing specialty crops like canary seed (<i>Phalaris canariensis</i> L.), coriander (<i>Coriandrum sativum</i> L.), hemp (<i>Cannabis sativa</i> L.), or quinoa (<i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> Willd.), data are lacking to assist with their assessments. This study evaluated the integration of these crops into prairie rotations through a 5-year, multi-location field experiment (2015–2019) across 13 site-years at Indian Head, Melfort, Saskatoon, and Swift Current. The experimental design was a split-block with crop stubble as the main plot and crop as the subplot. Most sites experienced below-average precipitation with near-normal temperatures, providing insight into water-limited conditions. Stubble only affected plant density in wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) and coriander. Both coriander and canola (<i>Brassica napus</i> L.) stubble had an elevated level of volunteers in the subsequent crop that needs to be controlled. Weed biomass was impacted by stubble type in field pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i> L.), canary seed, hemp, and coriander, but not in wheat, oat (<i>Avena sativa</i> L.), canola, or quinoa. Oat stubble tended to have among the lowest weed biomass of any stubble. Crop biomass production increased when crops followed field pea, reflecting legume rotational benefits. Grain yield of oat, canola, pea, and coriander was affected by crop stubble. Oat and canary seed stubble reduced oat grain yield. Pea stubble improved canola yield, while cereal stubble was beneficial for pea and coriander. Pea stubble also increased grain protein in wheat and canola. These results underscore the importance of crop sequencing on weed management and grain yield in a semi-arid cropping system.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"118 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agj2.70531","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen management strategies improve yield and nitrogen use efficiency in double-cropped rice","authors":"Xiaoge Liu,&nbsp;Yang Wang,&nbsp;Zhigang Dai,&nbsp;Wenjun Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaokun Li","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70547","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The selection of high-yielding cultivars is important for improving rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) yield, yet the role of nitrogen (N) management, a key determinant of yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), is often overlooked. Two field experiments were conducted on double-cropped rice: Experiment 1 employed five N application rates (0–225 kg N  ha⁻¹) to evaluate cultivar-specific responses of five early-season and five late-season rice cultivars, while Experiment 2 used seven N application strategies with different frequencies and ratios to evaluate their effects on biomass, yield components, N uptake, and utilization. N fertilization significantly increased yield compared with N0. Maximum yields ranged from 5803 to 7614 kg ha⁻¹ in early rice and from 7450 to 8713 kg ha⁻¹ in late rice. Under the optimal N rate of 165 kg N ha⁻¹, average yields peaked, increasing 61.4% and 32.6% relative to N0. Optimal N rates differed among cultivars, ranging from 144 to 162 kg ha⁻¹ for early rice and from 155 to 173 kg ha⁻¹ for late rice. N application frequency and proportion affected yield and NUE, with the highest values achieved under 70% basal urea + 30% tiller urea for early rice and 50% basal urea + 30% tiller urea + 20% panicle urea for late rice. Compared with single basal urea application, the optimal N strategies increased biomass, yield, and N uptake by 7.9%, 10.2%, and 9.4% in early rice and by 13.8%, 17.0%, and 49.0% in late rice, respectively. Optimizing N strategies according to cultivar characteristics and application regimes improves productivity and nitrogen use efficiency in double-cropped rice systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"118 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Configuration-aware crop-model comparison of APSIM and WOFOST soybean simulations","authors":"Zehao Meng,&nbsp;Huayang Zhao","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70539","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Crop-model comparisons often rely on final grain yield, but yield agreement does not necessarily imply agreement in simulated crop growth. We compared Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) Next Generation and World Food Studies (WOFOST) 8.1 soybean [<i>Glycine max</i> (L.) Merr.] simulations near Ames, IA, under shared weather, management, scenario, water, nitrogen, and phenology-matching conditions. All WOFOST simulations used the official Soybean 906 crop package. APSIM and WOFOST produced similar mean grain yield across the core scenario set (2527.1 and 2658.1 kg ha⁻¹, respectively), but differed in maximum aboveground biomass (6249.9 vs. 4300.7 kg ha⁻¹), maximum leaf area index (3.086 vs. 1.890), and harvest index (0.404 vs. 0.617). Seasonal trajectories showed that these differences developed throughout crop growth rather than appearing only at harvest. Analogous-process Sobol analysis indicated that assimilation and canopy groups dominated yield-response variation in both models, but with different relative contributions. A larger diagnostic analysis based on 45,000 quality-controlled simulation profiles showed that APSIM and WOFOST produced consistently distinguishable output patterns across the tested simulation space. Under the shared configurations evaluated here, similar grain yield did not imply similar simulated crop growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"118 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the effects of foliar sulfur application timings on nutrient acquisition and soybean performance","authors":"Gena Mahato,&nbsp;Thandiwe Nleya,&nbsp;Péter Kovács","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70530","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A reduction of atmospheric sulfur (S) deposition and increased S removal by high-yielding crops in recent years have caused more frequent occurrences of S deficiency in crop-producing regions of the United States. It is necessary to explore solutions for mitigating S deficiency to optimize soybean [<i>Glycine max</i> (L.) Merr.] yield and seed quality. A field study was conducted from 2019 through 2021 at two locations in eastern South Dakota to determine the effect of foliar S application on soybean performance and nitrogen (N) and S accumulation at different growth stages. The study included 11 S application treatments of ammonium sulfate: five single foliar applications at rate of 5.6 kg S ha⁻¹, applied at V4, R2, R3, R4, and V4 + micronutrient; three treatments with multiple foliar applications at V4 + R2, V4 + R3, and R2 + R3 growth stages with each application at rate of 5.6 kg S ha⁻¹. Two preplant applications at rates of 5.6 and 11.2 kg S ha⁻¹ and control were also included. Overall, multiple foliar applications increased S concentration in most recent mature leaves at R4 growth stage, S accumulation in leaves and stems at R6, S accumulation in stover at R8 growth stage. S applications decreased grain N:S ratio compared to control. However, S applications had no effect on S accumulation in pods and seeds, grain yield, grain protein, and oil content. The results suggest that foliar S application is not expected to be a widely recommended practice for soybean S management in eastern South Dakota.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"118 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agj2.70530","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research priorities and regional imperatives to strengthen organic agriculture in the Southeast","authors":"Michelle Schroeder-Moreno,&nbsp;Mark Blevins,&nbsp;Hannah Dankbar,&nbsp;Biswanath Dari,&nbsp;Carlos Iglesias,&nbsp;Katherine Jennings,&nbsp;Catherine McGuinn,&nbsp;Karen McSwain,&nbsp;Mary Beth Miller,&nbsp;Noa Mizrahi,&nbsp;De'Anthony Price,&nbsp;Hannah Talton,&nbsp;Danielle Treadwell,&nbsp;Alex Woodley","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70521","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Organic agriculture continues to expand rapidly in the United States, yet production in the Southeastern United States (SE) lags behind other regions despite strong consumer demand and favorable market conditions. This forum paper synthesizes findings from a regional expert assessment aimed at identifying key challenges and research priorities for advancing organic agriculture in the SE. An online survey of 33 organic agriculture researchers, Extension specialists, and farmer-support professionals across nine SE states was used to rank production and non-production constraints and to develop strategic recommendations. The identified challenges were discussed and verified at a regional symposium. Experts ranked pest management (weeds, diseases, and insects) as the highest production priority (65%, 65%, and 55%, respectively). Additional challenges ranked important by respondents included adapting to climate variability (precipitation) (45%), access to organic seed (45%), maintaining soil fertility (35%), and managing soil health constraints in highly weathered, low-organic matter soils (32%). Experts consistently ranked access to capital, labor, and land (100%, 83%, and 77%, respectively) as the highest priority non-production challenges. These were followed by high-priority challenges of farm infrastructure, managing production and input costs, accessing value-added organic processing, organic certification costs, and farm business planning (47%, 47%, 47%, and 40%, respectively) as barriers for SE organic production persistence and transition. Collectively, these constraints reflect the interacting biophysical, sociopolitical, and structural challenges shaping organic agriculture in the region. Based on these findings, we outline priority strategies for strengthening SE organic agriculture, including sustained investment in region-specific research and Extension, expanded collaboration between universities and farmer organizations, targeted pest and soil fertility research, regionally adapted organic crop breeding, tailored certification training, and enhanced organic-certified postharvest and processing infrastructure. We argue that coordinated, long-term investments, and participatory research approaches are essential for overcoming persistent barriers, improving farm resilience, and enabling the SE to more fully contribute to national organic production, rural economic development, and agroecological sustainability.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"118 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agj2.70521","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of environment and management practices on soybean seed composition in North Carolina","authors":"K. O'Reilly,&nbsp;R. A. Vann,&nbsp;G. D. Collins,&nbsp;L. R. Lux,&nbsp;S. Kulesza,&nbsp;Tristan Morris,&nbsp;D. D. Reisig","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70519","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soybeans [<i>Glycine max</i> (L.) Merrill] are a valuable source of protein and oil used for industrial, agricultural, and culinary purposes. It is important to understand how shifts in management practices influence not only soybean yield but also soybean quality parameters, like protein and oil content. Between 2019 and 2023, field trials were installed at 19 different environments across North Carolina for a total of 2775 plots used in this analysis. Trials were set up to access the impact of management factors, such as soybean planting date and maturity group (MG), on soybean yield, soybean protein and oil content, and soybean damage and purple seed stain. Soybean protein and oil content were inversely related across NC regions, MGs, and planting dates. The relationship between soybean yield and protein was minimal. Soybean protein content was typically higher for later maturing varieties (&gt;MG4), while the inverse was observed for oil content, which was lower with later maturing varieties. Across all environments, as average reproductive temperatures increased, yield, protein, and oil generally increased as well. There was a minimal relationship between soybean yield and soybean seed damage and purple seed stain. Growers can use this information to make more informed management decisions regarding the impact of planting date and MG selection on soybean seed composition and quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"118 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agj2.70519","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paddy residue and nitrogen effects on productivity and nutrient dynamics in rice-based systems of Telangana","authors":"E. Ajay Kumar,&nbsp;R. Uma Reddy,&nbsp;Krishna Chaitanya Anantha,&nbsp;Ch. Ramulu,&nbsp;M. Malla Reddy,&nbsp;S. Triveni,&nbsp;S. Ajith","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70533","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent years, rising paddy (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) production in India has increased residue production, yet its sustainable utilization remains limited. In situ straw incorporation is an effective residue management practice, but its field-scale applications on crop performance remain uncertain. Hence, this study was aimed at evaluate the influence of in situ straw incorporation and various nitrogen management options on productivity and nutrient dynamics in rice-based cropping systems. A preliminary survey across three agro-climatic zones of Telangana revealed that residue burning, use as cattle feed/sale, incorporation, and composting were the predominant practices with Garrett's scores of 65.4, 59.7, 47.2, and 27.6, respectively. Following survey results, a 2-year field study was conducted in rice–rice and rice–maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) cropping systems with various paddy straw (straw burning, straw incorporation, cutting, and removal) and nitrogen management options at 100%, 115%, and 130% RDN (recommended dose of nitrogen) Lower N rates were excluded to avoid N deficiency. Results revealed that in situ straw incorporation has significantly improved SPAD values (5% in rice, 4.6% in maize), dry matter accumulation (14.2% in rice, 6.6% in maize), returns net (12.6% in rice, 3.6% in maize) as compared to straw burning (control). Furthermore, in situ straw incorporation with 130% RDN enhanced grain yield, nitrogen uptake, and returns net compared to straw burning, which was statistically comparable with in situ straw incorporation with 115% RDN. Overall, in situ straw incorporation combined with optimized N management significantly enhanced crop productivity and N uptake in rice-based systems of Telangana, indicating its potential for sustainable intensification.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"118 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine vision techniques for the detection and segmentation of red grape fruits under uncontrolled lighting","authors":"Jiao Zhang,&nbsp;Dingxuan Zhao,&nbsp;Davood Mohammadzamani,&nbsp;Seyed Mohamad Javidan,&nbsp;Yiannis Ampatzidis,&nbsp;Tuo Jia,&nbsp;Haili Zhou","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70535","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent years, the growing demand for automation in grape harvesting has highlighted the need for efficient, reliable methods to reduce labor requirements and improve harvesting operations. Manual grape picking is labor-intensive and time-consuming, driving demand for automated solutions. This study presents the design and implementation of a machine vision-based image processing approach for detecting red grape (<i>Vitis vinifera</i>) clusters in outdoor vineyard environments using standard red–green–blue (RGB) images. A dataset of 500 images was collected under natural lighting conditions, with 200 selected for quantitative performance evaluation. Using RGB color space analysis, two algorithms were developed to extract and segment grape clusters based on their color characteristics, effectively distinguishing them from background noise. The first algorithm (Algorithm 1) achieved a detection accuracy of 96.84%, calculated as the ratio of correctly detected grape clusters to the total number of grape clusters in the evaluated images. After enhanced preprocessing and adaptive thresholding, the improved Algorithm 2 achieved 98.11% accuracy using the same evaluation criterion, reducing missed detections to 15 clusters and lowering the average processing time by 0.34 s per image. Both algorithms demonstrate strong performance and adaptability under variable lighting conditions. The results confirm their potential for real-time integration into automated harvesting systems, offering a practical and efficient solution for reliable fruit detection. This study contributes to the development of practical precision viticulture technologies by providing an accessible alternative for field-based grape detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"118 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A seaweed extract–based biostimulant improves cotton nutrition, physiology, and yield under water scarcity","authors":"Antonia Erica Santos de Souza,&nbsp;Luiz Gustavo Moretti,&nbsp;João William Bossolani,&nbsp;José Roberto Portugal,&nbsp;João Henrique dos Santos Ferreira,&nbsp;Nathália Cristina Marchiori Pereira,&nbsp;Sirlene Lopes Oliveira,&nbsp;Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70523","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> L.) production is constrained by water scarcity, and sustainable strategies are needed to improve resilience and productivity. Seaweed extract–based biostimulants (SEBs) are natural materials with the potential to enhance stress tolerance and nutrient use efficiency. This study evaluated the effects of four foliar SEB application treatments on cotton under water restriction: an untreated control (T1), four foliar applications of SEB at early cotton growth stages (T2), foliar application every 15 days (T3), and monthly foliar application (T4) at two sites. SEB application improved macronutrient and micronutrient uptake (K, Ca, Fe, and Cu). It also reduced oxidative damage by decreasing hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde contents. Additionally, SEB enhanced water-use efficiency, carboxylation efficiency, plant height, and productive parameters. Monthly application was the most effective, increasing seed fiber yield by 9.77% (371.14 kg ha⁻¹) and 6.0% (225.0 kg ha⁻¹) compared with the control in the first and second growing seasons, respectively. Monthly SEB application also improved fiber quality by increasing micronaire and reducing the short fiber index. Our findings indicate that SEB application is a sustainable strategy for enhancing cotton nutrition, physiology, productivity, and quality. A monthly application frequency offers a viable approach to maximizing the benefits of biostimulant use in cotton production and contributing to more sustainable agricultural practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"118 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of cover crops and soil amendments affect yield outcomes during organic transition","authors":"Fred Teasley,&nbsp;Joshua Heitman,&nbsp;Stephanie Kulesza,&nbsp;Matthew Ricker,&nbsp;David Suchoff,&nbsp;Alex Woodley","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70536","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study sought to assess the impact of cover cropping and high rates of soil amendments on crop yield during organic transition. Compost, biochar, or a “50/50” mixture of the two on a C-equivalent basis were applied at a rate of 8 Mg C ha⁻¹ per varying application regimens, with and without cover crops, at two locations on the North Carolina Coastal Plain with sandy, low-C soils. It was hypothesized that the treatments would increase crop yield due to soil organic carbon–driven improvements in soil health, such as enhanced nutrient availability. Rather than increase yield, however, cover cropping and compost additions resulted in 15%–20% yield reductions for cash crops following a legume cover crop. The results suggest that the treatments, which provided N in excess of crop needs, drove late-season weed growth past the window for mechanical cultivation and led to subsequent yield reductions. Additionally, poor synchrony between cover crop N and cash crop demand was observed in a year where crimson clover was terminated late and its residue had a high C:N ratio (&gt;30). These results were observed in a unique context, where organic management was implemented and N-related best practices concerning cover crop termination timing and fertilizer rate adjustment were intentionally deviated from in order to maximize the C input and to avoid yield differences resulting from varying N fertilizer rates, respectively. This study highlights the negative consequences of suboptimal N management and weed dynamics on crop productivity in Southeastern organic management systems with no rescue herbicides.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"118 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agj2.70536","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}