Agronomy Journal最新文献

{"title":"Impact of calibration strategy and data on wheat simulation with the DSSAT-Nwheat model","authors":"Ashifur Rahman Shawon,&nbsp;Ahmed Attia,&nbsp;Jonghan Ko,&nbsp;Emir Memic,&nbsp;Ralf Uptmoor,&nbsp;Bernd Hackauf,&nbsp;Til Feike","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70111","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cropping system models (CSMs) are valuable tools for analyzing genotype, environment, and management (G × E × M) interactions in crop production. To apply a CSM in a new region with specific soils, climate, and cultivars, proper calibration and evaluation are required. However, calibration methods vary widely, often depending on modelers' expertise and approach. This study compares three calibration strategies for the DSSAT-Nwheat model using two datasets: one including yield components (1000-kernel mass, ears per m², grain number per m²) alongside phenology and grain yield, and another excluding yield components. The datasets cover ∼100 site-years of winter wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>) data from German pre-registration trials and field experiments. The calibration approaches were (1) stepwise calibration of phenology, biomass, and yield, (2) simultaneous calibration of multiple genetic coefficients, and (3) a hybrid approach combining elements of both. The Time-Series cultivar coefficient estimator tool was used for implementation. Including yield component data improved model accuracy, reducing root mean square error (RMSE) by up to 10% for key variables such as phenology (3.4–5.5 days). Future wheat yield projections under selected climate scenarios varied by strategy and dataset, ranging from 6376 to 7473 kg ha⁻¹ in fertile, wet soils and 6108 to 6757 kg ha⁻¹ in poorer, dry soils. These results highlight the impact of calibration strategy and dataset choice on model performance. Transparent calibration practices are essential for improving CSM reliability in regional agricultural analysis under diverse environmental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"117 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agj2.70111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144589516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manure use benefits and barriers according to agricultural stakeholders","authors":"MaryGrace Erickson,&nbsp;Erin Cortus,&nbsp;Rick Koelsch,&nbsp;Leslie Johnson,&nbsp;Melissa L. Wilson,&nbsp;Dan Andersen,&nbsp;Mara Zelt,&nbsp;Amy Millmier Schmidt","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70110","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Using manure as a crop fertilizer promotes recycling of locally available organic nutrients and reduces needs for manufactured inorganic fertilizers. However, the factors that motivate and constrain manure use are unclear. To explore stakeholder perceptions, we designed a quantitative survey assessing potential benefits and barriers to manure use, knowledge of manure impacts, and preferred information resources. Using mailing lists and mass media, we distributed the online survey to a broad sample of crop farmers, animal feeding operation managers, and public and private sector advisors in the United States and Canada (<i>n</i> = 709 responses). In addition to computing descriptive statistics, we examined associations between participant role and years of experience with response choices using cumulative logistic and log-binomial models. Overall, respondents rated manure as highly beneficial to crop yields, soil fertility, soil physical properties, and soil biological properties, but shared mixed perceptions regarding the impacts of manure on environmental quality. The most frequently identified barriers to manure use were (1) the cost of manure transportation and land application, (2) odors and air quality impairment, and (3) the timeliness of manure application. Respondents reported they were likely to use scientific information sources and their professional networks in making manure nutrient management decisions. Additionally, we found that role and years of professional experience were often associated with response choices, illustrating distinct extension and education needs of different stakeholder segments. Our results indicated wide recognition of manure benefits to crop yields and soil properties and suggested that practical barriers may often limit manure use.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"117 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agj2.70110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144573833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “Bayesian-optimized experimental designs for estimating the economic optimum nitrogen rate: A model-averaging approach”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70119","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Matavel, C. E., Meyer-Aurich, A., &amp; Piepho, H.-P. (2025). Bayesian-optimized experimental designs for estimating the economic optimum nitrogen rate: A model-averaging approach. <i>Agronomy Journal</i>, <i>117</i>, e70087. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70087</p><p>The funding statement below has been added to the article:</p><p>Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"117 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agj2.70119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144573896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conservation management effects on soil and agronomic properties in a furrow-irrigated corn system in east-central Arkansas","authors":"Jeferson P. Pimentel,&nbsp;Christopher G. Henry,&nbsp;Kris R. Brye,&nbsp;Benjamin R. K. Runkle,&nbsp;Amanda J. Ashworth,&nbsp;Edgar Mersiovsky,&nbsp;Kevin C. Thompson","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70108","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cover crops can improve soil physical properties and help to sustain agricultural crop yields. A 6-year study conducted from 2017 to 2022 examined the effects of conservation soil management practices in a furrow-irrigated continuous corn (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) system on a silt-loam soil (Typic Albaqualf) in the Lower Mississippi River Delta region of eastern Arkansas. This study compared the effects of conventional tillage (CT), no-tillage (NT), and no-tillage with cover crops (CC) in selected soil physical and chemical properties (i.e., soil bulk density (<i>D</i>_b), porosity (ƒ_t), field capacity (Θ_FC), Permanent wilting point (Θ_PWP), Plant available water (Θ_PAW), Total nitrogen (TN), and Soil organic matter (SOM), grain yield, and water-use efficiency. This study provides novel insights into the medium-term effects of combining conservation practices like CC and NT on crop yield, irrigation decisions, and soil dynamics in furrow-irrigated systems, a largely underexplored area in Arkansas. After 6 years of consistent management, soil properties in the upper 15 cm, including <i>D</i>_b, ƒ_t, Θ_FC, Θ_PWP, Θ_PAW, TN, and SOM, were unaffected by treatments. The 6 years of consistent management practices were insufficient to induce substantial variations in the selected soil physical properties across the three soil managements. Averaged across years, corn yield did not differ between the CT and NT. The CC system reduced corn yield by 1.41 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ over the 6-year experiment compared to the NT system alone. Overall, this medium-term study demonstrated that corn producers can safely convert from a CT system to a NT system without a yield penalty.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"117 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agj2.70108","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144582111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenology of Coffea canephora from different maturation cycles","authors":"Jeane Crasque,&nbsp;Marcone Comério,&nbsp;Paulo Sérgio Volpi,&nbsp;Lúcio de Oliveira Arantes,&nbsp;Edilson Romais Schmildt,&nbsp;José Altino Machado Filho,&nbsp;Thiago Corrêa de Souza,&nbsp;Sara Dousseau-Arantes","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70103","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The vegetative and reproductive development of <i>Coffea canephora</i> is affected by climatic variations; however, how environmental signals affect its phenology, especially across different maturation genotypes, remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of climatic conditions on the vegetative growth, flowering, and fruiting of <i>C. canephora</i> genotypes during different maturation cycles. During the 2021–2022 harvest, early genotypes 104 and A1, intermediate genotype P2, and late genotype 143 were studied in Marilândia, ES, Brazil. A phenological scale of the reproductive period was developed, along with evaluations of vegetative development, productivity, and fruit maturation stages. The main flowering occurred in September. Distinct flowering patterns were found, with a large, medium bloom occurring in July in the early clones. Flowering occurred from July to October 2021 and in February and May 2022. The late genotype 143 presented the highest yield, with 92.6% of the fruits reaching the cherry stage. Compared to the other genotypes, the A1 genotype required 21% more ripe fruit to make up a bag of coffee, indicating a loss of yield in the immature stages (45%). A1 and P2 showed the highest growth. The vegetative growth rates peaked in spring and summer, which coincided with periods of the highest precipitation (86% of the annual precipitation). Factors such as long days, average minimum temperature, and humidity were associated with an increase in growth rates, whereas maximum temperature and solar radiation in summer negatively affected vegetative growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"117 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agj2.70103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144582110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigating climate change impacts on West African rice yields: Evaluating APSIM-ORYZA and management practices","authors":"Meminvegni Landry Gildas Guidigan,&nbsp;Elliott Ronald Dossou-Yovo,&nbsp;Ando Mariot Ra-danielson,&nbsp;Komlavi Akpoti,&nbsp;Assa Tapily,&nbsp;Maduabuchi Paul Iboko,&nbsp;Ahmed Adedoyin Balogun","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70113","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>) demand in sub-Saharan Africa is projected to rise by 12 million tonnes between 2021 and 2026. However, climate change poses a significant challenge to achieving rice self-sufficiency in the region. This study assessed the impact of climate change on rice yield and evaluated management practices to reduce associated yield losses in the derived savannah agroecological zone of West Africa. Field experiments were conducted on 22 farmers' fields across two irrigated schemes in central Cote d'Ivoire. Data on soil properties, weather, management practices, and rice yield was used to calibrate and validate the integrated model combining APSIM and ORYZA 2000 model. Future climate impacts were evaluated using bias-corrected data from RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 (where RCP is representation concentration pathway) scenarios. The model performed satisfactorily, with <i>R</i>² values between 0.8 and 1, RMSE ranging from 0 to 5 t ha⁻¹, and Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency from 0.99 to 1. Projections indicated rice yield reduction of 82% and 77% by 2070–2100, under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, respectively, compared to the 2019 baseline. Alternative management practices, including manure application at 3 Mg ha⁻¹, rice straw mulching at 3 Mg ha⁻¹, and nitrogen fertilizer at 180 kg ha⁻¹, mitigated yield losses and even increased yield under climate change. These findings suggest that while climate change will substantially reduce irrigated rice yield, implementing improved management practices can enhance rice productivity and support food security in West Africa's derived savannah zone.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"117 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144537001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harvest aid applied at soybean growth stage R7 rarely impacted seed, protein, or oil yield","authors":"Mark A. Kendall,&nbsp;Spyridon Mourtzinis,&nbsp;Laura E. Lindsey,&nbsp;Nicolas Cafaro La Menza,&nbsp;Mark A. Licht,&nbsp;Emma G. Matcham,&nbsp;Jacob P. McNeal,&nbsp;David O. Moseley,&nbsp;Michael J. Mulvaney,&nbsp;Seth L. Naeve,&nbsp;Michael T. Plumblee,&nbsp;Giovani Preza Fontes,&nbsp;W. Jeremy Ross,&nbsp;Rachel A. Vann,&nbsp;Shawn P. Conley","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70109","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Harvest aids, such as foliar-applied crop defoliants or desiccants, are tools available to soybean [<i>Glycine max</i> (L.) Merr.] farmers that can homogenize maturity and help facilitate earlier soybean harvest, particularly when extreme weather events are forecasted. Prior research has shown soybean harvest aids increase harvest efficiency but has been limited primarily to states in the southern United States. Further investigation on the utility of harvest aids across the majority of US soybean production is warranted as incorrect desiccation timing can significantly reduce seed, protein, and oil yield. In 2024, a study was conducted at 19 sites across 13 US states to test the effect of planting date, maturity group, and desiccation timing on soybean seed yield, protein and oil yield, green stem incidence, and harvest timing. Seed yield reductions were rare when desiccation occurred at R7 but were common at R6.5 applications. Seed protein and oil yield was not affected by desiccation at R7 but was reduced with some R6.5 applications. Desiccation at R6.5 and R7 reduced green stem incidence 50% of the time. Harvest could occur 15 days earlier in the southern United States when desiccation occurred at R6.5 or R7, while harvest could occur 4 and 3 days earlier in the northern United States, respectively. Overall, the data show a harvest aid applied at soybean R7 can allow farmers to harvest earlier with low risk of seed, protein, or oil yield reductions.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"117 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agj2.70109","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On-farm testing of a dynamic model-based corn nitrogen management tool—Adapt-N—in Nebraska, USA","authors":"P. Paccioretti,&nbsp;G. Balboa,&nbsp;L. Thompson,&nbsp;H. van Es,&nbsp;Seth Norquest,&nbsp;L. Puntel","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70102","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Growers may be reluctant to adopt variable rate nitrogen (N) management because of concerns about the risk of yield loss. This study compares corn (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) N rate recommendations from Adapt-N, a dynamic soil-crop-weather model tool, with those provided by experienced grower research partners. Total N rate, yield, and partial factor productivity (PFP) were analyzed using data from on-farm trials conducted at nine locations in central-east Nebraska. The dataset was augmented with elevation, derived terrain attributes, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) collected during the critical period for yield determination. To assess the impact of N management strategies, analyses were conducted at three scales: field-scale, across fields, and within-field productivity zones. A meta-analysis was performed to estimate the overall treatment effect among fields. Moreover, prescribed rates were compared with the agronomic optimum nitrogen rate (AONR). Results showed that in high-productivity zones, Adapt-N achieved higher yields at twice as many sites compared to grower-managed N applications while demonstrating higher PFP. Additionally, Adapt-N prescribed lower N rates in sites with lower elevation values and higher NDVI variability, suggesting that variable rate technologies can improve N management by responding to within-field variability. Despite these spatial differences, both strategies performed similarly in total N rate, yield, and PFP across fields. Both Adapt-N and Grower's had the ability to approximate the AONR with reasonable accuracy (RRMSE &lt; 12%). Overall, the Adapt-N model offered good and similar-quality N rate recommendations to those used by experienced growers and research partners.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"117 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agj2.70102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of strategies to reduce water use in pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivation under severe water deficit conditions","authors":"Massoumeh Mohammadpur,&nbsp;Ali Nasrollahzadeh Asl,&nbsp;Mohsen Roshdi,&nbsp;Farzad Jalili,&nbsp;Sasan Rezadoost","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70096","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, the effects of superabsorbent polymer, mycorrhizal fungi, nano-potassium fertilizer, and hydrogen peroxide on yield, yield components, and some physiological traits of pinto bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L. ‘C.O.S16’) under severe water deficit conditions during the years 2018 and 2019 were examined. The experiments were carried out as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The studied irrigation factor included three levels (control or normal irrigation, irrigation disruption at the end of flowering stage, and irrigation disruption at the end of podding stage) in the main plots, and methods of reducing water consumption at five levels (control or no treatment, using superabsorbent polymer, inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi, using nano-potassium fertilizer, and seed priming with hydrogen peroxide) in subplots were considered. The results showed that the effect of irrigation disruption and methods of reducing water consumption on seed yield, yield components, water use efficiency, total chlorophyll, and proline levels were significant. Furthermore, the interaction effect of irrigation disruption and methods of reducing water consumption on seed yield, water use efficiency, and leaf proline content was also significant. In this study, the highest seed yield (2133.24 kg ha⁻¹) was achieved under the normal irrigation treatment along with the use of a superabsorbent polymer. However, the irrigation disruption treatment at the end of the podding stage with the application of a superabsorbent polymer (1564.3 kg ha⁻¹) showed only a 3.87% reduction in seed yield compared to the normal irrigation treatment (1627.21 kg ha⁻¹), which was not statistically significant. This research demonstrates significant water savings; the application of a superabsorbent polymer has led to a reduction in water consumption by approximately 1600 m³ ha⁻¹. Additionally, the irrigation disruption treatment at the podding stage using mycorrhizal fungi resulted in a 12.3% reduction in seed yield compared to the normal irrigation treatment. This shows the superior effectiveness of the superabsorbent polymer in mitigating the negative impacts of drought stress on seed yield compared to mycorrhizal fungi. Moreover, water use efficiency in the normal irrigation treatment decreased by approximately 19% compared to the treatment with irrigation disruption at the podding stage and the use of superabsorbent polymer. This result emphasizes increased water use efficiency under drought stress conditions with the use of superabsorbent polymers.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"117 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Planting date effects on soybean yield and foliar nutrient concentrations across the Mid-Atlantic region","authors":"Jarrod O. Miller,&nbsp;Nicole M. Fiorellino,&nbsp;Alyssa K. Betts,&nbsp;Andrew A. Kness,&nbsp;Cory M. Whaley","doi":"10.1002/agj2.70107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.70107","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The effect of three planting dates on soybean (<i>Glycine max</i> L. Merr.) yield and foliar nutrient concentrations was evaluated across four sites representing the Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Ridge and Valley regions of the Mid-Atlantic. Group IV soybeans were planted at 2-week intervals from mid-April to late May. Trifoliate leaves and surface soils (0–15 cm) were sampled at the R2 stage. Although yield did not differ significantly among planting dates, several foliar nutrient concentrations were affected. Foliar K, Ca, S, and Fe declined with later planting, though all remained within sufficiency ranges. Only S showed parallel declines in both soil and tissue, suggesting a possible link between soil availability and plant uptake, though loss pathways and timing of availability should be further explored. Foliar Al concentrations were highest with early planting, despite soil pH &gt;5.5, potentially reflecting early-season stress or increased availability. Correlations between nutrients and yield were weak overall, but Mn, Al, and Fe showed planting date-specific trends. These results indicate that while the planting window from mid-April to late May is suitable for soybean in the Mid-Atlantic, nutrient dynamics—especially for metals and immobile nutrients—are strongly influenced by planting timing and early-season conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":7522,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy Journal","volume":"117 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}