Hui Liu, Wanbang Zhu, Xueyan Zhou, Bing Wei, Liancheng Bing, Dezhi Han, Guangjian Wang, Fang Wang
{"title":"Fabrication of Cu-based catalysts for the synthesis of neopentyl glycol from hydroxypivalaldehyde hydrogenation: studies on the role of Zr promoter","authors":"Hui Liu, Wanbang Zhu, Xueyan Zhou, Bing Wei, Liancheng Bing, Dezhi Han, Guangjian Wang, Fang Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11144-024-02768-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11144-024-02768-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, a series of zirconium-modified ternary copper-based catalysts with various loadings were prepared by co-precipitation method, and the promotional roles of zirconium on the selective hydrogenation of hydroxypivalaldehyde (HPA) was evaluated. Zirconium is commonly used as a promoter in Cu-based hydrogenation catalysts, but its promoting mechanism on HPA hydrogenation to neopentyl glycol (NPG) remains ambiguous. Thus, various characterization techniques (e.g. XRD, SEM, FTIR, H<sub>2</sub>-TPR, and XPS) have been used to probe the physicochemical properties of zirconium-modified catalysts. The consequences indicate that the incorporation of zirconium will affect the reducibility of the catalyst and the distribution of surface reduced copper and promote the formation of more oxygen vacancies on the catalyst. The catalyst with 5% zirconium loading showed the best catalytic performance probably due to the good synergistic catalytic effect between the oxygen vacancies and the copper species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":750,"journal":{"name":"Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis","volume":"138 2","pages":"727 - 741"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143716647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Madni, Kinza Fatima, Maher Ali Rusho, Allah Nawaz Aqeel, Ammara Sattar, Laila Batool, Mahrukh Ali, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Yasar
{"title":"Copper doping effects on structural and photocatalytic properties of spinel ferrite nanoparticles for organophosphate pesticide removal","authors":"Muhammad Madni, Kinza Fatima, Maher Ali Rusho, Allah Nawaz Aqeel, Ammara Sattar, Laila Batool, Mahrukh Ali, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Yasar","doi":"10.1007/s11144-024-02760-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11144-024-02760-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates copper-doped cadmium aluminum ferrite (CuxCd<sub>1-x</sub>Al<sub>0.2</sub>Fe<sub>1.8</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (0, 0.2)) photocatalyst nanoparticles were synthesized by Sol–gel method and used for photocatalytic degradation of triazophos. XRD analysis revealed a decrease in crystallite size from 24.29 nm to 20.45 nm upon Cu doping. FTIR spectra showed peak shifts 448–437 cm⁻<sup>1</sup> (octahedral sites) and 520–554 cm⁻<sup>1</sup> (tetrahedral sites), after Cu doping. SEM indicated a more homogeneous microstructure after doping, while EDX confirmed the presence of Cu. BET analysis showed an increase in surface area from 18.45 m<sup>2</sup>/g to 47.76 m<sup>2</sup>/g. The Cu₀.₂Cd₀.₈Al₀.₂Fe₁.₈O₄ nanoparticles exhibited 91.21% triazophos degradation within 100 min under 100 W visible irradiation, compared to 63.76% for the undoped counterpart. The bandgap narrowed from 2.8 eV to 2.5 eV upon Cu doping. Scavenger analysis identified hydroxyl radicals as the primary reactive species. Adding H₂O₂ (up to 6 mM) enhanced degradation, but higher concentrations inhibited the process. The catalyst showed good reusability, with efficiency decreasing from 91.21% to 82.38% after five cycles. The enhanced photocatalytic activity was attributed to improved light absorption, charge carrier separation, and increased surface area resulting from Cu doping.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":750,"journal":{"name":"Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis","volume":"138 2","pages":"1131 - 1151"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143716696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multi-scale simulation of the strongly exothermic process of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis to lower olefins","authors":"Zhongfeng Geng, Zitian Guo, Shuang Li, Jiaqi Gao, He Dong, Minhua Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s11144-024-02746-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11144-024-02746-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, the reaction network of FTO simplified by kMC was combined in CFD model at bed-scale and whole reaction tube scale. A reaction network consisting of 100 steps elementary reaction of 40 species from DFT was analyzed by kMC to identify the main conversion pathway. The obtained pathway was combined in CFD with a particle-resolved bed model to understand the reaction process. The simulated results showed that increasing inlet temperature increased the net producing rate ratio of ethylene to propylene, decreasing the inlet flow rate reduced the net reaction rate of CO<sub>2</sub>. The simulated results of reactor tube scale predicted a STY of 1.55 kg/(L<sub>cat</sub> h) of lower olefins, a total CO conversion of 93.5%, selectivity for ethylene, propylene, CO<sub>2</sub> of 7.0%, 43.0% and 50.0%, a hot spot of 619.55 K at 0.1 m from inlet. The total number of reaction tubes would be 3688 for a 200,000 tons per year low olefin plant.</p><h3>Graphic Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":750,"journal":{"name":"Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis","volume":"138 2","pages":"889 - 909"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143716697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of novel bio-Ca doped Bi4Ti3O12 with the investigation of rhodamine-B removal under solar irradiation","authors":"Majda Charif, Hanane Rehali, Hayet Menasra, Chaima Benbrika, Loubna Sadaoui, Khadidja Hamida, Zineb Rais, Fedia Bekiri","doi":"10.1007/s11144-024-02766-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11144-024-02766-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents a novel approach for synthesizing high-performance Bi<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub> trilayer-doped bio-calcium derived from snail shells using the molten salt technique at 850 °C. Three catalysts were prepared with varying amounts of bio-calcium (Bi<sub>(4−x)</sub>Ca<sub>x</sub>Ti<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub>), where (x1 = 0.05, x 2 = 0.1, x3 = 0.15), it was observed that this activation led to an improvement in properties, the most important of which was an increase in the surface area and a reduction in the gap energy, resulting in excellent photocatalytic efficiency, particularly for biocatalysis with x3 = 0.15. The meticulous engineering of these catalysts gives rise to a synergistic effect, which facilitates efficient charge separation. Moreover, the introduction of bio-Ca led to an expansion in surface area, reaching 4.16, 5.42, and 6.03 m<sup>2</sup>/g for the bio-Ca/BTO1, bio-Ca/BTO2, and bio-Ca/BTO3, thereby augmenting the catalyst's capacity to absorb, stabilize and photodegradation of Rhodamine-B within a 30 min. Physical and chemical analyses were performed: XRD, FTIR, Raman analysis, BET, MEB/EDX. The bio-Ca/BTO3 photocatalyst’s unique structure enhances its performance and activity by stabilizing and degrading Rh-B on its surface, reducing band gaps, and producing electron–hole pairs. This increased vulnerability to photocatalytic reactions allows for a greater diversity of interactions. The ·OH radical was identified as the most active species in the Rh-B degradation mechanism. The biocatalyst demonstrated remarkable efficacy in degrading the Rh-B dye under visible light irradiation. To assess its stability, an additional eleven repeated simple cycles were conducted. This design offers a novel way to produce high-performance photocatalysts with, an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":750,"journal":{"name":"Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis","volume":"138 1","pages":"393 - 411"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143404203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial. Special issue papers presented at the International Conference on Recent Trends in Materials and Devices 2023","authors":"Gábor Lente","doi":"10.1007/s11144-024-02770-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11144-024-02770-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":750,"journal":{"name":"Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis","volume":"137 6","pages":"2917 - 2917"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142714561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Application of fumed silica supported copper catalysts in the dehydrogenation of sec-butanol to methyl ethyl ketone","authors":"Li Zhang, Bing-Rui He, Xuan-Yuan Wang, Ying Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s11144-024-02764-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11144-024-02764-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cu/SiO<sub>2</sub> catalysts were prepared by impregnation method using fumed silica as a carrier. The performances of these catalysts in the dehydrogenation reaction of sec-butanol (SBA) to methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) were tested and compared with those of the catalysts prepared by ammonia evaporation method. Some physical and chemical properties of the catalysts were characterized and the catalytic mechanism was revealed. The results showed that compared with the catalysts prepared by the ammonia evaporation method, the catalysts prepared by fumed silica impregnation method have some reticulated structures, possessing larger specific surface areas, stronger alkalinity, higher dispersion and lower reduction temperature. Therefore, the latter catalysts have higher (Cu<sup>0</sup> + Cu<sup>+</sup>)/Cu<sup>2+</sup> and more Cu<sup>0</sup> species after being reduced, which leads to a better catalytic performance. The conversion of sec-butanol, the selectivity and the yield of methyl ethyl ketone by using the Cu/SiO<sub>2</sub> catalysts prepared by the impregnation method are up to 98.3%, 99.9% and 98.2% at an actual copper loading of 2.38% (w%). DFT calculations showed that the reaction path of the dehydrogenation process of sec-butanol over copper-based catalysts is –O–H breaking to form alkoxyls, followed by the dehydrogenation of α-C in the alkoxyls, where the former process is the decisive speed step of the reaction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":750,"journal":{"name":"Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis","volume":"138 3","pages":"1277 - 1294"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144135407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synthesis of novel (Cr, Cu)-doped BiFeO3 perovskite as a photocatalyst for Rhodamine B degradation under sunlight irradiation","authors":"Nadia Madoui, Ahlem Ksouri, Najah Rhimi, Rahima Rahal, Sahnoune Derradji, Abdelhek Meklid, Amina Ounis, Sofiane Makhloufi, Mahmoud Omari","doi":"10.1007/s11144-024-02769-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11144-024-02769-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the synthesis of (Cr, Cu)-doped BiFeO<sub>3</sub> perovskites with compositions BiFe<sub>1-x</sub>(Cu<sub>x/2</sub>Cr<sub>x/2</sub>)O<sub>3</sub> (x = 0, 0.1, and 0.2) using the sol–gel method, calcined at 850 °C, to enhance their structural and photocatalytic properties. A comprehensive suite of characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld refinement, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV–vis spectroscopy, was employed to analyze the synthesized materials. XRD patterns and Rietveld refinement revealed a phase transformation from BiFeO<sub>3</sub> to Bi<sub>2</sub>Fe<sub>4</sub>O<sub>9</sub> with increasing Cr and Cu doping levels. SEM analysis showed variations in microstructure, with the average particle size decreasing as Cr and Cu doping increased, reaching a minimum value of 2.355 μm at x = 0.2. The band gap measurements confirmed the successful incorporation of Cr and Cu into the BFO lattice, resulting in a reduced band gap of 2.04 eV at x = 0.2. Photocatalytic performance was assessed by the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) under sunlight irradiation. The sample with x = 0.2 demonstrated an impressive 98% degradation efficiency within 180 min, with a calculated rate constant of k<sub>app</sub> = 0.01535 ± 0.00122 min<sup>−1</sup>. This work highlights the potential of (Cr, Cu)-doped BFO perovskites as efficient photocatalysts for environmental remediation applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":750,"journal":{"name":"Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis","volume":"138 2","pages":"1113 - 1129"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143716657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Catalytic synthesis of biodiesel with silica gel-based Brønsted–Lewis acidic ionic liquid as catalysts","authors":"Keke Chen, Jie Xu, Xiaoxiang Han","doi":"10.1007/s11144-024-02753-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11144-024-02753-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sol–gel was used to successfully construct a series of silica gel supported Brønsted-Lewis acid ionic liquid (BLAIL/SG) catalysts. The structures of the catalysts were characterized by FT-IR, TGA-DTG, BET, and <sup>31</sup>P MAS NMR. Meanwhile, the catalytic performance of these series catalysts in the preparation of ethyl laurate was investigated. The results showed that 20%[DMBPSH]<sup>+</sup>(½Cu<sup>2+</sup>)SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>/SG catalyst exhibited good catalytic activity in the preparation of ethyl laurate owing to strong Brønsted acidity and the acidic synergy between the ionic liquid (Brønsted), metal ions, and the support (Lewis). A maximum ethyl laurate yield of 94.6% was reached for the 20%[DMBPSH]<sup>+</sup>(½Cu<sup>2+</sup>)SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>/SG catalyst under the optimal conditions: ethanol (EtOH)/lauric acid (LA) molar ratio of 5, catalyst amount of 4wt%, time 3 h of reaction at 383 K. After being reused 6 times, the yield of ethyl laurate was still as high as 90.5%, indicating that 20%[DMBPSH]<sup>+</sup>(½Cu<sup>2+</sup>)SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>/SG catalyst had excellent reusability. Further kinetic studies showed that the reaction order was 1.15 with activation energy of 25.69 kJ/mol.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":750,"journal":{"name":"Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis","volume":"138 2","pages":"929 - 946"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143716999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Mammeri, F. Bouremmad, F. Chouikh, M. Benamira, F. Z. Akika, M. Mutlu Can, I. Avramova, A. Djermoune
{"title":"Pure monoclinic n-BiVO4 prepared by modified sol–gel method for high efficiency photodegradation of methylene blue under solar light irradiation","authors":"O. Mammeri, F. Bouremmad, F. Chouikh, M. Benamira, F. Z. Akika, M. Mutlu Can, I. Avramova, A. Djermoune","doi":"10.1007/s11144-024-02765-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11144-024-02765-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Monoclinic BiVO<sub>4</sub> was synthesized by a modified sol–gel technique, using bismuth nitrate pentahydrate Bi(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>·5H<sub>2</sub>O and vanadium pentoxide V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> as precursors, dissolved in nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. The prepared samples were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (SEM–EDX), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and UV–Vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS). The band gap of BiVO<sub>4</sub> was determined to be 2.53 eV. The Mott-Schottky plot identifies BiVO<sub>4</sub> as a n-type semiconductor with a flat band potential of 0.64 V/SCE and an electron donor density (Nd) of 1.46 × 10<sup>16</sup> (site cm<sup>−3</sup>). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirmed efficient photogenerated electron–hole (e<sup>−</sup>/h<sup>+</sup>) pair separation. Under solar irradiation, BiVO<sub>4</sub> exhibited high photocatalytic efficiency with 96% methylene blue (MB) degradation achieved within 120 min. The photodegradation process is well fitted by a first-order kinetic model, and parameters affecting MB degradation, such as pH and initial concentration, were optimized. A photocatalytic mechanism was proposed in accordance with the scavenger test.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":750,"journal":{"name":"Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis","volume":"138 2","pages":"1095 - 1111"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143716836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Khadija Sayeh, Abdelhadi Louroubi, Nayad Abdallah, Lahcen Fkhar, Noura Aflak, Lahoucine Bahsis, Ali Hasnaoui, Mustapha Ait Ali, Larbi El Firdoussi
{"title":"Elaboration and characterization of Zn1−xCoxFe2O4 spinel ferrites magnetic material: application as heterogeneous catalysts in styrene oxidation","authors":"Khadija Sayeh, Abdelhadi Louroubi, Nayad Abdallah, Lahcen Fkhar, Noura Aflak, Lahoucine Bahsis, Ali Hasnaoui, Mustapha Ait Ali, Larbi El Firdoussi","doi":"10.1007/s11144-024-02763-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11144-024-02763-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A simple and efficient synthesis of cobalt and zinc spinel ferrite nanoparticles Zn<sub>1−x</sub>Co<sub>x</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (x = 0, 0.5) by sol–gel (SG) and co-precipitation methods was successfully developed as a heterogeneous catalyst for styrene oxidation using tert-butyl hydroperoxide as the oxidant and acetonitrile as an effective solvent. The structural properties of the nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and Raman spectroscopies. Morphological analysis was determined by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The investigation showed that Zn<sub>0.5</sub>Co<sub>0.5</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> prepared via the SG method exhibited promising catalytic activity towards styrene epoxide with a conversion rate of 75% and a notable selectivity of 60%. Furthermore, the catalyst demonstrated excellent stability and efficiency after five successive runs. Density functional theory and non-covalent interactions analysis were used to gain deeper insight into the mechanistic aspect.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":750,"journal":{"name":"Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis","volume":"138 2","pages":"911 - 927"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143716626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}