alexandria engineering journal最新文献

{"title":"A new statistical framework with properties and practical implementation using the time invested in sports training","authors":"Yuan Shao ,&nbsp;Jue Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.03.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.03.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The applications of probability distributions have proven to be impactful across all scientific fields, with notable relevance in sports sciences. In light of this beneficial aspect of probability distributions, this paper puts forth a new probability distribution called the modified trigonometric exponentiated exponential (MTE-exponential) distribution. In this work, we derive various mathematical properties of the MTE-exponential distribution, focusing particularly on those related to quartile characteristics. A widely recognized estimation method is applied to derive the mathematical expressions for the estimators of the MTE-exponential distribution. Furthermore, a simulation analysis is performed to assess the effectiveness of the estimators for different parameter combinations of the MTE-exponential distribution. Finally, an application of the MTE-exponential distribution, which is informed by sports sciences, is presented. The intention behind this presentation is to illustrate the practical applicability of the proposed model. Thus, a comparison is made, utilizing data from sports sciences, between the MTE-exponential distribution and nine other rival distributions including some traditional and modified probability distributions. A thorough examination of four fundamental assessment criteria indicates that the MTE-exponential distribution reliably outperform all conventional and modified probability distributions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7484,"journal":{"name":"alexandria engineering journal","volume":"122 ","pages":"Pages 508-519"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secure real-time transmission of multi-spectral satellite images inducing a 6D hyper-chaotic system and BB84 QKD protocol","authors":"Bandana Mallick ,&nbsp;Priyadarsan Parida ,&nbsp;Chittaranjan Nayak ,&nbsp;Nawaf Ali ,&nbsp;Manoj Kumar Panda ,&nbsp;Bibhu Prasad ,&nbsp;Gupteswar Sahu ,&nbsp;Gopinath Palai","doi":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.02.113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.02.113","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;As the field of remote sensing advances quickly, the images from satellites are mostly utilized for different applications such as environmental monitoring, navigation, surveillance, etc. The most common approach to delivering security to the satellite images throughout the propagation from unauthorized access is by using image encryption techniques. Real-time images are challenging to process with conventional technologies because they include a diversity of information with significant prolixity, high correlation among neighboring pixels, and high uncertainty due to sensor noise and environmental conditions. Therefore, the present work focuses on the secured transmission of real-time satellite images with a high Signal-to-Noise ratio. In this work, we have developed a novel hybrid encryption method that combines a six-dimensional (6D) hyper-chaotic system with the BB84 quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol for secure and efficient image transmission. The hyper-chaotic system enhances pixel scrambling and diffusion, reducing correlations in the image data, while BB84 ensures secure key exchange during transmission over Free Space Optics (FSO) channels. The integration of a 6D hyper-chaotic system with BB84 QKD protocol is capable of transmitting multichannel information in a single secured channel. The proposed technique is corroborated using a set of satellite images, as satellite images possess highly correlated information. In the proposed model, the original satellite images are taken for Gunupur, Odisha during the period of November 22, 2023, to January 23, 2024. These images’ information is confused by the hyper-chaotic system. Then, the permuted images are diffused to generate the scrambled image using the BB84 protocol. On the receiver side, the same information is recovered with reduced information loss using the proposed receiver module, which consists of an optical hard limiter followed by a low pass filter. The performance of the proposed scheme is tested via various quantitative assessments including entropy, mutual information, histogram, cross-correlation, and differential attack analysis. Performance metrics reveal robust security and high-quality reconstruction, achieving an entropy of 7.9976, a &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;P&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;S&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; of 8.9967, and a &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;B&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;E&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; of 0.1111 for the Pepper image. Sensitivity analysis demonstrates resilience against differential attacks, with a &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;U&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;A&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;I&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; of 34.6970 and an &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;P&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;C&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; of 0.9973. The system is implemented using Optisystem 15.1 and MATLAB 2017a, and experimental results confirm superior performance compared to 22 existing techniques across various metrics, including entropy, mutual information, histogram analysis, and cross-correlation. This","PeriodicalId":7484,"journal":{"name":"alexandria engineering journal","volume":"122 ","pages":"Pages 364-384"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143641973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chaos-enhanced white shark optimization algorithms CWSO for global optimization","authors":"Ahmed El maloufy ,&nbsp;Ahmed Bencherqui ,&nbsp;Mohamed Amin Tahiri ,&nbsp;Nawal El Ghouate ,&nbsp;Hicham Karmouni ,&nbsp;Mhamed Sayyouri ,&nbsp;S.S. Askar ,&nbsp;Mohamed Abouhawwash","doi":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.02.061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.02.061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metaheuristic optimization algorithms are vital across various domains but often struggle with convergence to local optima, limiting their potential to discover globally optimal solutions. Integrating chaotic maps into the optimization process has proven particularly advantageous, as it broadens search capabilities, accelerates convergence, and reduces the likelihood of getting trapped in local minima. We present an optimized algorithm, the Chaotic White Shark Optimizer (CWSO), which incorporates ten different chaotic maps to replace random sequences in key components of the standard White Shark Optimizer (WSO). This modification aims to effectively balance the exploration and exploitation phases, thereby enhancing the probability of finding globally optimal solutions. The CWSO was evaluated on 23 benchmark functions and applied to engineering problems, demonstrating its robustness and reliability. Furthermore, it was used for reconstructing signals and 2D/3D medical images. Comparative evaluations with six well-known metaheuristic algorithms showed that the CWSO outperformed the original WSO and other existing algorithms, offering superior performance in terms of solution quality, global optimality, and avoiding local minima.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7484,"journal":{"name":"alexandria engineering journal","volume":"122 ","pages":"Pages 465-483"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finding rare and patched type population variance via systematic analysis using adaptive cluster sampling","authors":"Khudhayr A. Rashedi,&nbsp;Tariq S. Alshammari","doi":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.02.029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.02.029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address uncommon and endangered species of infectious diseases, valuable plants, minerals, and natural resources, as well as patched populations that are available in the form of clusters, we propose a unique generalized variance estimator for finite population variance in this work. Auxiliary variable data (Auxiliary variable data is a useful tool in survey research because it improves the accuracy, precision, and effectiveness of survey sampling and estimating procedures. It also enhances the Cost-effectiveness, non-response adjustment, accuracy, and variance reduction.) and the systematic adaptive cluster sampling (SACS) technique is utilized to describe the suggested estimator. Calculations are made for the bias, mean square error (MSE), and optimization constants. When patched or clustered data is available, the expected generalized estimator outperforms the existing estimator in certain cases. Adopting generalized ratio estimators will go a long way toward formulating uncommon, endangered species of contagious diseases, valuable plants, mineral and natural resources, and patched populations, as well as reducing estimation mistakes. To create a universal family of estimators specifically designed for the rare and patched type population variance estimate, the study incorporates extra data from auxiliary variables. Through simulation study, the features of these estimators namely, their biases and mean square errors have been cautiously inspected and fully discovered. The suggested estimators accomplish better than the population variance natural estimator. Lastly, appropriate suggestions have been provided for survey statisticians who want to use these results to solve practical issues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7484,"journal":{"name":"alexandria engineering journal","volume":"120 ","pages":"Pages 687-696"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143642488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing smart city services by utilizing appropriate characteristics of digital twin for urban excellence","authors":"Inam Ullah ,&nbsp;Asra Noor ,&nbsp;Muhammad Abbas ,&nbsp;Sahil Garg ,&nbsp;Bong Jun Choi ,&nbsp;Mohammad Mehedi Hassan ,&nbsp;Xiaoshan Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.02.085","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.02.085","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Smart cities are transforming urban living by leveraging advanced technologies such as Digital Twins, IoT, and AI to enhance urban services, optimize resource management, and improve the overall quality of life for citizens. These advances are particularly significant in smart homes and buildings, where they optimize energy consumption, ensure security, and improve convenience. Smart cities, on the other hand, aim to achieve prosperity, efficiency, and competitiveness in various socio-economic dimensions. The evolution of smart and connected communities (SCC) addresses historical preservation, current livability, and future sustainability, integrating IoT and big data analytics for real-time control and community development. The research emphasizes the importance of adaptability and resource management in the creation of smart cities. The findings guide researchers and city planners, helping to create simulations that highlight the interplay between technology, population adaptability, and effective management practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7484,"journal":{"name":"alexandria engineering journal","volume":"122 ","pages":"Pages 399-410"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipid-based nanomedicine for colorectal cancer: Progress and prospects","authors":"Fereshteh Asgharzadeh ,&nbsp;Maryam Moradi Binabaj ,&nbsp;Sahar Fanoudi ,&nbsp;William C. Cho ,&nbsp;Haneul Kang ,&nbsp;Zahra Elyasi ,&nbsp;Bahareh Farasati Far ,&nbsp;Ali Pourmolaei ,&nbsp;Marzieh Ramezani Farani ,&nbsp;Yun Suk Huh","doi":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.02.023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.02.023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands as a common disease and a primary associated to cancer-related mortality. Treatment options for CRC encompass surgical procedures, targeted therapies, radiation treatments, and chemotherapy. Optimal treatment outcomes are attained through the judicious combination of two or more treatment modalities, tailored to the specific stage of CRC. A diverse range of therapeutic medications exists for CRC treatment. However, achieving the necessary therapeutic concentration often mandates the administration of elevated doses of chemotherapeutic agents, resulting in a variety of side effects such as severe gastrointestinal reactions, hematological issues, neurological complications, cardiac challenges, and dermatological reactions. Hence, there exist a critical requirement for an intelligent delivery system capable of enhancing therapeutic efficacy while safeguarding and delivering high doses of chemotherapeutic agents. Colon-specific drug delivery systems, especially those rooted in nanotechnology, hold promise as a viable solution to tackle these obstacles. This review aims to examine the advancements in lipid-based nanotechnologies for treating CRC, while also delving into the associated challenges and potential prospects of these therapeutic methodologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7484,"journal":{"name":"alexandria engineering journal","volume":"122 ","pages":"Pages 385-398"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143641974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of optimizers in developing data-driven model for predicting lake water quality incorporating advanced water quality model","authors":"Md Galal Uddin ,&nbsp;Apoorva Bamal ,&nbsp;Mir Talas Mahammad Diganta ,&nbsp;Abdul Majed Sajib ,&nbsp;Azizur Rahman ,&nbsp;Mohamed Abioui ,&nbsp;Agnieszka I. Olbert","doi":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.03.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.03.022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lake water is considered as one of the most precious freshwater resources for human consumption and thus, it is required to monitor the lake water quality (WQ) to maintain the good water state. For these purposes, the practice of integrating data-driven models in assessing and predicting lake WQ has received wider application. Nevertheless, the optimal performance of the data-driven models depends on the model hyperparameters and hyperparameter optimization techniques have crucial role in this regard. Therefore, the research aimed to assess the impact of various optimization techniques on these prediction models in order to predict the lake WQ. For the purposes of reliable lake water state assessment, this study presents a comprehensive analysis of lake WQ prediction, integrating sophisticated Root Mean Squared (RMS)-Water Quality Index (WQI) model with eight machine learning algorithms (ML), two Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, and five optimization methods. Comparing five optimization methods—Grid Search (GS), Random Search (RS), Bayesian Optimization (BO), Optuna (OPT), and Tree-based Pipeline Optimization Tool (TPOT)—revealed their significant influence on model performance and computational efficiency. Based on the analysis, random forest (RF) integrated with TPOT consistently demonstrated robust performance compared to other models, achieving an impressive R² value of 0.94 during training (Root mean squared error-RMSE= 0.85, Mean squared error-MSE= 0.73, Mean absolute error-MAE= 0.48, and Percentage of absolute bias error-PABE= 2.35), testing (RMSE= 0.43, MSE= 0.18, MAE= 0.15, and PABE= 0.19), and validation (RMSE= 0.96, MSE= 0.96, MAE= 0.823, and PABE= 1.08), indicating its precision in predicting lake WQ. The results reveal that TPOT and OPT show remarkable effectiveness in optimizing the hyperparameter space to enhance model accuracy across various ML/AI model combinations. The research findings suggest that RMS-WQI with RF-TPOT integration model could be effective to predict lake WQ that can be helpful approach for sustainable water resource management in terms of computational-cost efficiency and reliable WQ assessment. However, by addressing these complexities and highlighting the impact of various optimization techniques, the research provides crucial guidance for researchers, advancing the field of lake WQ prediction and ensuring effective utilization of ML/AI integration models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7484,"journal":{"name":"alexandria engineering journal","volume":"122 ","pages":"Pages 411-435"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of intelligent monitoring of physical exercise on executive function in children with ADHD","authors":"Liwen Lin ,&nbsp;Nan Li ,&nbsp;Shuchen Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.02.095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.02.095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Children with ADHD often struggle with executive function (EF) and motor skills, impacting their academics and social life. While medications are commonly used, they have side effects, leading to interest in non-drug treatments. Physical activity (PA) has shown promise in improving cognitive and motor skills in children with ADHD. This study examined the short- and long-term effects of three PA interventions: a specific skill training group (EG1), a low-demand exercise group (EG2), and a control group (CG) over 12 weeks. EG1 showed significant improvements in motor tasks and working memory (15% improvement, <span><math><mrow><mi>p</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>05</mn></mrow></math></span>), while EG2 and CG showed smaller changes. Long-term PA improved working memory, but short-term PA had limited effects on balance and manual dexterity. These findings suggest that skill training has an immediate impact on motor performance, while more complex motor skills require longer interventions. Smart devices tracked progress, confirming sustained engagement and improvement in EG1. This research highlights PA as a promising non-pharmacological treatment for ADHD, warranting further exploration of its effects on other cognitive domains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7484,"journal":{"name":"alexandria engineering journal","volume":"122 ","pages":"Pages 355-363"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143641961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation of pharmaceutical supply chain resilience in Hebei Province: An impact factor-capability perspective","authors":"Yanxin Zhu ,&nbsp;Zhe Yang ,&nbsp;Qi He","doi":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.03.049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.03.049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The production and supply of pharmaceuticals are critical to safeguarding public health and national security. Enhancing the resilience of the pharmaceutical supply chain is essential for mitigating uncertain pharmaceutical risks and maintaining social stability. This study focuses on the pharmaceutical supply chain in Hebei Province and, based on an impact factor-capability-resilience framework, develops an evaluation system for the resilience factors of the pharmaceutical supply chain in terms of tolerance capacity, recovery capacity, and risk resistance capacity. The study utilizes the system dynamics (SD) method to perform simulation analysis. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the resilience of the pharmaceutical supply chain in Hebei Province is most influenced by risk tolerance capacity, followed by recovery capacity. Among the various influencing factors, supply chain risk tolerance capacity is predominantly affected by factors such as operating income, inventory, and social environment. Supply chain recovery capacity is primarily influenced by factors such as total profit and partner credibility, while supply chain risk resistance capacity is chiefly influenced by operating profit margin and logistics support level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7484,"journal":{"name":"alexandria engineering journal","volume":"122 ","pages":"Pages 436-452"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Error probability analysis under H-noise scenarios in diffusive molecular communication","authors":"Gunjal Chauhan ,&nbsp;Nitin Rakesh ,&nbsp;Monali Gulhane ,&nbsp;Ghanshyam Singh ,&nbsp;S. Pratap Singh ,&nbsp;Akhil Gupta ,&nbsp;Sudeep Tanwar ,&nbsp;Giovanni Pau ,&nbsp;Osama Alfarraj ,&nbsp;Fahad Alblehai","doi":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.03.041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aej.2025.03.041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diffusive Molecular Communication (DMC) represents a critical paradigm in nanoscale communication, yet various noise models significantly influence its performance. This paper presents an analytical framework for evaluating error probability under H-noise. This novel noise model accounts for anomalous diffusion scenarios, including sub-diffusion, super-diffusion, and normal diffusion. Unlike conventional noise models that primarily focus on normal diffusion, H-noise provides a unified characterization of uncertainty in molecular propagation across diverse diffusion environments. The study introduces a mathematical formulation of error probability, integrating parameters such as decision thresholds, binary transmission probability, and diffusion coefficients. Numerical simulations validate the theoretical analysis, demonstrating the impact of scenario parameters on error probability and the statistical behavior of molecular arrival times. In addition to error analysis, this study explores broader applications of DMC in biomedical systems, environmental monitoring, and nanoscale computing, highlighting its potential beyond intelligent transportation systems. This work enhances the understanding of DMC under complex noise conditions by delineating different evaluation metrics and extending the discussion to a broader spectrum of applications. It provides insights into optimizing molecular communication systems for future nano-networking applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7484,"journal":{"name":"alexandria engineering journal","volume":"122 ","pages":"Pages 484-495"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}