Advances in Virology最新文献

{"title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Modeled in Aging Cotton Rats (<i>Sigmodon hispidus</i>) and Mice (<i>Mus musculus</i>).","authors":"Olivia E Harder,&nbsp;Stefan Niewiesk","doi":"10.1155/2022/8637545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8637545","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Serious infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is associated with high risk in infants, children, and elderly. There is currently no approved vaccine against RSV infection, and the only available prevention is immunoprophylaxis utilized in high-risk infants, leaving the elderly without many options. In the elderly, the chronic low-grade inflammatory state of the body can play a significant role during infection. The cotton rat and mouse have emerged as the preferred small animal models to study RSV infection in the elderly. These animal models of aging have shown an age-dependent time course for clearance of virus correlating with a significantly diminished cytotoxic T lymphocyte and humoral immune response in old animals compared to adult animals. In addition, protection through vaccination is reduced in aging rodents. These results mirror the findings in humans. In mice and cotton rats, treatment with ibuprofen, a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), to decrease the chronic low-grade inflammation of the elderly immune system has proven successful in restoring the function of cytotoxic lymphocytes. While more research is required, these treatment types promise a beneficial effect in addition to a putative vaccine. Choosing an appropriate animal model to study RSV infection in the aging immune system is essential to benefit the growing population of elderly in the world. This review focuses on the current research of RSV infection in the cotton rat and mouse as model systems for an aging immune system.</p>","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":" ","pages":"8637545"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8926466/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40307580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Pandemic: Are Africa's Prevalence and Mortality Rates Relatively Low?","authors":"Solomon H Mariam","doi":"10.1155/2022/3387784","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2022/3387784","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), has been rapidly spreading since December 2019, and within a few months, it turned out to be a global pandemic. The disease affects primarily the lungs, but its pathogenesis spreads to other organs as well. However, its mortality rates vary, and in the majority of infected people, there are no serious consequences. Many factors including advanced age, preexisting health conditions, and genetic predispositions are believed to exacerbate outcomes of COVID-19. The virus contains several structural proteins including the spike (S) protein with subunits for binding, fusion, and internalization into host cells following interaction with host cell receptors and proteases (ACE2 and TMPRSS2, respectively) to cause the subsequent pathology. Although the pandemic has spread into all countries, most of Africa is thought of as having relatively less prevalence and mortality. Several hypotheses have been forwarded as reasons for this and include warmer weather conditions, vaccination with BCG (i.e., trained immunity), and previous malaria infection. From genetics or metabolic points of view, it has been proposed that most African populations could be protected to some degree because they lack some genetic susceptibility risk factors or have low-level expression of allelic variants, such as ACE2 and TMPRSS2 that are thought to be involved in increased infection risk or disease severity. The frequency of occurrence of <i>α</i>-1 antitrypsin (an inhibitor of a tissue-degrading protease, thereby protecting target host tissues including the lung) deficiency is also reported to be low in most African populations. More recently, infections in Africa appear to be on the rise. In general, there are few studies on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of the disease in African contexts, and the overall costs and human life losses due to the pandemic in Africa will be determined by all factors and conditions interacting in complex ways.</p>","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":"2022 1","pages":"3387784"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8898136/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42485162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating Viral Inoculation and Recovery from Medical Masks","authors":"Mark C Wilkinson, J. Carney","doi":"10.1155/2022/3173883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3173883","url":null,"abstract":"The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic from 2019 onwards has significantly increased the usage of surgical style medical masks, both in healthcare and public settings. It is important to study the contamination of and viral transfer from such masks. However, accepted standard test methods such as ISO 18184 have prescribed inoculation methods which may not be fully representative of the type of viral insult experienced in the clinic or community. In addition to studying a conventional mask, the performance of a mask featuring an antimicrobial photosensitiser was also studied.","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44461608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antiretroviral (ARV) Drug Resistance and HIV-1 Subtypes among Injecting Drug Users in the Coastal Region of Kenya.","authors":"Gabriel O Ng'ong'a,&nbsp;George Ayodo,&nbsp;Fanuel Kawaka,&nbsp;Veronicah Knight,&nbsp;Musa Ngayo,&nbsp;Raphael M Lwembe","doi":"10.1155/2022/3217749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3217749","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>HIV-1 genetic diversity results into the development of widespread drug-resistant mutations (DRMs) for the first-line retroviral therapy. Nevertheless, few studies have investigated the relationship between DRMs and HIV-1 subtypes among HIV-positive injecting drug users (IDUs). This study therefore determined the association between HIV-1 genotypes and DRMs among the 200 IDUs. Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database was used to interpret DRMs. The five HIV-1 genotypes circulating among the IDUs were A₁ (25 (53.2%)), A₂ (2 (4.3%)), B (2 (4.3%)), C (9 (19.1%)), and D (9 (19.1%)). The proportions of DRMs were A₁ (12 (52.2%)), A₂ (1 (4.3%)), B (0 (0.0%)), C (5 (21.7%)), and D (5 (21.7%)). Due to the large proportion of drug resistance across all HIV-1 subtypes, surveillance and behavioral studies need to be explored as IDUs may be spreading the drug resistance to the general population. In addition, further characterization of DRMs including all the relevant clinical parameters among the larger population of IDUs is critical for effective drug resistance surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":" ","pages":"3217749"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8853818/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39636345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-Life Use of Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia.","authors":"Ruth Alex,&nbsp;Shabaz Mohiuddin Gulam,&nbsp;Kiran Kumar","doi":"10.1155/2022/7060466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7060466","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can progress to severe respiratory compromise and lead to mortality due to induction of cytokine storm. Tocilizumab (TCZ) is approved by the FDA for the treatment of cytokine release syndrome (CRS). This study aims to analyze the outcomes among patients who received TCZ in the United Arab Emirates.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective cohort study was conducted among COVID-19 patients who received TCZ in a tertiary care hospital from May 2020 to August 2021. For analysis, patients were divided into two groups based on survival and clinical improvement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 80% of patients receiving TCZ were discharged by day 28. There was a gradual improvement in oxygen requirements in our patients with a majority of them on room air by day 28. Age more than 50 years (<i>P</i>=0.034) and comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) (<i>P</i>=0.002) and renal insufficiency (<i>P</i>=0.013) were significantly associated with mortality. <i>Discussion</i>. In our analysis, patients who were mechanically ventilated at the time of administration of TCZ had a significantly higher risk of death by day 28. In both survived and improved groups, younger patients had better outcomes than older patients. Patients who received TCZ earlier during therapy from the onset of symptoms had better survival outcomes. There was only one death among 14 patients who received vaccination. There was no significant difference in mortality among patients with comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and pulmonary diseases, hypothesizing that administration of TCZ improves the outcomes in COVID-19 patients with these comorbidities.</p>","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":"2022 ","pages":"7060466"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9203205/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9174429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Canine Adenovirus Type 2 Virus Infection Pattern in Canine and Human Cell Lines.","authors":"Madison D Hogans,&nbsp;Will P Kretzschmar,&nbsp;Theresa A Higgins,&nbsp;Atonu Chakrabortty,&nbsp;Rebecca L Nance,&nbsp;Bruce F Smith,&nbsp;Deepa Bedi,&nbsp;Maninder Sandey,&nbsp;Payal Agarwal","doi":"10.1155/2022/3658970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3658970","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV2) is a nonhuman adenovirus with a known ability to infect human and canine cells. The cell surface receptors involved in CAV2 transduction are still unknown. Identification of these would provide valuable information to develop enhanced gene delivery tools and better understand CAV2 biology. CAV2 is erroneously grouped with Ad5 based on the knowledge that CAV2 may transduce using CAR. Therefore, we have evaluated CAV2 and Ad5 (CAV2GFP, Ad5G/L) infection patterns in various canine and human cell lines to determine their different tropisms. Our research demonstrates that CAV2 can successfully infect cells that Ad5 does not infect, and CAV2 infections do not correlate with CAR expression. CAV2 can infect cells that have a low or minimal expression of CAR. Our data suggest that CAV2 transduction is not dependent on the CAR receptor, and thus, it is crucial to find novel CAV2 receptors.</p>","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":"2022 ","pages":"3658970"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9800077/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10852618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Use of Mebendazole in COVID-19 Patients: An Observational Retrospective Single Center Study.","authors":"Mostafa W Galal,&nbsp;Mahmoud Ahmed,&nbsp;Yanqiu Shao,&nbsp;Chao Xing,&nbsp;Wael Ali,&nbsp;Abd Elhamid Baly,&nbsp;Abdallah Elfiky,&nbsp;Khaled Amer,&nbsp;John Schoggins,&nbsp;Hesham A Sadek,&nbsp;Zeinab N Gobara","doi":"10.1155/2022/3014686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3014686","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>An <i>in-silico</i> screen identified mebendazole with potential antiviral activity that could be a repurposed drug against SARS-CoV-2. Mebendazole is a well-tolerated and cheap antihelminthic agent that is readily available worldwide and thus could be a therapeutic tool in the fight against COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is an observational retrospective study of PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients who received mebendazole with the intention-to-treat. The study included an inpatient cohort (157 inpatients) and an outpatient cohort (185 outpatients). Of the 157 inpatients and 185 outpatients, 68 (43.3%) and 94 (50.8%) received mebendazole, respectively. Patients who presented within the same timeframe but did not receive mebendazole were used as controls. Patients received standard-of-care treatment including remdesivir, dexamethasone, and anticoagulants as deemed necessary by the treating physician. The following clinical outcomes were evaluated: for the inpatient cohort, length of stay (LOS) at the hospital, need for ventilation (combined invasive and noninvasive), and mortality; for the outpatient cohort, time to symptom resolution, need for hospitalization, and mortality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For the inpatient cohort, the median age did not differ between the treatment and control groups; 62 (56, 67) vs. 62 (56, 68), <i>P</i>, and there was a comparable proportion of males in both groups; 43 (63%) vs. 55 (62%), <i>P</i>=0.85. The hospital LOS was 3.5 days shorter in the treatment group compared to the control group (<i>P</i> < 0.001). There were fewer patients who required invasive or noninvasive ventilation in the treatment group, 2 (2.9%) vs. 7 (7.9%), and the mortality rate is lower in the treatment group, 3 (4.4%) vs. 8 (9.0%), though the differences did not reach statistical significance. For the outpatient cohort, the median age was lower in the treatment group compared with the control group; 40 (34, 48) vs. 48 (41, 54), <i>P</i> < 0.001. There was a comparable proportion of males between both groups; 50 (53%) vs. 52 (57%), <i>P</i>=0.59. Patients in the treatment group were 3.3 days closer to symptom resolution (<i>P</i> < 0.001). There were numerically fewer patients requiring hospitalization in the treatment group compared with the control group, 3 (3.2%) vs. 6 (6.6%), though this did not reach statistical significance (<i>P</i>=0.33).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this retrospective observational study, the use of mebendazole in COVID-19 patients was associated with shorter hospitalizations in the inpatient cohort and shorter durations of symptom resolution in the outpatient cohort. The findings from this small observational study are hypothesis-generating and preclude drawing conclusions about clinical efficacy. Further studies are needed to examine the role of mebendazole in the treatment of COVID-19 patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":"2022 ","pages":"3014686"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9759380/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9183903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatitis A and E Viruses in Mussels from Cherrat Estuary in Morocco: Detection by Real-Time Reverse Transcription PCR Analysis.","authors":"Hanaâ Bazir,&nbsp;Najwa Hassou,&nbsp;Fatiha El Mellouli,&nbsp;Hasnae Zekhnini,&nbsp;Saliha Najib,&nbsp;Moulay Mustapha Ennaji","doi":"10.1155/2022/8066356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8066356","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of the present study was to evaluate hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) contamination in mussels (<i>Mytilus galloprovincialis</i>) from Cherrat estuary (Moroccan Atlantic Coast), Morocco. In total, 52 samples (<i>n</i> = 12 mussels/each) were collected at four sites in the estuary, monthly, between March 2019 and March 2020. HAV and HEV were detected by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) according to the ISO/TS 15216 method. HAV was detected in 46.15% of analyzed samples. Conversely, HEV was not detected in any sample. Moreover, the HAV detection rate was significantly associated with seasonal rainfall variations. This qualitative study on HAV and HEV contamination highlights the interest of studying mussel samples from wild areas. As HAV presence in mussels represents a potential health risk, viral contamination surveillance of mussels is necessary to protect consumers. HAV shellfish contamination must be monitored at Cherrat estuary because of the role played by shellfish as HAV reservoirs and/or vehicles in fecal-oral HAV transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":"2022 ","pages":"8066356"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9722280/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10371204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergency Use of Tocilizumab in Moderate and Severe COVID-19 Patients over the Prevaccination Stage during the Pandemic in Mexico.","authors":"Yessica Bernal Luna,&nbsp;Alejandro Esquivel Loza,&nbsp;José de Jesús Garduño García","doi":"10.1155/2022/6880405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6880405","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>COVID-19 has been associated with the overactivation of the immune system; interleukin-6 (IL-6) seems to have a key role, which made its moderation to be proposed as a therapeutic blank. Tocilizumab has been used as part of treatments to modulate the immune response to infections caused by COVID-19. <i>Material and Methods</i>. An observational, descriptive, retrospective, and transversal study was carried out in patients diagnosed with moderate-severe COVID-19 who were hospitalized in the 251 General Regional Hospital from March to December 2020.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A review of 700 files corresponding to hospitalized patients was carried out, and a sample of 70 patients who met the inclusion criteria proposed for this protocol was obtained. Among the comorbidities associated with the disease, it was found that hypertensive patients have a higher mortality rate: 62% died and so did 59% of those who needed invasive respiratory support. As regards admission tests, statistical significance was found for the figures of leukocytes, neutrophils, glomerular filtration rate, and PCR.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The use of this drug benefits mainly young nonhypertensive patients with a moderate disease and preserved renal functions with no need for invasive respiratory support, regardless of other comorbidities.</p>","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":"2022 ","pages":"6880405"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9747308/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10424708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Narrative Review of Existing Options for COVID-19-Specific Treatments.","authors":"Wasey Ali Yadullahi Mir,&nbsp;Abdul Hasan Siddiqui,&nbsp;Gautam Valecha,&nbsp;Shawn Patel,&nbsp;Fatima Ayub,&nbsp;Riddhi Upadhyay,&nbsp;Sana Ahmed Alhajri,&nbsp;Suman Gaire,&nbsp;Dhan Bahadur Shrestha","doi":"10.1155/2021/8554192","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2021/8554192","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a global pandemic in early 2020. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has affected morbidity and mortality tremendously. Even though multiple drugs are being used throughout the world since the advent of COVID-19, only limited treatment options are available for COVID-19. Therefore, drugs targeting various pathologic aspects of the disease are being explored. Multiple studies have been published to demonstrate their clinical efficacy until now. Based on the current evidence to date, we summarized the mechanism, roles, and side effects of all existing treatment options to target this potentially fatal virus.</p>","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":"2021 ","pages":"8554192"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8604608/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39732883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}