Advances in Virology最新文献_第7页

Molecular Characterization of African Swine Fever Viruses from Outbreaks in Peri-Urban Kampala, Uganda. 乌干达坎帕拉城郊暴发的非洲猪瘟病毒的分子特征

IF 2.2

Advances in Virology Pub Date : 2019-04-01 eCollection Date: 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1463245

Frank Norbert Mwiine, Joseph Nkamwesiga, Christian Ndekezi, Sylvester Ochwo

{"title":"Molecular Characterization of African Swine Fever Viruses from Outbreaks in Peri-Urban Kampala, Uganda.","authors":"Frank Norbert Mwiine, Joseph Nkamwesiga, Christian Ndekezi, Sylvester Ochwo","doi":"10.1155/2019/1463245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1463245","url":null,"abstract":"African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious transboundary disease of domestic pigs and wild swine and is currently the most serious constraint to piggery in Uganda. The causative agent of ASF is a large double-stranded linear DNA virus with a complex structure. There are twenty-four ASFV genotypes described to date; however, in Uganda, only genotypes IX and X have been previously described. Inadequate ASF outbreak investigation has contributed to the delayed establishment of effective interventions to aid the control of ASF. Continuous virus characterization enhances the understanding of ASF epidemiology in terms of viral genome variations, extent, severity, and the potential source of the viruses responsible for outbreaks. We collected samples from pigs that had died of a hemorrhagic disease indicative of ASF. DNA was extracted from all samples and screened with the OIE recommended diagnostic PCR for ASF. Partial B646L (p72), full-length E183L (p54) genes, and CVR region of the P72 gene were amplified, purified, and sequenced. Web-based BLAST and MEGA X software were used for sequence analysis. ASF was confirmed in 10 of the 15 suspected pig samples. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed circulation of genotype IX by both full-length E183 (p54) and partial B646L (p72) gene sequencing. Intragenotypic resolution of the CVR region revealed major deletions in the virus genome, in some isolates of this study. The marked reduction in the number of tetrameric tandem repeats in some isolates of this study could potentially play a role in influencing the virulence of this particular genotype IX in Uganda.","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":"2019 ","pages":"1463245"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/1463245","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37377077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 23

Epstein-Barr Virus- (EBV-) Immortalized Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines (LCLs) Express High Level of CD23 but Low CD27 to Support Their Growth. eb病毒(EBV)永生化淋巴母细胞样细胞系(LCLs)表达高水平CD23而低水平CD27以支持其生长。

IF 2.2

Advances in Virology Pub Date : 2019-03-28 eCollection Date: 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6464521

Hooi-Yeen Yap, Thin-Sam Siow, Sook-Khuan Chow, Sin-Yeang Teow

{"title":"Epstein-Barr Virus- (EBV-) Immortalized Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines (LCLs) Express High Level of CD23 but Low CD27 to Support Their Growth.","authors":"Hooi-Yeen Yap, Thin-Sam Siow, Sook-Khuan Chow, Sin-Yeang Teow","doi":"10.1155/2019/6464521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6464521","url":null,"abstract":"Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is one of the common human herpesvirus types in the world. EBV is known to infect more than 95% of adults in the world. The virus mainly infects B lymphocytes and could immortalize and transform the cells into EBV-bearing lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). Limited studies have been focused on characterizing the surface marker expression of the immortalized LCLs. This study demonstrates the generation of 15 LCLs from sixteen rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and a healthy volunteer using B95-8 marmoset-derived EBV. The success rate of LCL generation was 88.23%. All CD19+ LCLs expressed CD23 (16.94-58.9%) and CD27 (15.74-80.89%) on cell surface. Our data demonstrated two distinct categories of LCLs (fast- and slow-growing) (p<0.05) based on their doubling time. The slow-growing LCLs showed lower CD23 level (35.28%) compared to fast-growing LCLs (42.39%). In contrast, the slow-growing LCLs showed higher percentage in both CD27 alone and CD23+CD27+ in combination. Overall, these findings may suggest the correlations of cellular CD23 and CD27 expression with the proliferation rate of the generated LCLs. Increase expression of CD23 may play a role in EBV immortalization of B-cells and the growth and maintenance of the EBV-transformed LCLs while CD27 expression might have inhibitory effects on LCL proliferation. Further investigations are warranted to these speculations.","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":"2019 ","pages":"6464521"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/6464521","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37206799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Poly-ADP Ribosyl Polymerase 1 (PARP1) Regulates Influenza A Virus Polymerase. 聚adp核糖基聚合酶1 (PARP1)调控甲型流感病毒聚合酶

IF 2.2

Advances in Virology Pub Date : 2019-03-19 eCollection Date: 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8512363

Liset Westera, Alisha M Jennings, Jad Maamary, Martin Schwemmle, Adolfo García-Sastre, Eric Bortz

{"title":"Poly-ADP Ribosyl Polymerase 1 (PARP1) Regulates Influenza A Virus Polymerase.","authors":"Liset Westera, Alisha M Jennings, Jad Maamary, Martin Schwemmle, Adolfo García-Sastre, Eric Bortz","doi":"10.1155/2019/8512363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8512363","url":null,"abstract":"Influenza A viruses (IAV) are evolutionarily successful pathogens, capable of infecting a number of avian and mammalian species and responsible for pandemic and seasonal epidemic disease in humans. To infect new species, IAV typically must overcome a number of species barriers to entry, replication, and egress, even while virus replication is counteracted by antiviral host factors and innate immune mechanisms. A number of host factors have been found to regulate the replication of IAV by interacting with the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP). The host factor PARP1, a poly-ADP ribosyl polymerase, was required for optimal functions of human, swine, and avian influenza RdRP in human 293T cells. In IAV infection, PARP1 was required for efficient synthesis of viral nucleoprotein (NP) in human lung A549 cells. Intriguingly, pharmacological inhibition of PARP1 enzymatic activity (PARylation) by 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide led to a 4-fold increase in RdRP activity, and a 2.3-fold increase in virus titer. Exogenous expression of the natural PARylation inhibitor PARG also enhanced RdRP activity. These data suggest a virus-host interaction dynamic where PARP1 protein itself is required, but cellular PARylation has a distinct suppressive modality, on influenza A viral polymerase activity in human cells.","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":"2019 ","pages":"8512363"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/8512363","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37180723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11

Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Dromedary Camels and Small Ruminants in Mandera and Wajir Counties of Kenya. 肯尼亚曼德拉县和瓦吉尔县单峰骆驼和小反刍动物中的小反刍兽疫。

IF 2.2

Advances in Virology Pub Date : 2019-03-04 eCollection Date: 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4028720

R N Omani, G C Gitao, J Gachohi, P K Gathumbi, B A Bwihangane, K Abbey, V J Chemweno

{"title":"Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Dromedary Camels and Small Ruminants in Mandera and Wajir Counties of Kenya.","authors":"R N Omani, G C Gitao, J Gachohi, P K Gathumbi, B A Bwihangane, K Abbey, V J Chemweno","doi":"10.1155/2019/4028720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4028720","url":null,"abstract":"A study was conducted to determine the presence of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in camel population kept together with small ruminants in Isiolo, Mandera, Marsabit, and Wajir counties of Kenya. This was done in the wake of a disease with unknown etiology \"Camel Sudden Death Syndrome\" camels in the horn of Africa. Thirty-eight (38) samples, 12, 8, 15, and 3 samples, were collected from Mandera, Wajir, Isiolo, and Marsabit, respectively, from 25 camels, 7 goats, and 4 sheep. One camel in Mandera and one goat in Wajir were confirmed positive for PPR virus (PPRV) through reverse Polymerase Chain Reaction. The analysis of sequences revealed closest nucleotide identities of obtained sequences from both goat and camel to the lineage III of PPRV albeit with 60.29% of nucleotide identity. This study establishes that camels in the study area suffer with PPR manifest clinical signs that are mainly characterized by inappetence, loss of body condition, and general weakness terminally leading to diarrhea, conjunctivitis, and ocular nasal discharges preceding death. These clinical signs are similar to those observed in small ruminants with slight variations of manifestations such as keratoconjunctivitis as well as edema of the ventral surface of the abdomen. This shows that camels could be involved in the epidemiology of PPR in the region and that PPRV could be involved in the epidemics of Camel Sudden Death syndrome. There is therefore a need for resources to be dedicated in understanding the role camels play in the epidemiology of PPR and the role of the disease in Camels Sudden death syndrome.","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":"2019 ","pages":"4028720"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/4028720","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37291243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 22

Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Analysis of Citrus tristeza virus Isolates from Turkey. 柑桔衰退病毒土耳其分离株的遗传多样性和系统发育分析。

IF 2.2

Advances in Virology Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7163747

Gözde Erkiş-Güngör, Bayram Çevik

{"title":"Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Analysis of Citrus tristeza virus Isolates from Turkey.","authors":"Gözde Erkiş-Güngör, Bayram Çevik","doi":"10.1155/2019/7163747","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2019/7163747","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) in Turkey has been known since the 1960s and the virus was detected in all citrus growing regions of the country. Even though serological and biological characteristics of CTV have been studied since the 1980s, molecular characteristics of CTV isolates have not been studied to date in Turkey. In this study, molecular characteristics of 15 CTV isolates collected from different citrus growing regions of Turkey were determined by amplification, cloning, and sequencing of their major coat protein (CP) genes. The sequence analysis showed that the CP genes were highly conserved among Turkish isolates. However, isolates from different regions showed more genetic variation than isolates from the same region. Turkish isolates were clustered into three phylogenetic groups showing no association with geographical origins, host, or symptoms induced in indicator plants. Phylogenetic analysis of Turkish isolates with isolates from different citrus growing regions of the world including well-characterized type isolates of previously established strain specific groups revealed that some Turkish isolates were closely related to severe quick decline or stem pitting isolates. The results demonstrated that although CTV isolates from Turkey are considered biologically mild, majority of them contain severe components potentially causing quick decline or stem pitting.","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":"2019 ","pages":"7163747"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2019/7163747","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37084986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Questioning the Extreme Neurovirulence of Monkey B Virus (Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1). 质疑猴B病毒(机器α疱疹病毒1型)的极端神经毒力。

IF 2.2

Advances in Virology Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5248420

R Eberle, L Jones-Engel

引用次数: 19

Adaptation and Molecular Characterization of Two Malaysian Very Virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Isolates Adapted in BGM-70 Cell Line. 两株马来西亚非常强毒传染性法氏囊病病毒在BGM-70细胞系上的适应和分子特性

IF 2.2

Advances in Virology Pub Date : 2017-01-01 Epub Date: 2017-11-05 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8359047

Nafi'u Lawal, Mohd Hair-Bejo, Siti Suri Arshad, Abdul Rahman Omar, Aini Ideris

{"title":"Adaptation and Molecular Characterization of Two Malaysian Very Virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Isolates Adapted in BGM-70 Cell Line.","authors":"Nafi'u Lawal, Mohd Hair-Bejo, Siti Suri Arshad, Abdul Rahman Omar, Aini Ideris","doi":"10.1155/2017/8359047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8359047","url":null,"abstract":"Two Malaysian very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) strains UPM0081 and UPM190 (also known as UPMB00/81 and UPM04/190, respectively) isolated from local IBD outbreaks were serially passaged 12 times (EP12) in specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken embryonated eggs (CEE) by chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) route. The EP12 isolate was further adapted and serially propagated in BGM-70 cell line up to 20 passages (P20). Characteristic cytopathic effects (CPEs) were subtly observed at P1 in both isolates 72 hours postinoculation (pi). The CPE became prominent at P5 with cell rounding, cytoplasmic vacuoles, granulation, and detachment from flask starting from day 3 pi, up to 7 days pi with titers of 109.50 TCID50/mL and log109.80 TCID50/mL for UPM0081 and UPM190, respectively. The CPE became subtle at P17 and disappeared by P18 and P19 for UPM0081 and UPM190, respectively. However, the presence of IBDV was confirmed by immunoperoxidase, immunofluorescence, and RT-PCR techniques. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these two isolates were of the vvIBDV. It appears that a single mutation of UPM190 and UPM0081 IBDV isolates at D279N could facilitate vvIBDV strain adaptability in CEE and BGM-70 cultures.","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":"2017 ","pages":"8359047"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2017/8359047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35638289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 14

Phage-Displayed Peptides Selected to Bind Envelope Glycoprotein Show Antiviral Activity against Dengue Virus Serotype 2. 选择与包膜糖蛋白结合的噬菌体显示肽对登革热病毒血清型 2 具有抗病毒活性。

IF 2.2

Advances in Virology Pub Date : 2017-01-01 Epub Date: 2017-09-10 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1827341

Carolina de la Guardia, Mario Quijada, Ricardo Lleonart

{"title":"Phage-Displayed Peptides Selected to Bind Envelope Glycoprotein Show Antiviral Activity against Dengue Virus Serotype 2.","authors":"Carolina de la Guardia, Mario Quijada, Ricardo Lleonart","doi":"10.1155/2017/1827341","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2017/1827341","url":null,"abstract":"Dengue virus is a growing public health threat that affects hundreds of million peoples every year and leave huge economic and social damage. The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes and the incidence of the disease is increasing, among other causes, due to the geographical expansion of the vector's range and the lack of effectiveness in public health interventions in most prevalent countries. So far, no highly effective vaccine or antiviral has been developed for this virus. Here we employed phage display technology to identify peptides able to block the DENV2. A random peptide library presented in M13 phages was screened with recombinant dengue envelope and its fragment domain III. After four rounds of panning, several binding peptides were identified, synthesized, and tested against the virus. Three peptides were able to block the infectivity of the virus while not being toxic to the target cells. Blind docking simulations were done to investigate the possible mode of binding, showing that all peptides appear to bind domain III of the protein and may be mostly stabilized by hydrophobic interactions. These results are relevant to the development of novel therapeutics against this important virus.","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":"2017 ","pages":"1827341"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5610824/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35552958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Incidence and Molecular Characterization of Hepatitis E Virus from Swine in Eastern Cape, South Africa. 南非东开普省猪戊型肝炎病毒的发病率和分子特征

IF 2.2

Advances in Virology Pub Date : 2017-01-01 Epub Date: 2017-01-16 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1073253

Olusesan Adeyemi Adelabu, Benson Chuks Iweriebor, U U Nwodo, Larry Chikwelu Obi, Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh

{"title":"Incidence and Molecular Characterization of Hepatitis E Virus from Swine in Eastern Cape, South Africa.","authors":"Olusesan Adeyemi Adelabu, Benson Chuks Iweriebor, U U Nwodo, Larry Chikwelu Obi, Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh","doi":"10.1155/2017/1073253","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2017/1073253","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis E virus-mediated infection is a serious public health concern in economically developing nations of the world. Globally, four major genotypes of HEV have been documented. Hepatitis E has been suggested to be zoonotic owing to the increase of evidence through various studies. Thus far, this paper reports on prevalence of hepatitis E virus among swine herd in selected communal and commercial farms in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. A total of 160 faecal samples were collected from swine herds in Amathole and Chris Hani District Municipalities of Eastern Cape Province for the presence of HEV. Of the 160 faecal samples screened, only seven were positive (4.4%) for HEV. The nucleotide sequences analyses revealed the isolates as sharing 82% to 99% identities with other strains (KX896664, KX896665, KX896666, KX896667, KX896668, KX896669, and KX896670) from different regions of the world. We conclude that HEV is present among swine in the Eastern Cape Province, albeit in low incidence, and this does have public health implications. There is a need for maintenance of high hygienic standards in order to prevent human infections through swine faecal materials and appropriate cooking of pork is highly advised.","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":"2017 1","pages":"1073253"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5278201/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49053513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Global Status of Porcine circovirus Type 2 and Its Associated Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa. 猪圆环病毒2型及其在撒哈拉以南非洲相关疾病的全球状况

IF 2.2

Advances in Virology Pub Date : 2017-01-01 Epub Date: 2017-03-12 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6807964

Kayode O Afolabi, Benson C Iweriebor, Anthony I Okoh, Larry C Obi

{"title":"Global Status of Porcine circovirus Type 2 and Its Associated Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa.","authors":"Kayode O Afolabi, Benson C Iweriebor, Anthony I Okoh, Larry C Obi","doi":"10.1155/2017/6807964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6807964","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a recognized viral pathogen of great economic value in pig farming. It is the major cause of ravaging postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and many other disease syndromes generally regarded as Porcine circovirus associated diseases (PCVAD) in Europe. PCV2 infections, specifically PMWS, had impacted huge economic loss on swine production at different regions of the world. It has been studied and reported at different parts of the globe including: North and South America, Europe, Asia, Oceania, Middle East, and the Caribbean. However, till date, this virus and its associated diseases have been grossly understudied in sub-Sahara African region and the entire continent at large. Two out of forty-nine, representing just about 4% of countries that make up sub-Sahara Africa presently, have limited records on reported cases and occurrence of the viral pathogen despite the ubiquitous nature of the virus. This review presents an overview of the discovery of Porcine circovirus and its associated diseases in global pig herds and emphasizes the latest trends in PCV2 vaccines and antiviral drugs development and the information gaps that exist on the occurrence of this important viral pathogen in swine herds of sub-Saharan Africa countries. This will serve as wake-up call for immediate and relevant actions by stakeholders in the region.","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":"2017 ","pages":"6807964"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2017/6807964","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34893522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 41