Advances in Virology最新文献

{"title":"Characterization of Canine Adenovirus Type 2 Virus Infection Pattern in Canine and Human Cell Lines.","authors":"Madison D Hogans,&nbsp;Will P Kretzschmar,&nbsp;Theresa A Higgins,&nbsp;Atonu Chakrabortty,&nbsp;Rebecca L Nance,&nbsp;Bruce F Smith,&nbsp;Deepa Bedi,&nbsp;Maninder Sandey,&nbsp;Payal Agarwal","doi":"10.1155/2022/3658970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3658970","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV2) is a nonhuman adenovirus with a known ability to infect human and canine cells. The cell surface receptors involved in CAV2 transduction are still unknown. Identification of these would provide valuable information to develop enhanced gene delivery tools and better understand CAV2 biology. CAV2 is erroneously grouped with Ad5 based on the knowledge that CAV2 may transduce using CAR. Therefore, we have evaluated CAV2 and Ad5 (CAV2GFP, Ad5G/L) infection patterns in various canine and human cell lines to determine their different tropisms. Our research demonstrates that CAV2 can successfully infect cells that Ad5 does not infect, and CAV2 infections do not correlate with CAR expression. CAV2 can infect cells that have a low or minimal expression of CAR. Our data suggest that CAV2 transduction is not dependent on the CAR receptor, and thus, it is crucial to find novel CAV2 receptors.</p>","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9800077/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10852618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Use of Mebendazole in COVID-19 Patients: An Observational Retrospective Single Center Study.","authors":"Mostafa W Galal,&nbsp;Mahmoud Ahmed,&nbsp;Yanqiu Shao,&nbsp;Chao Xing,&nbsp;Wael Ali,&nbsp;Abd Elhamid Baly,&nbsp;Abdallah Elfiky,&nbsp;Khaled Amer,&nbsp;John Schoggins,&nbsp;Hesham A Sadek,&nbsp;Zeinab N Gobara","doi":"10.1155/2022/3014686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3014686","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>An <i>in-silico</i> screen identified mebendazole with potential antiviral activity that could be a repurposed drug against SARS-CoV-2. Mebendazole is a well-tolerated and cheap antihelminthic agent that is readily available worldwide and thus could be a therapeutic tool in the fight against COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is an observational retrospective study of PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients who received mebendazole with the intention-to-treat. The study included an inpatient cohort (157 inpatients) and an outpatient cohort (185 outpatients). Of the 157 inpatients and 185 outpatients, 68 (43.3%) and 94 (50.8%) received mebendazole, respectively. Patients who presented within the same timeframe but did not receive mebendazole were used as controls. Patients received standard-of-care treatment including remdesivir, dexamethasone, and anticoagulants as deemed necessary by the treating physician. The following clinical outcomes were evaluated: for the inpatient cohort, length of stay (LOS) at the hospital, need for ventilation (combined invasive and noninvasive), and mortality; for the outpatient cohort, time to symptom resolution, need for hospitalization, and mortality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For the inpatient cohort, the median age did not differ between the treatment and control groups; 62 (56, 67) vs. 62 (56, 68), <i>P</i>, and there was a comparable proportion of males in both groups; 43 (63%) vs. 55 (62%), <i>P</i>=0.85. The hospital LOS was 3.5 days shorter in the treatment group compared to the control group (<i>P</i> < 0.001). There were fewer patients who required invasive or noninvasive ventilation in the treatment group, 2 (2.9%) vs. 7 (7.9%), and the mortality rate is lower in the treatment group, 3 (4.4%) vs. 8 (9.0%), though the differences did not reach statistical significance. For the outpatient cohort, the median age was lower in the treatment group compared with the control group; 40 (34, 48) vs. 48 (41, 54), <i>P</i> < 0.001. There was a comparable proportion of males between both groups; 50 (53%) vs. 52 (57%), <i>P</i>=0.59. Patients in the treatment group were 3.3 days closer to symptom resolution (<i>P</i> < 0.001). There were numerically fewer patients requiring hospitalization in the treatment group compared with the control group, 3 (3.2%) vs. 6 (6.6%), though this did not reach statistical significance (<i>P</i>=0.33).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this retrospective observational study, the use of mebendazole in COVID-19 patients was associated with shorter hospitalizations in the inpatient cohort and shorter durations of symptom resolution in the outpatient cohort. The findings from this small observational study are hypothesis-generating and preclude drawing conclusions about clinical efficacy. Further studies are needed to examine the role of mebendazole in the treatment of COVID-19 patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9759380/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9183903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatitis A and E Viruses in Mussels from Cherrat Estuary in Morocco: Detection by Real-Time Reverse Transcription PCR Analysis.","authors":"Hanaâ Bazir,&nbsp;Najwa Hassou,&nbsp;Fatiha El Mellouli,&nbsp;Hasnae Zekhnini,&nbsp;Saliha Najib,&nbsp;Moulay Mustapha Ennaji","doi":"10.1155/2022/8066356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8066356","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of the present study was to evaluate hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) contamination in mussels (<i>Mytilus galloprovincialis</i>) from Cherrat estuary (Moroccan Atlantic Coast), Morocco. In total, 52 samples (<i>n</i> = 12 mussels/each) were collected at four sites in the estuary, monthly, between March 2019 and March 2020. HAV and HEV were detected by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) according to the ISO/TS 15216 method. HAV was detected in 46.15% of analyzed samples. Conversely, HEV was not detected in any sample. Moreover, the HAV detection rate was significantly associated with seasonal rainfall variations. This qualitative study on HAV and HEV contamination highlights the interest of studying mussel samples from wild areas. As HAV presence in mussels represents a potential health risk, viral contamination surveillance of mussels is necessary to protect consumers. HAV shellfish contamination must be monitored at Cherrat estuary because of the role played by shellfish as HAV reservoirs and/or vehicles in fecal-oral HAV transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9722280/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10371204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergency Use of Tocilizumab in Moderate and Severe COVID-19 Patients over the Prevaccination Stage during the Pandemic in Mexico.","authors":"Yessica Bernal Luna,&nbsp;Alejandro Esquivel Loza,&nbsp;José de Jesús Garduño García","doi":"10.1155/2022/6880405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6880405","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>COVID-19 has been associated with the overactivation of the immune system; interleukin-6 (IL-6) seems to have a key role, which made its moderation to be proposed as a therapeutic blank. Tocilizumab has been used as part of treatments to modulate the immune response to infections caused by COVID-19. <i>Material and Methods</i>. An observational, descriptive, retrospective, and transversal study was carried out in patients diagnosed with moderate-severe COVID-19 who were hospitalized in the 251 General Regional Hospital from March to December 2020.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A review of 700 files corresponding to hospitalized patients was carried out, and a sample of 70 patients who met the inclusion criteria proposed for this protocol was obtained. Among the comorbidities associated with the disease, it was found that hypertensive patients have a higher mortality rate: 62% died and so did 59% of those who needed invasive respiratory support. As regards admission tests, statistical significance was found for the figures of leukocytes, neutrophils, glomerular filtration rate, and PCR.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The use of this drug benefits mainly young nonhypertensive patients with a moderate disease and preserved renal functions with no need for invasive respiratory support, regardless of other comorbidities.</p>","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9747308/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10424708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Narrative Review of Existing Options for COVID-19-Specific Treatments.","authors":"Wasey Ali Yadullahi Mir,&nbsp;Abdul Hasan Siddiqui,&nbsp;Gautam Valecha,&nbsp;Shawn Patel,&nbsp;Fatima Ayub,&nbsp;Riddhi Upadhyay,&nbsp;Sana Ahmed Alhajri,&nbsp;Suman Gaire,&nbsp;Dhan Bahadur Shrestha","doi":"10.1155/2021/8554192","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2021/8554192","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a global pandemic in early 2020. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has affected morbidity and mortality tremendously. Even though multiple drugs are being used throughout the world since the advent of COVID-19, only limited treatment options are available for COVID-19. Therefore, drugs targeting various pathologic aspects of the disease are being explored. Multiple studies have been published to demonstrate their clinical efficacy until now. Based on the current evidence to date, we summarized the mechanism, roles, and side effects of all existing treatment options to target this potentially fatal virus.</p>","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8604608/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39732883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Vitro Comparison of the Internal Ribosomal Entry Site Activity from Rodent Hepacivirus and Pegivirus and Construction of Pseudoparticles.","authors":"Stuart Sims,&nbsp;Kevin Michaelsen,&nbsp;Sara Burkhard,&nbsp;Cornel Fraefel","doi":"10.1155/2021/5569844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5569844","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) of rodent hepacivirus (RHV) and pegivirus (RPgV) contains sequence homology to the HCV type III internal ribosome entry sites (IRES). Utilizing a monocistronic expression vector with an RNA polymerase I promoter to drive transcription, we show cell-specific IRES translation and regions within the IRES required for full functionality. Focusing on RHV, we further pseudotyped lentivirus with RHV and showed cell surface expression of the envelope proteins and transduction of murine hepatocytes and we then constructed full-length RHV and RPgV replicons with reporter genes. Using the replicon system, we show that the RHV NS3-4A protease cleaves a mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein reporter. However, liver-derived cells did not readily support the complete viral life cycle.</p>","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8376455/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39334328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Risk of Clinical Deterioration among Inpatients with COVID-19.","authors":"Víctor O Costa,&nbsp;Eveline M Nicolini,&nbsp;Bruna M A da Costa,&nbsp;Fabrício M Teixeira,&nbsp;Júlia P Ferreira,&nbsp;Marcos A Moura,&nbsp;Jorge Montessi,&nbsp;Rogério L Campos,&nbsp;Andrea N Guaraldo,&nbsp;Patrícia M Costa","doi":"10.1155/2021/6689669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6689669","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to assess the risk of severe forms of COVID-19, based on clinical, laboratory, and imaging markers in patients initially admitted to the ward. This is a retrospective observational study, with data from electronic medical records of inpatients, with laboratory confirmation of COVID-19, between March and September 2020, in a hospital from Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil. Participants (n = 74) were separated into two groups by clinical evolution: those who remained in the ward and those who progressed to the ICU. Mann–Whitney U test was taken for continuous variables and the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. Comparing the proposed groups, lower values of lymphocytes (p = <0.001) and increases in serum creatinine (p = 0.009), LDH (p = 0.057), troponin (p = 0.018), IL-6 (p = 0.053), complement C4 (p = 0.040), and CRP (p = 0.053) showed significant differences or statistical tendency for clinical deterioration. The average age of the groups was 47.9 ± 16.5 and 66.5 ± 7.3 years (p = 0.001). Hypertension (p = 0.064), heart disease (p = 0.048), and COPD (p = 0.039) were more linked to ICU admission, as well as the presence of tachypnea on admission (p = 0.051). Ground-glass involvement >25% of the lung parenchyma or pleural effusion on chest CT showed association with evolution to ICU (p = 0.027), as well as bilateral opacifications (p = 0.030) when compared to unilateral ones. Laboratory, clinical, and imaging markers may have significant relation with worse outcomes and the need for intensive treatment, being helpful as predictive factors.","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8241522/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39180619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural Products with Inhibitory Activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1.","authors":"Maria S Serna-Arbeláez, Laura Florez-Sampedro, Lina P Orozco, Katherin Ramírez, Elkin Galeano, Wildeman Zapata","doi":"10.1155/2021/5552088","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2021/5552088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infections caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are considered one of the main public health problems worldwide. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the current modality of treatment for HIV-1 infection. It comprises the combined use of several drugs and can decrease the viral load and increase the CD4⁺ T cell count in patients with HIV-1 infection, thereby proving to be an effective modality. This therapy significantly decreases the rate of morbidity and mortality owing to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and prolongs and improves the quality of life of infected patients. However, nonadherence to ART may increase viral resistance to antiretroviral drugs and transmission of drug-resistant strains of HIV. Therefore, it is necessary to continue research for compounds with anti-HIV-1 activity, exhibiting a potential for the development of an alternative or complementary therapy to ART with low cost and fewer side effects. Natural products and their derivatives represent an excellent option owing to their therapeutic potential against HIV. Currently, the derivatives of natural products available as anti-HIV-1 agents include zidovudine, an arabinonucleoside derivative of the Caribbean marine sponge (<i>Tectitethya crypta</i>), which inhibits the reverse transcriptase of the virus. This was the first antiviral agent approved for treatment of HIV infection. Additionally, bevirimat (isolated from <i>Syzygium claviflorum</i>) and calanolide A (isolated from <i>Calophyllum</i> sp.) are inhibitors of viral maturation and reverse transcription process, respectively. In the present review, we aimed to describe the wide repertoire of natural compounds exhibiting anti-HIV-1 activity that can be considered for designing new therapeutic strategies to curb the HIV pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8181102/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39125375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survival of SARS-CoV-2 on Clothing Materials.","authors":"Jenni Virtanen,&nbsp;Kirsi Aaltonen,&nbsp;Ilkka Kivistö,&nbsp;Tarja Sironen","doi":"10.1155/2021/6623409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6623409","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In order to plan and execute proper preventative measures against COVID-19, we need to understand how SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted. It has been shown to remain infectious on surfaces from hours to days depending on surface type and environmental factors. The possibility of transmission through fur animals and contaminated pelts, along with the safety of those working with them, is a major concern. SARS-CoV-2 can infect minks and raccoon dogs and has spread to mink farms in numerous countries. Here, we studied the stability of SARS-CoV-2 on blue fox, Finn raccoon, and American mink pelt, fake fur, cotton, plastic, faux leather, and polyester and tested its inactivation by UV light and heat treatment. We detected infectious virus up to 5 days on plastic, up to 1 day on fake fur, less than a day on cotton, polyester, and faux leather, and even 10 days on mink fur. UV light failed to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 on pelts, most likely due to the mechanical protection by the fur. Hence, it should not be used to inactivate the virus on fur products, and its use for other surfaces should also be considered carefully. Heat treatment at 60°C for 1 h inactivated the virus on all surfaces and is a promising method to be applied in practice. This study helps prevent further spread of COVID-19 by increasing our understanding about risks of SARS-CoV-2 spread through contaminated clothing materials and giving important information needed to improve safety of those working in the production line as well as people using the products.</p>","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8049815/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38933179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk Factors for Chikungunya Virus Outbreak in Somali Region of Ethiopia, 2019: Unmatched Case-Control Study","authors":"Mikias Alayu, T. Teshome, H. Amare, S. Kinde, Desalegn Belay, Zewdu Assefa","doi":"10.1155/2021/8847906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8847906","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Chikungunya virus is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus transmitted by a mosquito bite. Chikungunya virus outbreaks are characterized by rapid spread, and the disease manifests as acute fever. This study aimed at determining risk factors for chikungunya virus outbreak to apply appropriate prevention and control measures. Methods. Unmatched case-control study was performed to identify risk factors of chikungunya outbreak in Somali region of Ethiopia in 2019. Cases and controls were enrolled with 1 : 2 ratio. All cases during the study period (74 cases) and 148 controls were included in the study. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were implemented. The serum samples were tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction at Ethiopian Public Health Institute Laboratory. Results. A total of 74 chikungunya fever cases were reported starting from 19th May 2019 to 8th June 2019. Not using bed net at daytime sleeping (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 20.8; 95% confidence interval (CI): 6.4–66.7), presence of open water holding container (AOR: 4.0; CI: 1.2–3.5), presence of larvae in water holding container (AOR: 4.8; CI: 1.4–16.8), ill person with similar signs and symptoms in the family or neighbors (AOR: 27.9; CI: 6.5–120.4), and not wearing full body cover clothes (AOR: 8.1; CI: 2.2–30.1) were significant risk factors. Conclusion. Not using bed net at daytime sleeping, presence of open water holding container, presence of larvae in water holding container, ill person with similar signs and symptoms in the family or neighbors, and not wearing full body cover clothes are risk factors for chikungunya virus outbreak.","PeriodicalId":7473,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Virology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42028896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}