American journal of epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Medication management in long-term care: using evidence generated from real-world data to effect policy change in the Australian setting.","authors":"Janet K Sluggett, Maria C Inacio, Gillian E Caughey","doi":"10.1093/aje/kwae136","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aje/kwae136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Older individuals residing in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) are often living with multimorbidity and exposed to polypharmacy, and many experience medication-related problems. Because randomized controlled trials seldom include individuals in LTCFs, pharmacoepidemiological studies using real-world data are essential sources of new knowledge on the utilization, safety, and effectiveness of pharmacotherapies and related health outcomes in this population. In this commentary, we discuss recent pharmacoepidemiological research undertaken to support the investigations and recommendations of a landmark public inquiry into the quality and safety of care provided in the approximately 3000 Australian LTCFs that house more than 240 000 residents annually, which informed subsequent national medication-related policy reforms. Suitable sources of real-world data for pharmacoepidemiological studies in long-term care cohorts and methodological considerations are also discussed. This article is part of a Special Collection on Pharmacoepidemiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":7472,"journal":{"name":"American journal of epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1645-1649"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11637509/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141417219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detecting changes in population trends in infection surveillance using community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence as an exemplar.","authors":"Emma Pritchard, Karina-Doris Vihta, David W Eyre, Susan Hopkins, Tim E A Peto, Philippa C Matthews, Nicole Stoesser, Ruth Studley, Emma Rourke, Ian Diamond, Koen B Pouwels, Ann Sarah Walker, Covid- Infection Survey Team","doi":"10.1093/aje/kwae091","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aje/kwae091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Detecting and quantifying changes in the growth rates of infectious diseases is vital to informing public health strategy and can inform policymakers' rationale for implementing or continuing interventions aimed at reducing their impact. Substantial changes in SARS-CoV-2 prevalence with the emergence of variants have provided an opportunity to investigate different methods for doing this. We collected polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results from all participants in the United Kingdom's COVID-19 Infection Survey between August 1, 2020, and June 30, 2022. Change points for growth rates were identified using iterative sequential regression (ISR) and second derivatives of generalized additive models (GAMs). Consistency between methods and timeliness of detection were compared. Of 8 799 079 study visits, 147 278 (1.7%) were PCR-positive. Change points associated with the emergence of major variants were estimated to occur a median of 4 days earlier (IQR, 0-8) when using GAMs versus ISR. When estimating recent change points using successive data periods, 4 change points (4/96) identified by GAMs were not found when adding later data or by ISR. Change points were detected 3-5 weeks after they occurred under both methods but could be detected earlier within specific subgroups. Change points in growth rates of SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in near real time using ISR and second derivatives of GAMs. To increase certainty about changes in epidemic trajectories, both methods could be used in parallel.</p>","PeriodicalId":7472,"journal":{"name":"American journal of epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1848-1860"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7616874/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141160521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The pandemic preterm paradox: a test of competing explanations.","authors":"Ralph A Catalano, Tim A Bruckner, Alison Gemmill, Claire E Margerison","doi":"10.1093/aje/kwae128","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aje/kwae128","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epidemiologists have long argued that side effects of the stress response include preterm birth. Research reports that fear of lethal infection stressed pregnant persons at the outset of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and that \"shutdowns\" and \"social distancing\" impeded access to social support and prenatal care. The decline in preterm births in high-income countries, including the United States, during the early months of the pandemic therefore poses a paradox for science. Explanations of this \"pandemic preterm paradox\" remain untested. We applied time-series modeling to data describing 80 monthly conception cohorts begun in the United States from July 2013 through February 2020 to determine which of 3 explanations most parsimoniously explained the paradox. We infer that \"prior loss,\" or the argument that an increase in spontaneous abortions and stillbirths depleted the population of fetuses at risk of preterm birth, best explains data currently available. We describe the implications of these results for public health practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":7472,"journal":{"name":"American journal of epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1823-1831"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11637531/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141417278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Study of the Epidemiology of Pediatric Hypertension Registry (SUPERHERO): rationale and methods.","authors":"Andrew M South, Victoria C Giammattei, Kiri W Bagley, Christine Y Bakhoum, William H Beasley, Morgan B Bily, Shupti Biswas, Aaron M Bridges, Rushelle L Byfield, Jessica Fallon Campbell, Rahul Chanchlani, Ashton Chen, Lucy D'Agostino McGowan, Stephen M Downs, Gina M Fergeson, Jason H Greenberg, Taylor A Hill-Horowitz, Elizabeth T Jensen, Mahmoud Kallash, Margret Kamel, Stefan G Kiessling, David M Kline, John R Laisure, Gang Liu, Jackson Londeree, Caroline B Lucas, Sai Sudha Mannemuddhu, Kuo-Rei Mao, Jason M Misurac, Margaret O Murphy, James T Nugent, Elizabeth A Onugha, Ashna Pudupakkam, Kathy M Redmond, Sandeep Riar, Christine B Sethna, Sahar Siddiqui, Ashley L Thumann, Stephen R Uss, Carol L Vincent, Irina V Viviano, Michael J Walsh, Blanche D White, Robert P Woroniecki, Michael Wu, Ikuyo Yamaguchi, Emily Yun, Donald J Weaver","doi":"10.1093/aje/kwae116","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aje/kwae116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite increasing prevalence of hypertension in youth and high adult cardiovascular mortality rates, the long-term consequences of youth-onset hypertension remain unknown. This is due to limitations of prior research, such as small sample sizes, reliance on manual record review, and limited analytic methods, that did not address major biases. The Study of the Epidemiology of Pediatric Hypertension (SUPERHERO) is a multisite, retrospective registry of youth evaluated by subspecialists for hypertension disorders. Sites obtain harmonized electronic health record data using standardized biomedical informatics scripts validated with randomized manual record review. Inclusion criteria are index visit for International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) code-defined hypertension disorder on or after January 1, 2015, and age < 19 years. We exclude patients with ICD-10 code-defined pregnancy, kidney failure on dialysis, or kidney transplantation. Data include demographics, anthropomorphics, US Census Bureau tract, histories, blood pressure, ICD-10 codes, medications, laboratory and imaging results, and ambulatory blood pressure. SUPERHERO leverages expertise in epidemiology, statistics, clinical care, and biomedical informatics to create the largest and most diverse registry of youth with newly diagnosed hypertension disorders. SUPERHERO's goals are to reduce CVD burden across the life course and establish gold-standard biomedical informatics methods for youth with hypertension disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":7472,"journal":{"name":"American journal of epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1650-1661"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11637526/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141330203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk for experiencing psychological and sexual abuse on- and offline: a comparison of bisexual, gay/lesbian, and heterosexual women and men.","authors":"Sara B Chadwick, Jacqueline Woerner, Eric W Schrimshaw","doi":"10.1093/aje/kwae126","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aje/kwae126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dating abuse research on lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) populations tends to aggregate LGB participants for comparisons with heterosexuals and often excludes nonassaultive dating abuse and abuse that takes place on online dating applications. In the present study, we used the Pew Research Center's 2019 American Trends Panel Wave 56 data set (n = 4712) to compare ever experiencing several types of nonassaultive on- and offline dating abuse between bisexual women (n = 402), lesbian women (n = 207), heterosexual women (n = 1802), bisexual men (n = 225), gay men (n = 575), and heterosexual men (n = 1501). We found that gay men and bisexual women generally had the greatest odds of experiencing online dating abuse. Bisexual and heterosexual women had the greatest odds of experiencing some offline abuse (eg, being touched in an uncomfortable way), but gay men, bisexual women, and bisexual men had the greatest odds of experiencing other offline abuse (eg, having their contact information or a sexual image of them shared nonconsensually). Findings highlight how assessments of nonassaultive dating abuse in on- and offline contexts via analyses of more specified gender/sex and sexual identity groups can broaden understandings of dating abuse victimization, especially among sexual minority populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":7472,"journal":{"name":"American journal of epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1741-1749"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141426075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors for second primary cancer in a prospective cohort of endometrial cancer survivors: an Alberta Endometrial Cancer Cohort Study.","authors":"Renée L Kokts-Porietis, Dylan E O'Sullivan, Gregg Nelson, Kerry S Courneya, Linda S Cook, Christine M Friedenreich","doi":"10.1093/aje/kwae140","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aje/kwae140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We examined associations between modifiable and nonmodifiable cancer-related risk factors measured at endometrial cancer diagnosis and during early survivorship (~3 years postdiagnosis) with second primary cancer (SPC) risk among 533 endometrial cancer survivors in the Alberta Endometrial Cancer Cohort using Fine and Gray subdistribution hazard models. During a median follow-up of 16.7 years (IQR, 12.2-17.9), 89 (17%) participants developed an SPC; breast (29%), colorectal (13%), and lung (12%) cancers were the most common. Dietary glycemic load before endometrial cancer diagnosis (≥90.4 vs < 90.4 g/day: subhazard ratio [sHR] = 1.71; 95% CI, 1.09-2.69), as well as older age (≥60 vs < 60 years: sHR = 2.48; 95% CI, 1.34-4.62) and alcohol intake (≥2 drinks/week vs none: sHR = 3.81; 95% CI, 1.55-9.31) during early survivorship, were associated with increased SPC risk. Additionally, reductions in alcohol consumption from prediagnosis to early survivorship significantly reduced SPC risk (sHR = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.14-0.82). With 1 in 6 survivors developing an SPC, further investigation of SPC risk factors and targeted surveillance options for high-risk survivors could improve long-term health outcomes in this population. Reductions in dietary glycemic load and alcohol intake from prediagnosis to early survivorship showed promising risk reductions for SPCs and could be important modifiable risk factors to target among endometrial cancer survivors. This article is part of a Special Collection on Gynecological Cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":7472,"journal":{"name":"American journal of epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1701-1711"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141449399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a rural-urban classification system for public health research that accommodates structural differences between states.","authors":"Steven Erly, Claire M Mocha, Rachel M Amiya, Sara N Glick","doi":"10.1093/aje/kwae119","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aje/kwae119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rural environments in the United States present challenges to wellness, but there is a lack of tools with which to categorize rurality at the subcounty level. The most common tool, the Food and Drug Administration's 2010 Rural-Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) codes, uses data that are over a decade old and cannot accommodate regional differences in rurality. The purpose of this study was to develop a census-tract classification system of rurality and demonstrate its use in describing HIV outcomes. We transformed census-tract measures (population density, natural resource workforce, walkability index, household type, and air quality) into local scales of rurality using factor analysis. We surveyed public health practitioners to determine cutpoints and compared the resulting categorization with RUCA codes. We characterized the incidence of HIV in Washington State according to rurality category. Our classification system categorized 25% of census tracts as rural, 19% as periurban, and 56% as urban. Our survey yielded cutoffs that were more conservative in categorizing urban areas than RUCA codes. The rate of HIV diagnosis was substantially higher in urban areas. Our rural-urban classification system offers an alternative to RUCA codes that is more responsive to regional differences.</p>","PeriodicalId":7472,"journal":{"name":"American journal of epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1840-1847"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141327114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A hypothetical intervention to reduce inequities in anxiety for Multiracial people: simulating an intervention on childhood adversity.","authors":"Tracy Lam-Hine, Patrick Bradshaw, Amani Allen, Michael Omi, Corinne Riddell","doi":"10.1093/aje/kwae095","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aje/kwae095","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multiracial people report higher mean Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) scores and prevalence of anxiety than other racial groups. Studies using statistical interactions to test if associations between ACEs and anxiety are greater for this group than others have shown mixed results. Using data from waves 1 (1995-1997) through 4 (2008-2009) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), we simulated a stochastic intervention over 1000 resampled datasets to estimate the race-specific cases averted per 1000 of anxiety if all racial groups had the same exposure distribution of ACEs as Whites. Simulated cases averted were greatest for the Multiracial group, (median = -4.17 cases per 1000; 95% CI; -7.42 to -1.86). The model also predicted smaller risk reductions for Black participants (-0.76; 95% CI, -1.53 to -0.19). CIs around estimates for other racial groups included the null. An intervention to reduce racial disparities in exposure to ACEs could help reduce the inequitable burden of anxiety on the Multiracial population. Stochastic methods support consequentialist approaches to racial health equity, and can encourage greater dialogue between public health researchers, policymakers, and practitioners. This article is part of a Special Collection on Mental Health.</p>","PeriodicalId":7472,"journal":{"name":"American journal of epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1750-1757"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11637487/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141160517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addressing current limitations of household transmission studies by collecting contact data.","authors":"Maylis Layan, Niel Hens, Marieke L A de Hoog, Patricia C J L Bruijning-Verhagen, Benjamin J Cowling, Simon Cauchemez","doi":"10.1093/aje/kwae106","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aje/kwae106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Modeling studies of household transmission data have helped characterize the role of children in influenza and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemics. However, estimates from these studies may be biased since they do not account for the heterogeneous nature of household contacts. Here, we quantified the impact of contact heterogeneity between household members on the estimation of child relative susceptibility and infectivity. We simulated epidemics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-like and influenza virus-like infections in a synthetic population of 1000 households, assuming heterogeneous contact levels. Relative contact frequencies were derived from a household contact study according to which contacts are more frequent in the father-mother pair, followed by the child-mother, child-child, and finally child-father pairs. Child susceptibility and infectivity were then estimated while accounting for heterogeneous contacts or not. When ignoring contact heterogeneity, child relative susceptibility was underestimated by approximately 20% in the two disease scenarios. Child relative infectivity was underestimated by 20% when children and adults had different infectivity levels. These results are sensitive to our assumptions of European-style household contact patterns; but they highlight that household studies collecting both disease and contact data are needed to assess the role of complex household contact behavior on disease transmission and improve estimation of key biological parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":7472,"journal":{"name":"American journal of epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1832-1839"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11637528/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141282696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving prevalence estimates of mental health and well-being indicators among sexual minority men: a propensity-weighting approach.","authors":"Christoffer Dharma, Peter M Smith, Michael Escobar, Travis Salway, Victoria Landsman, Ben Klassen, Nathan J Lachowsky, Dionne Gesink","doi":"10.1093/aje/kwae107","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aje/kwae107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The prevalence and relative disparities of mental health outcomes and well-being indicators are often inconsistent across studies of sexual minority men (SMM) due to selection biases in community-based surveys (nonprobability sample), as well as misclassification biases in population-based surveys where some SMM often conceal their sexual orientation identities. The present study estimated the prevalence of mental health related outcomes (depressive symptoms, mental health service use, anxiety) and well-being indicators (loneliness and self-rated mental health) among SMM, broken down by sexual orientation using the adjusted logistic propensity score (ALP) weighting. We applied the ALP to correct for selection biases in the 2019 Sex Now data (a community-based survey of SMMs in Canada) by reweighting it to the 2015-2018 Canadian Community Health Survey (a population survey from Statistics Canada). For all SMMs, the ALP-weighted prevalence of depressive symptoms was 15.96% (95% CI, 11.36%-23.83%), while for mental health service use, it was 32.13% (95% CI, 26.09%-41.20%). The ALP estimates lie in between the crude estimates from the two surveys. This method was successful in providing a more accurate estimate than relying on results from one survey alone. We recommend to the use of ALP on other minority populations under certain assumptions. This article is part of a Special Collection on Mental Health.</p>","PeriodicalId":7472,"journal":{"name":"American journal of epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1758-1767"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11637521/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141282699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}