PNAS nexus最新文献_第10页

Perils and opportunities in using large language models in psychological research. 在心理学研究中使用大型语言模型的危险与机遇。

IF 2.2

PNAS nexus Pub Date : 2024-07-16 eCollection Date: 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae245

Suhaib Abdurahman, Mohammad Atari, Farzan Karimi-Malekabadi, Mona J Xue, Jackson Trager, Peter S Park, Preni Golazizian, Ali Omrani, Morteza Dehghani

{"title":"Perils and opportunities in using large language models in psychological research.","authors":"Suhaib Abdurahman, Mohammad Atari, Farzan Karimi-Malekabadi, Mona J Xue, Jackson Trager, Peter S Park, Preni Golazizian, Ali Omrani, Morteza Dehghani","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae245","DOIUrl":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae245","url":null,"abstract":"The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has sparked considerable interest in their potential application in psychological research, mainly as a model of the human psyche or as a general text-analysis tool. However, the trend of using LLMs without sufficient attention to their limitations and risks, which we rhetorically refer to as \"GPTology\", can be detrimental given the easy access to models such as ChatGPT. Beyond existing general guidelines, we investigate the current limitations, ethical implications, and potential of LLMs specifically for psychological research, and show their concrete impact in various empirical studies. Our results highlight the importance of recognizing global psychological diversity, cautioning against treating LLMs (especially in zero-shot settings) as universal solutions for text analysis, and developing transparent, open methods to address LLMs' opaque nature for reliable, reproducible, and robust inference from AI-generated data. Acknowledging LLMs' utility for task automation, such as text annotation, or to expand our understanding of human psychology, we argue for diversifying human samples and expanding psychology's methodological toolbox to promote an inclusive, generalizable science, countering homogenization, and over-reliance on LLMs.","PeriodicalId":74468,"journal":{"name":"PNAS nexus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11249969/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141629517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mapping the moral foundations of the European Union: Why a lack of moral diversity may undermine perceived EU legitimacy 绘制欧洲联盟的道德基础：为什么缺乏道德多样性会损害欧盟的合法性？

IF 2.2

PNAS nexus Pub Date : 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae282

E. Grosfeld, D. Scheepers, Armin Cuyvers

{"title":"Mapping the moral foundations of the European Union: Why a lack of moral diversity may undermine perceived EU legitimacy","authors":"E. Grosfeld, D. Scheepers, Armin Cuyvers","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae282","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The stability and effectiveness of supranational organizations, like the European Union, will improve when citizens perceive them as legitimate. Across three studies, two of which were preregistered, and a preregistered pilot study, we combined EU legal expertise with social psychological theory on morality to understand how perceived EU legitimacy is influenced by a sense of moral alignment with the EU. We propose that, currently, the EU gives more weight to values linked to “individualizing” moral foundations (e.g., compassion, social justice, equality) than to values linked to “binding” moral foundations (e.g., patriotism, religion, traditionalism). As this may leave people who endorse binding moral foundations feel unrepresented, we investigated whether the EU could gain legitimacy by appealing to values that resonate with binding moral foundations. In Study 1, text analyses revealed that the European Commission President’s State of the Union speeches indeed appeal more to individualizing than to binding moral foundations. Study 2 (N = 595) provided correlational evidence that the negative relation between binding moral foundations and perceived EU legitimacy was mediated by lower moral alignment with EU law. Finally, Study 3 (N = 567) showed through an experiment that reframing or rebalancing EU law to better align it with binding moral foundations could increase perceived EU legitimacy among people who endorse these moral foundations. The results illustrate the importance of understanding and attending to moral diversity among EU citizens. More generally, our work shows how a collaboration between social psychology and law contributes to safeguarding the legitimacy of supranational organizations.","PeriodicalId":74468,"journal":{"name":"PNAS nexus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141642032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Language models, like humans, show content effects on reasoning tasks. 语言模型和人类一样，在推理任务中也会表现出内容效应。

IF 2.2

PNAS nexus Pub Date : 2024-07-16 eCollection Date: 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae233

Andrew K Lampinen, Ishita Dasgupta, Stephanie C Y Chan, Hannah R Sheahan, Antonia Creswell, Dharshan Kumaran, James L McClelland, Felix Hill

{"title":"Language models, like humans, show content effects on reasoning tasks.","authors":"Andrew K Lampinen, Ishita Dasgupta, Stephanie C Y Chan, Hannah R Sheahan, Antonia Creswell, Dharshan Kumaran, James L McClelland, Felix Hill","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae233","DOIUrl":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae233","url":null,"abstract":"reasoning is a key ability for an intelligent system. Large language models (LMs) achieve above-chance performance on abstract reasoning tasks but exhibit many imperfections. However, human abstract reasoning is also imperfect. Human reasoning is affected by our real-world knowledge and beliefs, and shows notable \"content effects\"; humans reason more reliably when the semantic content of a problem supports the correct logical inferences. These content-entangled reasoning patterns are central to debates about the fundamental nature of human intelligence. Here, we investigate whether language models-whose prior expectations capture some aspects of human knowledge-similarly mix content into their answers to logic problems. We explored this question across three logical reasoning tasks: natural language inference, judging the logical validity of syllogisms, and the Wason selection task. We evaluate state of the art LMs, as well as humans, and find that the LMs reflect many of the same qualitative human patterns on these tasks-like humans, models answer more accurately when the semantic content of a task supports the logical inferences. These parallels are reflected in accuracy patterns, and in some lower-level features like the relationship between LM confidence over possible answers and human response times. However, in some cases the humans and models behave differently-particularly on the Wason task, where humans perform much worse than large models, and exhibit a distinct error pattern. Our findings have implications for understanding possible contributors to these human cognitive effects, as well as the factors that influence language model performance.","PeriodicalId":74468,"journal":{"name":"PNAS nexus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11250216/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141629514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

People believe political opponents accept blatant moral wrongs, fueling partisan divides. 人们认为政治对手接受了公然的道德错误，从而加剧了党派分歧。

IF 2.2

PNAS nexus Pub Date : 2024-07-16 eCollection Date: 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae244

Curtis Puryear, Emily Kubin, Chelsea Schein, Yochanan E Bigman, Pierce Ekstrom, Kurt Gray

引用次数: 0

Limited waterpower contributed to rise of steam power in British "Cottonopolis". 有限的水力促进了蒸汽动力在英国 "棉花城 "的兴起。

IF 2.2

PNAS nexus Pub Date : 2024-07-16 eCollection Date: 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae251

Tara N Jonell, Peter Jones, Adam Lucas, Simon Naylor

{"title":"Limited waterpower contributed to rise of steam power in British \"Cottonopolis\".","authors":"Tara N Jonell, Peter Jones, Adam Lucas, Simon Naylor","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae251","DOIUrl":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae251","url":null,"abstract":"The Industrial Revolution precipitated a pivotal shift from waterpower to coal-fueled steam power in British textile mills. Although it is now widely accepted that steam was chosen to power factories despite the availability of sufficient waterpower resources across most of Britain, the location and suitability of that waterpower during the early 19th century remain underexplored. Here, we employ quantitative fluvial geomorphology alongside historical climate data, factory records, and a catalog of over 26,000 mill sites to reveal that waterpower was abundant for most of early 19th century Britain, except in the central hub of British cotton production: Greater Manchester in the Mersey Basin. Our findings show that surging factory mechanization and overcrowding on key waterways in the Mersey Basin compounded waterpower scarcity arising from a drier 19th century climate. Widespread adoption of coal-fueled steam engines in certain key industrial centers of Britain was a strategy aimed at ameliorating some of the reduced reliability of waterpower. The fact that steam engines were frequently used in water-powered factories in many industrial regions until the third quarter of the 19th century to recirculate water to provide that power, or as a power supplement when waterpower availability was restricted, adds further weight to our argument. Rapid adoption of coal-powered steam engines reshaped the social and structural landscape of industrial work, firmly established Britain's prominence as an industrial powerhouse, and had lasting global industrial and environmental impacts.","PeriodicalId":74468,"journal":{"name":"PNAS nexus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11249955/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141629515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enhancing poststroke hand movement recovery: Efficacy of RehabSwift, a personalized brain-computer interface system. 促进中风后手部运动的恢复：个性化脑机接口系统 RehabSwift 的功效。

IF 2.2

PNAS nexus Pub Date : 2024-07-09 eCollection Date: 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae240

Sam Darvishi, Anupam Datta Gupta, Anne Hamilton-Bruce, Simon Koblar, Mathias Baumert, Derek Abbott

{"title":"Enhancing poststroke hand movement recovery: Efficacy of RehabSwift, a personalized brain-computer interface system.","authors":"Sam Darvishi, Anupam Datta Gupta, Anne Hamilton-Bruce, Simon Koblar, Mathias Baumert, Derek Abbott","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae240","DOIUrl":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae240","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the efficacy of our novel and personalized brain-computer interface (BCI) therapy, in enhancing hand movement recovery among stroke survivors. Stroke often results in impaired motor function, posing significant challenges in daily activities and leading to considerable societal and economic burdens. Traditional physical and occupational therapies have shown limitations in facilitating satisfactory recovery for many patients. In response, our study investigates the potential of motor imagery-based BCIs (MI-BCIs) as an alternative intervention. In this study, MI-BCIs translate imagined hand movements into actions using a combination of scalp-recorded electrical brain activity and signal processing algorithms. Our prior research on MI-BCIs, which emphasizes the benefits of proprioceptive feedback over traditional visual feedback and the importance of customizing the delay between brain activation and passive hand movement, led to the development of RehabSwift therapy. In this study, we recruited 12 chronic-stage stroke survivors to assess the effectiveness of our solution. The primary outcome measure was the Fugl-Meyer upper extremity (FMA-UE) assessment, complemented by secondary measures including the action research arm test, reaction time, unilateral neglect, spasticity, grip and pinch strength, goal attainment scale, and FMA-UE sensation. Our findings indicate a remarkable improvement in hand movement and a clinically significant reduction in poststroke arm and hand impairment following 18 sessions of neurofeedback training. The effects persisted for at least 4 weeks posttreatment. These results underscore the potential of MI-BCIs, particularly our solution, as a prospective tool in stroke rehabilitation, offering a personalized and adaptable approach to neurofeedback training.","PeriodicalId":74468,"journal":{"name":"PNAS nexus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11232286/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141565255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influential individuals can promote prosocial practices in heterogeneous societies: a mathematical and agent-based model. 有影响力的个人可以在异质社会中促进亲社会实践：一个基于数学和代理的模型。

IF 2.2

PNAS nexus Pub Date : 2024-07-02 eCollection Date: 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae224

Stefani A Crabtree, Colin D Wren, Avinash Dixit, Simon A Levin

引用次数: 0

Reverse social contagion as a mechanism for regulating mass behaviors in highly integrated social systems. 在高度整合的社会系统中，反向社会传染是一种调节大众行为的机制。

IF 2.2

PNAS nexus Pub Date : 2024-06-26 eCollection Date: 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae246

Maurizio Porfiri, Pietro De Lellis, Eighdi Aung, Santiago Meneses, Nicole Abaid, Jane S Waters, Simon Garnier

引用次数: 0

Firefly toxin lucibufagins evolved after the origin of bioluminescence. 萤火虫毒素lucibufagins是在生物发光起源之后进化而来的。

IF 2.2

PNAS nexus Pub Date : 2024-06-25 eCollection Date: 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae215

Chengqi Zhu, Xiaoli Lu, Tianlong Cai, Kangli Zhu, Lina Shi, Yinjuan Chen, Tianyu Wang, Yaoming Yang, Dandan Tu, Qi Fu, Jing Huang, Ying Zhen

{"title":"Firefly toxin lucibufagins evolved after the origin of bioluminescence.","authors":"Chengqi Zhu, Xiaoli Lu, Tianlong Cai, Kangli Zhu, Lina Shi, Yinjuan Chen, Tianyu Wang, Yaoming Yang, Dandan Tu, Qi Fu, Jing Huang, Ying Zhen","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae215","DOIUrl":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae215","url":null,"abstract":"Fireflies were believed to originally evolve their novel bioluminescence as warning signals to advertise their toxicity to predators, which was later adopted in adult mating. Although the evolution of bioluminescence has been investigated extensively, the warning signal hypothesis of its origin has not been tested. In this study, we test this hypothesis by systematically determining the presence or absence of firefly toxin lucibufagins (LBGs) across firefly species and inferring the time of origin of LBGs. We confirm the presence of LBGs in the subfamily Lampyrinae, but more importantly, we reveal the absence of LBGs in other lineages, including the subfamilies of Luciolinae, Ototretinae, and Psilocladinae, two incertae sedis lineages, and the Rhagophthalmidae family. Ancestral state reconstructions for LBGs based on firefly phylogeny constructed using genomic data suggest that the presence of LBGs in the common ancestor of the Lampyrinae subfamily is highly supported but unsupported in more ancient nodes, including firefly common ancestors. Our results suggest that firefly LBGs probably evolved much later than the evolution of bioluminescence. We thus conclude that firefly bioluminescence did not originally evolve as direct warning signals for toxic LBGs and advise that future studies should focus on other hypotheses. Moreover, LBG toxins are known to directly target and inhibit the α subunit of Na+, K+-ATPase (ATPα). We further examine the effects of amino acid substitutions in firefly ATPα on its interactions with LBGs. We find that ATPα in LBG-containing fireflies is relatively insensitive to LBGs, which suggests that target-site insensitivity contributes to LBG-containing fireflies' ability to deal with their own toxins.","PeriodicalId":74468,"journal":{"name":"PNAS nexus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11197309/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141452367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Valuations of target items are drawn towards unavailable decoy items due to prior expectations. 由于先前的预期，目标项目的估值被引向不可用的诱饵项目。

IF 2.2

PNAS nexus Pub Date : 2024-06-24 eCollection Date: 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae232

Liz Izakson, Minhee Yoo, Adam Hakim, Ian Krajbich, Ryan Webb, Dino J Levy

{"title":"Valuations of target items are drawn towards unavailable decoy items due to prior expectations.","authors":"Liz Izakson, Minhee Yoo, Adam Hakim, Ian Krajbich, Ryan Webb, Dino J Levy","doi":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae232","DOIUrl":"10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae232","url":null,"abstract":"When people make choices, the items they consider are often embedded in a context (of other items). How this context affects the valuation of the specific item is an important question. High-value context might make items appear less attractive because of contrast-the tendency to normalize perception of an object relative to its background-or more attractive because of assimilation-the tendency to group objects together. Alternatively, a high-value context might increase prior expectations about the item's value. Here, we investigated these possibilities. We examined how unavailable context items affect choices between two target items, as well as the willingness-to-pay for single targets. Participants viewed sets of three items for several seconds before the target(s) were highlighted. In both tasks, we found a significant assimilation-like effect where participants were more likely to choose or place a higher value on a target when it was surrounded by higher-value context. However, these context effects were only significant for participants' fastest choices. Using variants of a drift-diffusion model, we established that the unavailable context shifted participants' prior expectations towards the average values of the sets but had an inconclusive effect on their evaluations of the targets during the decision (i.e. drift rates). In summary, we find that people use context to inform their initial valuations. This can improve efficiency by allowing people to get a head start on their decision. However, it also means that the valuation of an item can change depending on the context.","PeriodicalId":74468,"journal":{"name":"PNAS nexus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11214102/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141473216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0