Physical activity and nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Aerobic exercise prevents apoptosis in skeletal muscles of high-fat-fed ovariectomized rats.","authors":"Hye Jin Kim,&nbsp;Oran Kwon","doi":"10.20463/pan.2022.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20463/pan.2022.0007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Aging and obesity are associated with skeletal muscle atrophy-related signaling pathways, including apoptosis. Many studies have shown that menopause is associated with an increased risk of skeletal muscle atrophy. There is an increasing need to develop strategies that will improve the risk of skeletal muscle atrophy through exercise interventions. However, the effect of exercise on estrogen deficiency-induced apoptosis in skeletal muscles is poorly understood. Therefore, we examined the effects of low-intensity exercise on ovariectomy (OVX)-induced apoptosis of the soleus and plantaris muscles.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The ovaries of all female Sprague-Dawley rats aged 8 weeks, were surgically removed to induce postmenopausal status. The rats were randomly divided into three treatment groups: (1) NSV (normal-diet-sedentary-OVX); (2) HSV (high-fat-diet-sedentary-OVX); and (3) HEV (high-fat-diet-exercise-OVX). The exercise groups were regularly running for 30-40 min/day at 15-18 m/minute, five times/week, for eight weeks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mRNA levels of Bax significantly decreased in the exercised soleus muscle, and caspase-3 decreased in the plantaris. The skeletal muscle TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells in the high-fat-diet-sedentary OVX rats improved in the treadmill exercise group. Additionally, nuclear caspase-3 levels decreased in the treadmill exercise group compared to those in both sedentary groups. These results suggest that low-intensity treadmill exercise prevents skeletal muscle apoptosis in HFD-fed OVX rats.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Induction of HFD in estrogen-deficient mice increased apoptosis in skeletal muscle, which could also be alleviated by low-intensity aerobic exercise. These results may indicate a crucial therapeutic effect of treadmill exercise in preventing skeletal muscle apoptosis in menopausal or post-menopausal women.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"26 2","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/7e/3e/pan-2022-0007.PMC9395254.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40708603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Four weeks of lower-limb static stretching reduces regional arterial stiffness in middle-aged and older women.","authors":"Yuya Higaki,&nbsp;Shumpei Fujie,&nbsp;Yosuke Yamato,&nbsp;Moe Oshiden,&nbsp;Motoyuki Iemitsu","doi":"10.20463/pan.2022.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20463/pan.2022.0010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to clarify whether habitual lower-limb stretching intervention reduces regional arterial stiffness at the stretched site in middle-aged and older women.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, the effects of 4 weeks of lower-limb static stretching (of the hip extensor and flexor, knee extensor and flexor, and plantar flexor muscles) were investigated on systemic, central, and peripheral arterial stiffness using pulse wave velocity in 14 healthy middle-aged and older women randomly assigned to either a sedentary control group (67.3 ± 5.6 years; n = 7) or a stretching intervention group (63.4 ± 6.4 years; n = 7).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The femoral-ankle pulse wave velocity (an index of peripheral arterial stiffness) significantly decreased in the intervention group (pre, 1222.4 ± 167.5 cm/s; post, 1122.0 ± 141.1 cm/s) but did not change in the control group (pre, 1122.7 ± 107.7 cm/s; post, 1139.9 ± 77.5 cm/s). However, the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity as an index of systemic arterial stiffness (control: pre, 1655.7 ± 296.8 cm/s, post, 1646.4 ± 232.1 cm/s; intervention: pre, 1637.6 ± 259.9 cm/s, post, 1560.8 ± 254.7 cm/s) and the carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity as an index of central arterial stiffness (control: pre, 1253.6 ± 346.4 cm/s, post, 1223.6 ± 263.4 cm/s; intervention: pre, 1125.4 ± 204.7 cm/s, post, 1024.9 ± 164.5 cm/s) did not change in either group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that lower-limb stretching interventions may reduce regional arterial stiffness at the stretched site.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"26 2","pages":"22-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6f/a9/pan-2022-0010.PMC9395250.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40708606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of gradient and age on energy expenditure and fat metabolism during aerobic exercise at equal intensity in women","authors":"Hanju Ahn, Man-Gyoon Lee, Won-Sang Jung","doi":"10.20463/pan.2022.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20463/pan.2022.0004","url":null,"abstract":"[Purpose] This study aimed to investigate the effects of gradient and age on energy expenditure and fat metabolism during aerobic exercise at equal intensity in women. [Methods] Thirty women in their twenties (n=15) and fifties (n=15) were enrolled. All subjects performed aerobic exercise on a treadmill for 10 min at 0% and 6% gradient repeatedly to elicit 50%, 60%, and 70% VO2max. [Results] Energy expenditure and fat oxidation were higher during aerobic exercise at 6% of the gradient than at 0%, and there was no significant difference in carbohydrate oxidation in any age group. [Conclusion] Aerobic exercise at a 6% gradient was more favorable for fat oxidation than a 0% gradient in all age groups. In particular, in the case of women in their fifties, walking on a gradient of 6%, which is favorable for increasing fat oxidation, was more effective than walking on flat ground for preventing and reducing obesity. However, to examine the difference in fat oxidation among exercise intensities more accurately, exercise performed for longer than 30 min is required. Follow-up studies are required to investigate the effect of various gradients on physiological and metabolic characteristics when carrying out aerobic exercises for more than 30 min.","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"26 1","pages":"20 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48299596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between physiological tremor and cognitive function in physically active older women","authors":"W. Park, B. Kim, Jaesung Lee, Gyuseog Hong, Jonghoon Park","doi":"10.20463/pan.2022.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20463/pan.2022.0003","url":null,"abstract":"[Purpose] This study aimed to compare the physiological tremor, grip strength, and cognitive function of sedentary and physically active older adults. [Methods] Twenty-four older adults aged ≥65 years participated in this study and were divided into the sedentary (76.5±4.4 years, n=12) and physically active (73.5±3.3 years, n=12) groups. Each group completed the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for cognitive function assessment. Physiological tremor was measured using an accelerometer for both hands at rest and the left/right hand with a 1,000 g dumbbell on the palm in neutral positions and the elbow flexed at 90°. Physical fitness was measured by grip strength and completion of the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and the 6-min walk test. [Results] The physically active group showed a significantly lower level of physiological tremor in both hands at rest and the left/right hand with a 1,000 g dumbbell on the palm (P<0.05) than that in the sedentary group. For cognitive function, the physically active group showed significantly higher scores than those in the sedentary group (P<0.001). No significant correlation was found between cognitive function and left/right grip strength (left: r = 0.117, P = 0.585; right: r = 0.230, P = 0.279), physiological tremor in both hands at rest (left: r = -0.524, P < 0.001; right: r = -0.508, P < 0.05), and the left/right hand with a 1,000 g dumbbell on the palm (left: r = -0.505, P < 0.05; right: r = -0.458, P < 0.05). [Conclusion] Physiological tremor of the hands has the potential to be a useful predictor of cognitive function in older adults.","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"26 1","pages":"14 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47610597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A high-whey-protein diet does not enhance mechanical and structural remodeling of cardiac muscle in response to aerobic exercise in rats.","authors":"Kevin Boldt,&nbsp;Venus Joumaa,&nbsp;Jeannine Turnbull,&nbsp;Paul W M Fedak,&nbsp;Walter Herzog","doi":"10.20463/pan.2022.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20463/pan.2022.0005","url":null,"abstract":"[Purpose] Aerobic exercise training results in distinct structural and mechanical myocardial adaptations. In skeletal muscle, whey protein supplementation is effective in enhancing muscle adaptation following resistance exercise. However, it is unclear whether cardiac adaptation to aerobic exercise can be enhanced by systematic protein supplementation. [Methods] Twelve-week-old rats were assigned to 12 weeks of either sedentary or aerobic exercise with either a standard (Sed+Standard, Ex+Standard) or high-protein (Sed+Pro, Ex+Pro) diet. Echocardiography was used to measure cardiac structural remodeling and performance. Skinned cardiac fiber bundles were used to determine the active and passive stress properties, maximum shortening velocity, and calcium sensitivity. [Results] Aerobic training was characterized structurally by increases in ventricle volume (Ex+Standard, 19%; Ex+Pro, 29%) and myocardial thickness (Ex+Standard, 26%; Ex+-Pro, 12%) compared to that of baseline. Skinned trabecula r fiber bundles also had a greater unloaded shortening velocity (Sed+Standard, 1.04±0.05; Sed+Pro, 1.07±0.03; Ex-+Standard, 1.16±0.04; Ex+Pro, 1.18±0.05 FL/s) and calcium sensitivity (pCa50: Sed+Standard, 6.04±0.17; Sed+Pro, 6.08±0.19; Ex+Standard, 6.30±0.09; Ex+Pro, 6.36±0.12) in trained hearts compared to that of hearts from sedentary animals. However, the addition of a high-protein diet did not provide additional benefits to either the structural or mechanical adaptations of the myocardium. [Conclusion] Therefore, it seems that a high-whey-protein diet does not significantly enhance adaptations of the heart to aerobic exercise in comparison to that of a standard diet.","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"26 1","pages":"28-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/36/c0/pan-2022-0005.PMC9081358.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10596764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plyometric training effects on physical fitness and muscle damage in high school baseball players","authors":"Seung-tai Kim, Soung-Yob Rhi, Jooyoung Kim, Jae-soon Chung","doi":"10.20463/pan.2022.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20463/pan.2022.0001","url":null,"abstract":"[Purpose] The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of plyometric training on physical fitness and muscle damage in high school baseball players. [Methods] The participants in the study included 21 high school baseball players who are healthy and well-training. The participants were randomly allocated to the plyometric training (n=11) and control (n=10) groups. The plyometric training was applied 3 times a week for a total of 8 weeks and the control group took part in only regular baseball skills training without plyometric training. For physical fitness, measures included maximal strength (left and right hand-grip strength), muscle endurance (sit-up), agility (side-step), power (standing long jump), and balance (left and right Rhomberg test). For muscle damage, creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were measured. [Results] The results showed a significant interaction effect between time and groups in left hand-grip strength (P = 0.022), side-step (P = 0.004), and standing long jump (P < 0.001) after the 8-week plyometric training, with greater improvement in the plyometric training group than the control group. On the other hand, there was no significant interaction effect between time and groups in right hand-grip strength, situp, left and right Rhomberg test, CK level, and LDH level (P > 0.05). [Conclusion] In conclusion, 8-week plyometric training had a positive effect on improving physical fitness, such as maximal strength, agility, and power, in high school baseball players without causing additional muscle damage.","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"26 1","pages":"1 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44366540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacological systemic analysis of gardenia fructus against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and validation of animal models","authors":"Kang-pa Lee, Ki H Kim, Eun-Ju Yoon, Suji Baek, Sang-hyun Ahn","doi":"10.20463/pan.2022.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20463/pan.2022.0006","url":null,"abstract":"[Purpose] We aimed to investigate the systemic pharmacological analysis of gardenia fructus (GF) and the proof of concepts. We examined the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in high-fat (HF) diet mice. [Methods] The active compounds of GF and the target genes were identified using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Database and Analysis Platform (oral bioavailability ≥ 30%, Caco-2 permeability ≥ -0.4, and drug-likeness ≥ 0.18). The rats were divided into four groups: untreated group, HF group, HF and metformin (17 mg/kg) treated group, and HF and treated with GF (28 mg/kg) for 8 weeks group. Hepatic lesion changes and markers were analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry assay. [Results] In the systemic analysis, we identified 14 active compounds including A, B, and C. From these 14 compounds, 242 biological target genes were identified. The top 10 Gene Ontology were analyzed using GO-biological process analysis: removal of superoxide radicals, regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process, and cellular response to lipopolysaccharide. GF extracts in high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mice models significantly regulated hepatic lesion markers, such as mTOR, 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine as well as oxidative stress activities, TGF-β, and phosphorylation of ERK1/2. [Conclusion] These results suggest that GF, as an exercise supplement, can alleviate NAFLD disease or fatty liver inflammation. Further studies are required to verify the synergistic effect of GF treatment combined with exercise, which is known to alleviate NAFLD and fatty liver inflammation.","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"26 1","pages":"39 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47934651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of energy expenditure and substrate oxidation between walking and running in men and women","authors":"Akitoshi Makino, Keiichi Yamaguchi, Daichi Sumi, M. Ichikawa, Masumi Ohno, K. Goto","doi":"10.20463/pan.2022.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20463/pan.2022.0002","url":null,"abstract":"[Purpose] The present study compared energy metabolism between walking and running at equivalent speeds during two incremental exercise tests. [Methods] Thirty four university students (18 males, 16 females) were recruited. Each participant completed two trials, consisting of walking (Walk) and running (Run) trials on different days, with 2-3 days apart. Exercise on a treadmill was started from initial stage of 3 min (3.0 k/m in Walk trial, 5.0 km/h in Run trial), and the speed for walking and running was progressively every minute by 0.5 km/h. The changes in metabolic variables, heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during exercise were compared between the trials. [Results] Energy expenditure (EE) increased with speed in each trial. However, the Walk trial had a significantly higher EE than the Run trial at speeds exceeding 92 ± 2 % of the maximal walking speed (MWS, p < 0.01). Similarly, carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation was significantly higher in the Walk trial than in the Run trial at above 92 ± 2 %MWS in males (p < 0.001) and above 93 ± 1 %MWS in females (p < 0.05). [Conclusion] These findings suggest that EE and CHO oxidation during walking increase non-linearly with speed, and walking at a fast speed causes greater metabolic responses than running at the equivalent speed in young participants.","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"26 1","pages":"8 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43160902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Sargassum horneri extract in RAW264.7 macrophages.","authors":"Min Ju Kim,&nbsp;Hee Geun Jo,&nbsp;Chilakala Ramakrishna,&nbsp;Seung-Jae Lee,&nbsp;Dong-Sung Lee,&nbsp;Sun Hee Cheong","doi":"10.20463/pan.2021.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20463/pan.2021.0025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>In this study, we investigated whether a 70% ethanolic (EtOH) extract of Sargassum horneri had antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The proximate composition, fatty acids, amino acids, and dietary fiber of S. horneri, various biologically active compounds, and antioxidant activity were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities, as well as the reduction power, of the S. horneri extract used here were significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner. This indicates that S. horneri contains bioactive compounds, such as phenols and flavonoids, that have excellent antioxidant activity. The cellular viability and metabolic activity results confirmed that the extract had no discernible toxicity at concentrations up to 100 μg/mL. The levels of nitrites and cytokines (PGE2, TNF-α and IL-6), which mediate pro-inflammatory effect, were significantly inhibited by treatment with either 50 or 100 μg/mL S. horneri extract, whereas that of IL-1β was significantly inhibited by treatment with 100 μg/mL of the extract. Similarly, the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins also decreased according to 50 or 100 μg/mL extract concentrations. NF-κB binding to DNA was also significantly inhibited by treatment with 100 μg/mL of extract.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results suggest that 70% EtOH extracts of S. horneri can relieve inflammation caused by disease or high intensity exercise.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"25 4","pages":"45-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/97/e7/pan-2021-0025.PMC8843843.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39913567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of energy intake and physical activity according to household type and presence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged men based on data from the 7th Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES) (2016-2018).","authors":"Jonghoon Park,&nbsp;Yeonhee Park,&nbsp;Youngjun Lee,&nbsp;Jungwoo Lee,&nbsp;Seunghee Lee,&nbsp;Chulho Shin,&nbsp;Eun-Sook Sung","doi":"10.20463/pan.2021.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20463/pan.2021.0020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study analyzed data from the 7th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016‒2018) to compare the differences in energy intake and physical activity (PA) levels in middle-aged Korean men aged 40-59 years according to household type and the presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from 2,266 young adults (aged >39 years and <60 years) were obtained from the KNHANES. We analyzed the differences in energy intake and PA levels according to household type and MetS. The presence or absence of MetS was determined by measuring waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, and HDL-C levels.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Regarding total nutritional intake, no relationship with MetS was observed regardless of household type (interaction between MetS and household type: p = 0.875). No differences in total PA were observed between multiple- and single-person households (interaction between MetS and household type: p = 0.122). The relationship between MetS and MetS components according to nutritional intake showed that participants with a higher energy intake had a 27% lower prevalence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (p < 0.05) and a 36% higher prevalence of high blood pressure (p < 0.01). The relationship between MetS and MetS components according to the PA level showed significantly reduced prevalence of MetS by approximately 39%, 35%, and 43% (p < 0.01, 0.01, and 0.001) in subjects who were somewhat active, active, and very active, respectively, compared to inactivity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Middle-aged men showed no difference in nutritional intake and PA between multiple- and single-person households. However, the risk of MetS was significantly higher in participants with approximately 1.5 times the energy intake compared to the group with the lowest energy intake. Moreover, higher levels of PA had a marked positive effect on the risk factors and prevalence of MetS. Therefore, we suggest that reducing the total energy intake and increasing total PA are important for preventing MetS in middle-aged men regardless of household type.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"25 4","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/67/77/pan-2021-0020.PMC8843842.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39619825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}