Physical activity and nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Effects of individualized low-intensity mat Pilates on aerobic capacity and recovery ability in adults.","authors":"Na-Ram Moon,&nbsp;Woo-Hwi Yang","doi":"10.20463/pan.2022.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20463/pan.2022.0024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Although Pilates is one of the most widely performed physical activities in Korea, no physiological evidence is available regarding its energy recovery ability. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of individualized low-intensity mat Pilates on aerobic capacity and recovery ability in adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten physically active women participated in this study. Pre- and post-lactate threshold (LT) tests were performed to compare jogging/running speeds (S; km·h-1) and heart rates (HR; beats·min-1) at 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 mmol·L-1 lactate concentrations (La-). Subjects performed 1 h of low-intensity mat Pilates twice a week for four weeks. During these sessions, exercise intensity was determined based on the heart rate corresponding to individualized low-inten- sity recovery zone 1, which was estimated using a mathematical model of log-log LT1 (from pre-test; &lt; 2 mmol·L-1). All physiological variables were measured before and after exercise intervention.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant differences were found in body mass increase and body mass index increase between the pre- and post-tests (p = 0.016 and p = 0.014, respectively, effect size (ES) = 0.13; ES = -0.11). Levels of La- between 1.0 and 1.4 m·s-1 in the post-LT test tended to decrease, although such decrease was not significantly different. Moderate to high positive correlations between differences (Δ) of S and ΔHR at 1.5, 3.0, and 4.0 mmol·L-1La- were observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Positive correlations between ΔS and ΔHR at certain La- levels indicate that low-intensity mat Pilates based on heart rate corresponding to individualized recovery zone 1 might be recommended for physically active adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"26 4","pages":"46-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6b/34/pan-2022-0024.PMC9925114.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10737285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between serum uncarboxylated osteocalcin levels and nutritional intake in Japanese female athletes.","authors":"Tatsuya Ishizu,&nbsp;Suguru Torii,&nbsp;Motoko Taguchi","doi":"10.20463/pan.2022.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20463/pan.2022.0012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The current study aimed to determine the association between serum uncarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) levels and dietary vitamin K intake in female Japanese athletes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The nutritional profile and food group intake of 52 Japanese female athletes were investigated using a digital photographic method with data obtained from 3-day dietary records. The food groups were categorized into 18 groups in line with the standard tables of food composition in Japan. Fasting blood samples were collected for serum ucOC levels, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) evaluated body composition and bone parameters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that dietary vitamin K intake level was 235 ± 148 µg/day, and approximately 70% (n = 36) of participants consumed more than the adequate intake (AI) level, based on the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese females aged 18-29. Serum ucOC levels were negatively associated with daily vitamin K intake (r = -0.388, P = 0.004) and calcium (r = -0.596, P = 0.004) after adjusting for energy intake.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study revealed that serum ucOC levels were negatively associated with dietary vitamin K intake in female Japanese athletes. Serum ucOC levels reflected dietary vitamin K intake in female athletes. In summary, female athletes consume more vitamin K than the general population to maintain bone health. Furthermore, our results indicated that serum ucOC levels might be linked to dietary calcium intake.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"26 3","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/fa/c1/pan-2022-0012.PMC9663258.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40457153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of combined hip exercise and passive stretching on muscle stiffness, pain perception and painrelated disability, and physical function in older adults with low back pain.","authors":"Ji-Hwan Kim,&nbsp;Hun-Young Park","doi":"10.20463/pan.2022.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20463/pan.2022.0014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to examine the effects of combined hip exercise and passive stretching as a novel treatment method for low back pain (LBP) in older adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Altogether, 20 Koreans with LBP aged 60-79 years (67.3 ± 5.92 years) were randomly assigned to undertake combined exercise (CE; n = 10) or lumbar stabilization exercise (LSE; n = 10). All participants performed their respective exercise program for 25-30 min with an OMNI scale of 6-8 for 8 weeks, three times a week. Body composition, muscle stiffness, pain-visual analog scale (P-VAS), Oswestry disability index, and physical function were evaluated before and after the exercise intervention.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The CE group demonstrated greater improvements in lean body mass (η2 = 0.402, p = 0.003) and percent body fat (η2 = 0.222, p = 0.036) than the LSE group. Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in muscle stiffness, P-VAS scores, and Oswestry disability index scores, although no significant differences were observed between the interventions. All physical function parameters demonstrated a significant improvement in both groups, and the CE group demonstrated greater improvement in the YMCA sit-and-reach (η2 = 0.338, p = 0.007) and straight leg raise tests (η2 = 0.283, p = 0.016) than the LSE group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CE is comparable to LSE as an effective and successful exercise intervention that reduces muscle stiffness and P-VAS scores. Moreover, CE is more effective than LSE in enhancing the physical function of older adults with LBP.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"26 3","pages":"16-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/3e/6b/pan-2022-0014.PMC9663255.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40457155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reporting the listing of Physical Activity and Nutrition on Scopus and the future direction.","authors":"Jonghoon Park","doi":"10.20463/pan.2022.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20463/pan.2022.0017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"26 3","pages":"37-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/61/7d/pan-2022-0017.PMC9663254.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40477224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of a 12-week non-contact exercise intervention on body composition and health-related physical fitness in adults: a pilot test.","authors":"Sung-Woo Kim,&nbsp;Jae-Ho Choi,&nbsp;Yerin Sun,&nbsp;Jisoo Seo,&nbsp;Won-Sang Jung,&nbsp;Hun-Young Park,&nbsp;Jisu Kim,&nbsp;Kiwon Lim","doi":"10.20463/pan.2022.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20463/pan.2022.0016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 12-week non-contact exercise intervention on body composition and health-related physical fitness in adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>One hundred adults were initially enrolled; however, ninety-seven participants (men: n = 41, women: n = 56) completed the study. The non-contact exercise was performed for 12 weeks using a smart tracker (Charge 4, Fitbit, USA) and mobile phone applications. The non-contact exercise program included resistance, aerobic, and flexibility exercises.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that percent body fat (F=4.993, p=.016, ηp2=.049), fat-free mass (F=4.690, p=.024, ηp2=.047), and skeletal muscle mass (F=5.623, p=.004, ηp2=.055) significantly changed during the intervention period. Further, significant increases were seen in hand grip strength (F=12.167, p<.001, ηp2=.112), sit-and-reach (F=20.497, p<.001, ηp2=.176), sit-ups (F=42.107, p<.001, ηp2=.305), and VO2max (F=4.311, p=.037, ηp2=.043).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggest that 12 weeks of non-contact exercise improves body composition and health-related physical fitness. Wearable technologies encourage individuals to modify their lifestyles by increasing physical activity and achieving the goal of maintaining health conditions among adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"26 3","pages":"32-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/96/09/pan-2022-0016.PMC9663257.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40476795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in physical activity and energy intake according to abdominal obesity in Korean adult men before and after COVID-19: Data from 2019 and 2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).","authors":"Mi-Young Park,&nbsp;Nana Chung","doi":"10.20463/pan.2022.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20463/pan.2022.0013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to investigate changes in physical activity and energy intake according to abdominal obesity in Korean adult men before and after COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using data from the 2019 and 2020 KNHANES, the physical activity level measured by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) the physical activity level by GPAQ, number of days of walking and strength training, aerobic exercise, and total energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, and sugar intake for a total of 2,799 participants were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no changes in energy intake during the pandemic. The number of days of weekly walking was higher (2019, p = 0.006; 2020, p = 0.012) and strength training was significantly higher (2019, p < 0.0001; 2020 p < 0.0001) in the non-abdominal obesity group than in the abdominal obesity group before and after COVID-19. Strength training at least once a week suppressed abdominal obesity (0.628 times in 2019, p < 0.0001; 0.605 times in 2020, p < 0.0001). In addition, even when the total energy intake and age were adjusted for, strength training influenced the suppression of abdominal obesity (0.634 times in 2019, p < 0.0001; 0.614 times in 2020, p < 0.0001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Even with the change in the physical activity level, such as walking and aerobic exercise, due to the influence of social distancing measures, strength training influenced the suppression of abdominal obesity, regardless of the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"26 3","pages":"6-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/87/b6/pan-2022-0013.PMC9663253.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40457154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison between predicted and measured resting energy expenditures in Korean male collegiate soccer players.","authors":"Sihyung Lee,&nbsp;Kuniko Moto,&nbsp;Taewoong Oh,&nbsp;Motoko Taguchi","doi":"10.20463/pan.2022.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20463/pan.2022.0015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the differences between predicted resting energy expenditure (REE), using fat-free mass (FFM)-based prediction equations, and measured REE in Korean male collegiate soccer players.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifteen male collegiate soccer players (18-21 years) participated in this study. The REE measurements were conducted using the Douglas bag method. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The differences between the measured REE and predicted REE, using the five FFM-based REE equations, were analyzed using the t-test, calculation of errors, regression analysis, and the Bland-Altman method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Cunningham (1980) and ten Haaf and Weijs (2014) equations showed significantly overestimated REE (1,808 ± 99 kcal/d, p <0.01; 1,838 ± 103 kcal/d, p <0.01; respectively), but the Owen (1988), Taguchi (2011), and Kim (2015) equations' estimations were not significantly different from the measured REE (1,589 ± 106 kcal/d, 1,640 ± 124 kcal/d, and 1,622 ± 68 kcal/d, respectively). The Taguchi equation gave the best prediction of REE with the lowest constant error (-6 ± 125) and effect size (-0.05), and a non-significant proportional bias (p = 0.95).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The Taguchi equation is recommended for predicting REE in Korean collegiate soccer players. The selection process of a REE-prediction equation must take into consideration the target population's characteristics. Future studies are recommended to evaluate the validity of the different FFM-based REE-prediction equations in various Korean athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"26 3","pages":"25-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/fc/f1/pan-2022-0015.PMC9663256.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40476794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of systemic and peripheral responses during high-intensity interval exercise under voluntary hypoventilation vs. hypoxic conditions.","authors":"Ayano Imai,&nbsp;Keiichi Yamaguchi,&nbsp;Kazushige Goto","doi":"10.20463/pan.2022.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20463/pan.2022.0008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to determine the systemic and peripheral responses to high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) with voluntary hypoventilation at low lung volume (VHL) or HIIE under hypoxic conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten male participants completed a single session of HIIE (three sets of 6 × 8-s high-intensity pedaling at 170% of maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max]) under three different conditions: normoxia with normal breathing (NOR: 23 °C, 20.9% of fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2]), hypoxia with normal breathing (HYP: 23 °C, 14.5% FiO2), and normoxia with VHL (VHL: 23 °C, 20.9% FiO2). A randomized crossover design was used. Power output, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate, and muscle oxygenation were monitored during the exercise and the 16-s recovery. Muscle blood flow (mBF) of the vastus lateralis was also evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SpO2 during the exercise and the 16-s recovery in the VHL group was significantly lower than in that of the NOR group. However, this parameter in the VHL group was significantly higher than that of the HYP group (NOR: 94.9 ± 0.4%, HYP: 82.8 ± 1.2%, VHL: 90.4 ± 0.5%; p &lt; 0.001). Muscle oxygen saturation was significantly lower in the HYP group than those in the VHL and NOR groups (NOR: 79.6 ± 17.4%, HYP: 65.5 ± 7.7%, VHL: 74.4 ± 7.8%; p = 0.024). No significant difference in this parameter was observed between the VHL and NOR groups (p &gt; 0.05). Additionally, the exercise-induced increase in mBF did not differ significantly among three groups (p &gt; 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>HIIE-induced SpO2 decrease was smaller under hypoxic conditions than during VHL. Moreover, mBF was not enhanced by the addition of VHL during HIIE.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"26 2","pages":"8-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/75/fd/pan-2022-0008.PMC9395251.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40708604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conceptualization and development of a questionnaire to determine physical activity barriers.","authors":"Maryam Selk-Ghaffari,&nbsp;Bahar Hassanmirzaei,&nbsp;Amin Nakhostin-Ansari,&nbsp;Behnaz Mahdaviani,&nbsp;Mohammad Saeid Khonji,&nbsp;Reyhaneh Aghajani,&nbsp;Maedeh Gholami-Mehrabadi,&nbsp;Afifeh Khosravi,&nbsp;Ramin Kordi","doi":"10.20463/pan.2022.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20463/pan.2022.0009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Considering the role of physical activity on public health and the high prevalence of physical inactivity worldwide, determining physical activity barriers is critical and will be a road map for future planning. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive questionnaire to determine physical activity barriers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>By reviewing previous studies, the main domains of the questionnaire were established. A physical activity expert interviewed 20 individuals aged 18 to 65 years. The results were evaluated by an expert panel for a content validity index. Face validity, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency were established on 204 individuals.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The content validity index in all items was within the acceptable range (&gt;0.85). Face validity was appropriate, and the misunderstanding index was &lt; 20% in all items. Test-retest reliability in the final questionnaire in all items based on Cohen's kappa was &gt; 0.20, indicating fair agreement. Internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha of 0.63 was within the acceptable range.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study revealed that the newly designed survey is valid, accurate, and reliable. The use of this comprehensive tool by policymakers would help them properly identify the perceived barriers, and thus perform better physical activity interventions as promotional health programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"26 2","pages":"17-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/36/01/pan-2022-0009.PMC9395253.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40708605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of energy intakes, physical activities and metabolic syndrome according to the income level in Korean elderly people: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016‒2018.","authors":"Eun-Sook Sung,&nbsp;Sijin Lee,&nbsp;Youngjun Lee,&nbsp;Seunghee Lee,&nbsp;Jonghoon Park","doi":"10.20463/pan.2022.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20463/pan.2022.0011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine the correlations of differences in the income level with the presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), energy intake, and physical activity across Korean elderly populations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We obtained data from 2,139 elderly individuals (aged &gt;65 years) based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) (2016‒2018). We analyzed the levels of physical activity (PA) and energy intake using the survey data. Moreover, we analyzed the differences in energy intake and PA levels according to the income level and MetS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared with the non-MetS group, the MetS group displayed significantly higher levels of waist circumference (p=0.000), triglycerides (p=0.000), systolic blood pressure (p=0.000), diastolic blood pressure (p=0.016), and fasting blood glucose (p=0.000) for both high and low income levels. However, the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly lower in the MetS group than that in the non-MetS group (p=0.000). The level of smoking in non-MetS men was significantly higher than that in MetS men across all participants (p=0.047). Except carbohydrate intake, the total energy intake (p=0.022), fat intake (p=0.009), and protein intake (p=0.005) were significantly lower in the MetS group than those in the non-MetS group for high income levels. We obtained similar results for low income levels. The two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) did not identify an interaction between the income level and the presence of MetS; however, the total energy, i.e., the level of total energy intake, was significantly lower in participants with low income levels than in those with high income levels. For high income levels, transport PA (p=0.002), vigorous recreational PA (p=0.001), moderate recreational PA (p=0.001), and total PA (p=0.000) were significantly lower in the MetS group than those in the non-MetS group. For low income levels, moderate occupational PA (p=0.012), transport PA (p=0.018), and total PA ((p=0.000) were significantly lower in the MetS group than those in the non-MetS group. The total PA, i.e., the level of energy consumption, was significantly lower in the elderly with low income levels than in those with high income levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Regardless of the income level, the elderly with MetS exhibited low levels of energy intake and PA, compared with those without MetS. In addition, regardless of the presence of MetS, the elderly with low income levels exhibited lesser energy intake and PA. These findings implied the need for balanced nutrient intake and increased participation in PA as well as education and program development to prevent MetS in the elderly.</p>","PeriodicalId":74444,"journal":{"name":"Physical activity and nutrition","volume":"26 2","pages":"28-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b3/a6/pan-2022-0011.PMC9395252.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40425893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}