Yasuhiro Kishi, Ichiro Takumi, Kakusho Chigusa Nakajima-Ohyama
{"title":"Psychiatric effects of cannabidiol, cannabinol, and tetrahydrocannabinol: A narrative review of clinical evidence and risk profiles.","authors":"Yasuhiro Kishi, Ichiro Takumi, Kakusho Chigusa Nakajima-Ohyama","doi":"10.1002/pcn5.70383","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pcn5.70383","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cannabinoid products are increasingly used worldwide despite limited psychiatric evidence. This narrative review synthesizes preclinical and clinical evidence on cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to clarify their distinct psychiatric profiles and discuss how current evidence may inform ongoing clinical and regulatory discussions. A targeted search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science through March 2026 was conducted, prioritizing randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. While preclinical studies consistently suggest anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects of CBD, clinical evidence remains inconsistent and fails to establish robust therapeutic efficacy. Recent meta-analyses indicate no consistent clinically meaningful benefit of cannabinoids across major psychiatric disorders, and evidence for CBN remains minimal and insufficient to support any clinical recommendation. In sharp contrast, a robust body of evidence indicates that THC is strongly and dose-dependently associated with adverse psychiatric outcomes-including psychosis, cognitive impairment, mood instability, and suicidality-particularly with early-onset or high-potency use. Overall, current evidence does not support the routine clinical use of cannabinoids for psychiatric indications. Although CBD is an investigational agent with a favorable safety profile, its clinical utility remains unproven, whereas THC exposure carries well-documented risks of psychiatric adverse effects. These findings underscore the importance of cautious, compound-specific, and evidence-based approaches to clinical practice and regulation, particularly within the precautionary frameworks observed in several Asian countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":74405,"journal":{"name":"PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences","volume":"5 3","pages":"e70383"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13373943/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148474545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Association between neurodevelopmental disorders and recidivism among forensic outpatients under the Medical Treatment and Supervision Act in Japan: A retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Shota Matsunaga, Kumiko Ando","doi":"10.1002/pcn5.70367","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pcn5.70367","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Some features of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) have been discussed as potential factors related to criminal behavior, and addressing their characteristics may help prevent recidivism among forensic patients. However, evidence from Japan remains limited. This study examined the association between NDDs and recidivism among forensic outpatients receiving treatment under Japan's Medical Treatment and Supervision Act (MTSA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study used the national database of Japanese forensic outpatients who received treatment under the MTSA between 2005 and 2017. Generalized linear models analyzed the association between NDDs, including intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and recidivism during outpatient treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 2135 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 221 (10.4%) exhibited recidivism. ID, ASD, and ADHD were observed in 10.0%, 3.9%, and 0.3% of patients, respectively. Both ID (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.92, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29-2.87) and ASD (aOR = 2.94, 95% CI: 1.64-5.27) were associated with an increased risk of recidivism. ID was associated with a higher risk of physical violence (aOR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.28-3.14) and arson (aOR = 3.43, 95% CI: 1.01-11.71), whereas ASD was associated with physical violence (aOR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.51-5.46).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Among Japanese forensic outpatients, ASD and ID were associated with an increased risk of recidivism during outpatient treatment. These findings highlight the importance of developing tailored support and multidisciplinary interventions that address the specific needs of individuals with NDDs.</p>","PeriodicalId":74405,"journal":{"name":"PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences","volume":"5 2","pages":"e70367"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13292018/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148335046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From perimenopause to neuroinflammation: Rethinking a case of late-onset mania.","authors":"Zaid Nathani, Helene Alphonso","doi":"10.1002/pcn5.70370","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pcn5.70370","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This case report explores the evolution of diagnoses in a 46-year-old female whose perimenopausal symptoms and psychiatric history shaped the diagnostic interpretation, delaying recognition of her underlying neurologic condition.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>This patient, who had been stable for over a decade on a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), first experienced mania that warranted hospitalization at age 46. She appeared to have late-onset mania, as perimenopausal symptoms preceded the episode. When she developed painless weakness in her legs and became wheelchair bound, the lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were normal, leading to a suspicion of conversion disorder. A later MRI of the brain and neurologic workup ultimately revealed primary progressive multiple sclerosis as the cause of both her psychiatric and physical symptoms.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While there is growing evidence of first-time perimenopausal onset of mania, it is hard to estimate how many of these cases are attributable to autoimmune illnesses with perimenopausal onset. This case outlines the importance of including a brain MRI and autoimmune serum panel in the workup for women presenting with new-onset mania in their perimenopausal years.</p>","PeriodicalId":74405,"journal":{"name":"PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences","volume":"5 2","pages":"e70370"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13291713/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148335029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mayuko Ishigaki, Dai Kezuka, Yuko Isogaya, Eiji Suzuki
{"title":"Associations between self-stigma and socio-clinical characteristics among patients with bipolar disorder in Japan.","authors":"Mayuko Ishigaki, Dai Kezuka, Yuko Isogaya, Eiji Suzuki","doi":"10.1002/pcn5.70366","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pcn5.70366","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74405,"journal":{"name":"PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences","volume":"5 2","pages":"e70366"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13277391/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148297618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hikikomori as a culturally situated expression of neurodivergence: A two-stage international analysis.","authors":"Emily Ravenhill, William Farr","doi":"10.1002/pcn5.70358","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pcn5.70358","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Hikikomori is a behavior characterized by prolonged social withdrawal, identified in 1990s Japan, and with increasing global recognition. Over two decades of research, the phenomenon remains clinically ambiguous; debate persists over whether hikikomori represents a psychiatric disorder, a behavioral response, or an adaptive coping strategy. This review examines the intersection between hikikomori and neurodivergent traits, focusing on autism spectrum characteristics, and ecological and cultural contexts that shape presentation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two-stage literature review. Stage 1 comprised a scoping review of diagnostic criteria for autism and behavioral features of hikikomori, identifying overlapping social communication differences, sensory sensitivities, and restricted interests. Stage 2 employed a targeted Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) approach, synthesizing international literature across quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method studies. Findings followed three research questions: overlap between autism and hikikomori; Japanese environmental and societal triggers; and whether hikikomori can be understood as an adaptive response.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results indicate nuanced convergence between autistic traits and hikikomori behaviors. Social communication difficulties, engagement in repetitive activities, and sensory sensitivities appear in both populations. Developmental trajectories differ; hikikomori emerge in adolescence/early adulthood. Environmental pressures, including academic expectations, family dynamics, and cultural norms around conformity, exacerbate withdrawal behaviors. Adaptive perspectives suggest that withdrawal is a protective mechanism, facilitating sensory regulation, psychological coping, and engagement in preferred activities. Pathological outcomes arise when isolation is prolonged/unsupported.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review underscores important ecological and neurodiversity-informed frameworks in understanding hikikomori. Implications for practice include flexible support strategies, culturally sensitive assessment, and recognizing potential adaptive functions of withdrawal. Future research should be longitudinal, first-person experiences, and interaction between neurodivergence and environmental stressors across cultures.</p>","PeriodicalId":74405,"journal":{"name":"PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences","volume":"5 2","pages":"e70358"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13273524/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148280312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Trends in substance use and associations with internet use among Japanese high school students: A nationwide survey, 2018-2024.","authors":"Satomi Mizuno, Satoshi Inoura, Maki Kitamura, Toshihiko Matsumoto, Kunihiko Kitagaki, Akihiro Koide, Kenji Takehara, Takuya Shimane","doi":"10.1002/pcn5.70365","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pcn5.70365","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To examine temporal trends in past-year substance use among Japanese high school students and their associations with daily time spent on internet activities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed pooled data from three nationwide repeated cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2018, 2021, and 2024, including 142,567 Japanese high school students aged 16-18 years. Past-year substance use (illicit drug and alcohol use and tobacco smoking) and daily time spent on internet activities (social networking services, online gaming, internet searching, video or music streaming, and online shopping or auctions) were assessed using self-administered questionnaires. Associations between internet use and substance use were examined using survey-weighted logistic regression models with restricted cubic spline functions to assess nonlinear patterns across exposure levels.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Past-year illicit drug use remained rare across the survey years (0.1%-0.3%). Alcohol use declined from 14.7% in 2018 to 8.0% in 2024, whereas tobacco smoking decreased from 1.8% to 1.3%. For illicit drug use, probabilities remained low at lower exposure levels but increased at higher levels, most notably for online shopping or auctions. Regarding alcohol use, a longer time spent on all internet activities was associated with higher probabilities, with steeper increases observed for social networking services and online shopping or auctions at higher exposure levels. For tobacco smoking, positive associations were most evident with networking services, online shopping, and auctions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Activity-specific patterns indicate heterogeneity in the associations between internet and substance use, highlighting the importance of considering the types of online activities alongside overall internet use.</p>","PeriodicalId":74405,"journal":{"name":"PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences","volume":"5 2","pages":"e70365"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13273530/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148280264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Headache psychiatry: A structured narrative review and integrative framework.","authors":"Kyohei Otani","doi":"10.1002/pcn5.70347","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pcn5.70347","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Headache disorders involve complex interactions between neurobiological, psychiatric, behavioral, and social factors. Despite robust evidence of psychiatric comorbidity and psychosocial influences, these dimensions remain inadequately integrated into clinical practice and conceptual models. This review synthesizes evidence linking psychiatric factors with headache disorders and proposes Headache Psychiatry as a unified, integrative framework, operationalized through the Psychocephalology model. We conducted a structured narrative review across PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science (1990-2025), examining psychiatric comorbidity, emotion regulation, stress physiology, pain neuroscience, and psychosocial determinants in headache disorders. The Psychocephalology framework synthesizes findings across five interconnected domains: neurobiological mechanisms, pain-processing dynamics, emotion regulation, stress-behavioral factors, and social-contextual influences. Strong bidirectional associations exist between headache and depression, anxiety, trauma exposure, and sleep disturbance. Emotion dysregulation, catastrophizing, and maladaptive coping predict chronification and disability. Neural pain-emotion circuits show heightened activity in chronic migraine. Stress physiology, HPA axis dysregulation, and behavioral patterns are associated with chronic headache. Women experience disproportionate burden due to hormonal fluctuations, perinatal transitions, and role-related stress. Headache Psychiatry, operationalized through the Psychocephalology framework, offers a biopsychosocial model that bridges fragmented disciplines. Clinical implementation requires routine psychiatric screening, multidisciplinary teams, integrated behavioral-pharmacological treatments, and specialized attention to perinatal mental health. This approach enables personalized, context-sensitive care and may prevent transition from episodic to chronic headache.</p>","PeriodicalId":74405,"journal":{"name":"PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences","volume":"5 2","pages":"e70347"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13267097/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148267271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Intrinsic motivation to study and amotivation for most frequently performed activities: Association with increased non-specific psychological distress.","authors":"Reiko Shiba, Yuki Ueno, Shuntaro Ando, Hironori Nakatani, Shinsuke Koike","doi":"10.1002/pcn5.70364","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pcn5.70364","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Non-specific psychological distress is closely associated with the risk of depression. Accordingly, assessing motivation on this distress can provide important information for preventing depression. In this study, we investigated the relationship between motivational state and non-specific psychological distress in participants with a 1-year follow-up.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two hundred and sixty-eight participants (117 men, 15.3-57.7 years, mean age = 23.7 years, SD = 7.8) were publicly recruited and administered a self-reported questionnaire. The 135 of all participants completed a 1-year follow-up. We translated and adapted the Perceived Locus of Causality Questionnaire (PLOCQ) into Japanese to be applicable to motivation for \"study\" (PLCQ-J-study) and for \"most frequently performed activities\" (PLCQ-J-time) and used them in the baseline survey. The Kessler 6 (K6), a 6-item scale assessing non-specific psychological distress, was administered in both surveys.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In a hierarchical multiple regression analysis, K6 scores at 1-year follow-up were predicted by intrinsic motivation in the PLCQ-J-study (<i>B</i> [SE] = 0.259 [0.103], <i>t</i> = 2.51, <i>p</i> < 0.05), amotivation in the PLCQ-J-time (<i>B</i> [SE] = 0.287 [0.086], <i>t</i> = 3.33, <i>p</i> < 0.01), and K6 score at baseline (<i>B</i> [SE] = 0.436 [0.090], <i>t</i> = 4.83, <i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We identified the relationship between motivation in multiple domains as well as in non-specific psychological distress. Understanding multiple perspectives on motivation could reveal a new understanding of non-specific psychological distress.</p>","PeriodicalId":74405,"journal":{"name":"PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences","volume":"5 2","pages":"e70364"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13266905/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148267313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kana Tsunoda, Keitaro Murayama, Shuichi Isomura, Tomohiro Nakao
{"title":"A structured support process for social reintegration of a patient with long-term hikikomori: A case report.","authors":"Kana Tsunoda, Keitaro Murayama, Shuichi Isomura, Tomohiro Nakao","doi":"10.1002/pcn5.70363","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pcn5.70363","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hikikomori is a condition characterized by remaining predominantly at home for at least 6 months, with marked social withdrawal and functional impairment. In prolonged cases, reduced self-care and physical comorbidities are common; however, access to necessary medical care is often limited. When a distrust of medical services and the refusal of psychiatric care are pronounced, psychiatric interventions alone may be insufficient. In such cases, it is important to use general medical care as an entry point to subsequent psychiatric and community-based support.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We herein report a case of hikikomori for more than 15 years in a man in his 50s. He first presented to general medical services after developing wound myiasis. Thereafter, while receiving physical treatment, he received stepwise support in a psychiatric ward, including support for hygiene behaviors, family support, and discharge planning. His resistance to bathing and grooming gradually decreased. After discharge, he moved into supported housing and began attending a supported employment program. During the 3-month follow-up, no recurrence of hikikomori was observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case shows that in patients with long-term hikikomori for whom psychiatric interventions alone are difficult, a structured support process that links general medical, psychiatric, and community care in a stepwise manner may facilitate social reintegration. The process may be conceptualized in terms of the entry point, transition phase, and outcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":74405,"journal":{"name":"PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences","volume":"5 2","pages":"e70363"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13266903/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148267233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Digital harassment and its mental health impact among healthcare professionals: A scoping review.","authors":"Kyohei Otani, Tomohiro Kinoshita, Ryota Shindo, Shogo Kurushima","doi":"10.1002/pcn5.70362","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pcn5.70362","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Digital harassment, including workplace cyberbullying, online defamation, and social media attacks, has been reported among healthcare professionals. This scoping review systematically maps existing evidence on digital harassment and its mental health consequences among healthcare professionals. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines, we searched MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Ichushi-Web through December 2025. Twenty-four studies from 12 countries were included. Workplace cyberbullying prevalence ranged from 1.5% to 46.6%. Across studies, digital harassment was reported in association with depression, anxiety, burnout, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and moral injury-related experiences, although causal relationships could not be established. Seven included studies (28%) addressed pandemic-related digital harassment, including online abuse and stigmatization of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 period. Within the English- and Japanese-language literature identified in this review, Japanese studies were limited (three studies). From a consultation-liaison psychiatry perspective, harassment following ethically mandated actions may relate to moral injury-related experiences and may warrant further attention to institutional support. Evidence for effective interventions remains scarce. This review suggests that digital harassment may represent an emerging occupational concern with potential mental health implications. The evidence base was predominantly cross-sectional and methodologically heterogeneous, and findings should therefore be interpreted cautiously. Important needs include institutional policies, legal protections, psychological support systems, and further research on intervention effectiveness and cross-cultural patterns.</p>","PeriodicalId":74405,"journal":{"name":"PCN reports : psychiatry and clinical neurosciences","volume":"5 2","pages":"e70362"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13254817/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148254843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}