Yingying Jiang, Tianbing Ren, Shuang Zhao, Ani Baghdasaryan, Xiaobing Zhang, Xiang Chen, Feifei Wang, Hongjie Dai
{"title":"In vivo imaging of the immune system","authors":"Yingying Jiang, Tianbing Ren, Shuang Zhao, Ani Baghdasaryan, Xiaobing Zhang, Xiang Chen, Feifei Wang, Hongjie Dai","doi":"10.1038/s44222-026-00407-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-026-00407-9","url":null,"abstract":"Advanced imaging and tracking techniques are needed to observe complex and dynamic immune interactions during viral infections, disease progression and therapeutic interventions. Traditional post-mortem ex vivo imaging techniques, such as immunohistochemistry coupled with microscopy on tissue samples, can only investigate static specimens and therefore fail to capture the dynamic nature of the immune system. By contrast, real-time, non-invasive and cellular-level in vivo imaging can enhance our understanding of immune-cell dynamics and aid the development of effective therapeutics and vaccines for cancer and infectious diseases. In this Review, we discuss modalities for molecular imaging of the immune system, with an emphasis on in vivo imaging techniques. We focus on advances in near-infrared II (NIR-II) fluorescence imaging of the immune system capable of low phototoxicity, high-resolution and non-invasive imaging with millimetre-scale tissue penetration. Finally, we discuss how challenges such as limited depth and multiplexing analysis may be addressed by integrating NIR-II modalities with existing imaging techniques, such as MRI and by applying artificial intelligence-driven automated multiplexed image analysis, advancing NIR-II imaging for immunological research and its potential translation to clinical settings. Immune interactions are complex, dynamic and difficult to capture using static imaging modalities on in vitro or ex vivo tissue cultures. In this Review, the authors discuss techniques for in vivo imaging of the immune system including one-photon near-infrared II fluorescence and two-photon and multiphoton microscopy for longitudinal tracking of immune cells, as well as a translational path that integrates near-infrared II, positron-emission tomography or MRI and artificial intelligence-enabled analysis towards quantitative, clinically compatible, multimodal immuno-imaging.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"4 5","pages":"454-474"},"PeriodicalIF":37.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147968223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Placental organoids for drug and biomarker discovery","authors":"Claire Richards, Fatemeh Heidari, Lana McClements","doi":"10.1038/s44222-026-00409-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-026-00409-7","url":null,"abstract":"Placental organoids offer powerful tools to advance diagnostics and therapies for pregnancy complications including preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. However, most current models rely on animal-derived materials and heterogenous cell sources. Developing human-based physiologically relevant organoid models is essential to understand disease phenotypes and improve clinical care for high-risk pregnancies.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"4 4","pages":"288-290"},"PeriodicalIF":37.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Artificial kinaesthesia in autonomous robotic surgery","authors":"Tangyou Liu \u0000 (, ), Sishen Yuan \u0000 (, ), Hongliang Ren \u0000 (, )","doi":"10.1038/s44222-026-00403-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-026-00403-z","url":null,"abstract":"Surgeons depend on a finely tuned multisensory system, in which vision and kinaesthesia work in synergy to manipulate tissue with precision. Translating this to robotic systems requires a hierarchical framework of artificial kinaesthesia, progressing from physical sensing to algorithmic understanding, and finally, to synergistic control.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"4 3","pages":"210-211"},"PeriodicalIF":37.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147570390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ester Sapir Baruch, Eric Silberman, Assaf Shapira, Tal Dvir
{"title":"Reassessing the scope and definition of 4D tissue bioprinting","authors":"Ester Sapir Baruch, Eric Silberman, Assaf Shapira, Tal Dvir","doi":"10.1038/s44222-026-00402-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-026-00402-0","url":null,"abstract":"Four-dimensional bioprinting of tissues goes beyond cellular constructs that evolve or mature over time. It should incorporate time as an active design parameter, enabling programmed and predictable transformations. This requires implementing shape-morphing behaviour, either within materials or cell–matrix composites, to control the construct’s transition in form or size.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"4 3","pages":"206-207"},"PeriodicalIF":37.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147570401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Building mechanochemistry into soft biomaterials","authors":"Kristopher A. Kilian","doi":"10.1038/s44222-026-00406-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-026-00406-w","url":null,"abstract":"When soft tissue is mechanically deformed, new material properties and functionalities can emerge. Through rational design of dynamic covalent chemistry and network architecture, new force-catalysed activities in hydrogels can be achieved, forming the basis of a ‘mechanochemical toolbox’ to expand the functionality of soft synthetic biomaterials.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"4 3","pages":"208-209"},"PeriodicalIF":37.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147570396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Translating a bioinspired polymer into a modular surgical platform","authors":"Jeffrey Michael Karp","doi":"10.1038/s44222-026-00408-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-026-00408-8","url":null,"abstract":"A bioresorbable, light-activated polymer, integrated with a 3D-printed chamber, enables atraumatic and sutureless peripheral nerve repair. Translating this material platform from concept to clinical reality required iterative design, scalable manufacturing, multidisciplinary collaboration and long-term vision for a versatile surgical technology.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"4 4","pages":"296-297"},"PeriodicalIF":37.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"AI challenges science to reinvent itself","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s44222-025-00398-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-025-00398-z","url":null,"abstract":"As artificial intelligence enters the scientific arena, it not only compels us to rethink the scientific method but also opens the door to reimagine long-standing practices.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":37.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s44222-025-00398-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145970245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Balancing data collection and privacy protection in precision health","authors":"Seung-min Park, Hun Chung","doi":"10.1038/s44222-026-00404-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-026-00404-y","url":null,"abstract":"Precision health is based on multimodal, personal data from individuals. However, regulatory frameworks typically require collecting only what is strictly necessary, a standard that is difficult to define in biomedicine. Here we explore how data minimization can be embedded into precision health, turning privacy from a limitation into a guiding design principle for data collection, storage and governance.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"4 3","pages":"212-213"},"PeriodicalIF":37.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147570397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chuang Liu, Alexey V. Yaremenko, Xiaolong Li, Xinru You, Xiaoyu Zhu, Nuo Liu, Wei Chen, Na Kong, Tian Xie, Gaurav D. Gaiha, Robert Langer, Wei Tao
{"title":"mRNA technology for the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection","authors":"Chuang Liu, Alexey V. Yaremenko, Xiaolong Li, Xinru You, Xiaoyu Zhu, Nuo Liu, Wei Chen, Na Kong, Tian Xie, Gaurav D. Gaiha, Robert Langer, Wei Tao","doi":"10.1038/s44222-025-00387-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-025-00387-2","url":null,"abstract":"Despite four decades of effort, neither a cure nor a preventive vaccine exists for HIV-1. HIV-1 vaccine development faces persistent barriers, including the rapid mutation rate of the virus, its genetic diversity, immune evasion strategies and the establishment of latent reservoirs. Although antiretroviral therapies effectively suppress replication, limitations such as lifelong adherence, drug resistance and inability to eliminate reservoirs underscore the need for novel vaccines. Critically, the foremost challenge in HIV-1 vaccines remains the induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies — a hurdle rooted in the virus’s structural complexity and host immune tolerance. mRNA technology offers rapid scalability, favourable safety profiles (avoiding viral vector-associated risks) and the capacity to elicit potent immune responses, possibly positioning mRNA-based medicine as a potential solution to the challenges posed by HIV-1. Additionally, mRNA enables swift iteration of immunogen designs, potentially accelerating broadly neutralizing antibody-focused strategies. Preclinical studies and early-phase clinical trials are actively exploring mRNA technology to overcome obstacles in HIV-1 immunization. In this Review, we explore mRNA technology, evaluate clinical trials of HIV-1 mRNA medicine and discuss persistent challenges in the development of mRNA-based interventions against HIV-1. mRNA technologies offer potential solutions for HIV-1 vaccine development by enabling rapid, safe and modular antigen design that can initiate rare antibody lineages required for broad protection. In this Review, we discuss preclinical and early clinical evidence, outline remaining challenges — particularly breadth and durability — and discuss delivery and manufacturing advances that may help translate these approaches into effective preventive and therapeutic strategies.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"4 5","pages":"435-453"},"PeriodicalIF":37.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147968222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Organoid analytical toolkits","authors":"Yoonhee Jin, Seongjun Park, Seung-Woo Cho","doi":"10.1038/s44222-025-00384-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-025-00384-5","url":null,"abstract":"3D cell culture systems such as organoids reflect the complexity of native organs more closely than traditional 2D culture systems. However, efforts to translate organoid research into clinical and industrial applications demand the development of compatible analytical platforms to accurately characterize their multifaceted physiological traits. This Review explores three vital aspects of physiological characterization — electrophysiological, biophysical and optical properties — including the role of omics and computational technologies in understanding organoid function and behaviour. Organoids offer physiologically relevant 3D models, yet translating them into clinical and industrial use requires robust analytical platforms. In this Review, key strategies for characterizing electrophysiological, biophysical and optical properties are discussed, alongside the integration of omics and computational technologies to decode organoid function and behaviour.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"4 4","pages":"336-352"},"PeriodicalIF":37.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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