{"title":"Engineering cells for therapy and diagnosis","authors":"Zhaoting Li, Yixin Wang, Zhen Gu, Quanyin Hu","doi":"10.1038/s44222-024-00198-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-024-00198-x","url":null,"abstract":"Personalized therapy offers tailored treatment solutions for individual patients to minimize treatment-associated side effects and improve prognosis. In particular, endogenous cells, exogenous cells and bacterial cells can be designed to enable precise disease diagnosis and personalized therapy, capitalizing on inherent and engineered functions and properties of different cell types. In this Review, we discuss the engineering of both mammalian and bacterial cells for disease diagnosis and therapy, including genetic engineering, bioconjugation, cell fusion, cell membrane wrapping, cell backpacks, cell surface coating and intracellular drug loading approaches, outlining advantages and limitations of each engineering strategy for distinct therapeutic applications. We also highlight how mammalian and bacterial cells can be designed as biosensors and imaging tools for disease diagnosis, and survey promising preclinical and clinical investigations of engineered cell therapies, emphasizing future milestones for clinical translation. Finally, we discuss strategies to increase the safety and efficacy of engineered cell therapies, improve their functionalities and promote their large-scale manufacturing. Cells can be engineered to modify their function and behaviour for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. This Review discusses biological, genetic and materials-based engineering approaches for both mammalian and bacterial cells, outlining key design strategies and applications of engineered cell products.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"2 9","pages":"770-784"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141508940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"NIDDK funding for collaborative research","authors":"Lisa M. Spain, Albert J. Hwa","doi":"10.1038/s44222-024-00209-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-024-00209-x","url":null,"abstract":"Many scientific breakthroughs occur when researchers with different expertise come together to work collaboratively, an effort welcomed by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH). This Comment provides the perspective of two program officers from the National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) to help researchers with collaborative projects apply for NIH funding.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"2 9","pages":"712-713"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141508937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jutaek Nam, April Kim, Kidong Kim, Jeong Hyun Moon, Juwon Baig, May Phoo, James J. Moon, Sejin Son
{"title":"Engineered polysaccharides for controlling innate and adaptive immune responses","authors":"Jutaek Nam, April Kim, Kidong Kim, Jeong Hyun Moon, Juwon Baig, May Phoo, James J. Moon, Sejin Son","doi":"10.1038/s44222-024-00193-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-024-00193-2","url":null,"abstract":"Therapeutic interventions can be designed by exploiting the immune system’s ability to initiate specific responses to various stimuli. However, specific T cell activation, which is a key target for vaccines and immunotherapies, remains challenging. Polysaccharides derived from microbial cell walls are promising immunomodulators that interact with pathogen-recognition receptors (PRRs) on dendritic cells and macrophages, triggering robust immune responses for modulating T cell function and activating effector or regulatory pathways. In this Review, we discuss the role of polysaccharides as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) recognized by PRRs and their immunomodulatory potential for biomedical applications. We examine the engineering aspects of polysaccharides, investigating their potential in vaccine, immunoadjuvant, immune-modulation and drug-delivery applications and highlighting their immune-activating or immune-regulatory functions. We also explore how trained immunity can be induced by polysaccharides to trigger immune responsiveness upon re-encountering pathogens. By leveraging materials engineering principles, polysaccharides can offer a platform for effective vaccines and immunotherapies against autoimmune and other diseases. Polysaccharides possess immune-activating or immune-regulatory functions and can thus be applied as immunomodulators. This Review discusses engineering approaches for the design of polysaccharides for vaccine, immunoadjuvant, immune-modulation and drug-delivery applications.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"2 9","pages":"733-751"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141508944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Herbicide-degrading synthetic microbiome","authors":"Christine-Maria Horejs","doi":"10.1038/s44222-024-00215-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-024-00215-z","url":null,"abstract":"An article in Nature Communications reports a metabolic modelling-based framework to construct synthetic microbiomes that can degrade specific herbicides in soil.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"2 7","pages":"540-540"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141529843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chuanzhen Zhao, Jaeho Park, Samuel E. Root, Zhenan Bao
{"title":"Skin-inspired soft bioelectronic materials, devices and systems","authors":"Chuanzhen Zhao, Jaeho Park, Samuel E. Root, Zhenan Bao","doi":"10.1038/s44222-024-00194-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-024-00194-1","url":null,"abstract":"Bioelectronic devices and components made from soft, polymer-based and hybrid electronic materials form natural interfaces with the human body. Advances in the molecular design of stretchable dielectric, conducting and semiconducting polymers, as well as their composites with various metallic and inorganic nanoscale or microscale materials, have led to more unobtrusive and conformal interfaces with tissues and organs. Nonetheless, technical challenges associated with functional performance, stability and reliability of integrated soft bioelectronic systems still remain. This Review discusses recent progress in biomedical applications of soft organic and hybrid electronic materials, device components and integrated systems for addressing these challenges. We first discuss strategies for achieving soft and stretchable devices, highlighting molecular and materials design concepts for incorporating intrinsically stretchable functional materials. We next describe design strategies and considerations on wearable devices for on-skin sensing and prostheses. Moving beneath the skin, we discuss advances in implantable devices enabled by materials and integrated devices with tissue-like mechanical properties. Finally, we summarize strategies used to build standalone integrated systems and whole-body networks to integrate wearable and implantable bioelectronic devices with other essential components, including wireless communication units, power sources, interconnects and encapsulation. Soft bioelectronic devices are made from polymer-based and hybrid electronic materials that form natural interfaces with the human body. In this Review, the authors present recent developments in soft bioelectronic sensors and actuators, and discuss system-level integration for wearable and implantable medical applications.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"2 8","pages":"671-690"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141508941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Decolonizing global health by engineering equitable relationships","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s44222-024-00199-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-024-00199-w","url":null,"abstract":"Global health-related research and development continues to uphold colonialist structures, concentrating knowledge generation and innovation to high-income countries, thereby hindering global health equity. Therefore, in addition to engineering new technologies, bioengineers will need to try to engineer equitable relationships.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"2 6","pages":"443-443"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44222-024-00199-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141326812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bram Servais, Negar Mahmoudi, Vini Gautam, Wei Tong, Michael R. Ibbotson, David R. Nisbet, David Collins
{"title":"Engineering brain-on-a-chip platforms","authors":"Bram Servais, Negar Mahmoudi, Vini Gautam, Wei Tong, Michael R. Ibbotson, David R. Nisbet, David Collins","doi":"10.1038/s44222-024-00184-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-024-00184-3","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing prevalence of neurological and psychiatric diseases, such as Alzheimer disease and schizophrenia, necessitates the development of new research tools to investigate these diseases and develop effective treatments. Thus, in vitro brain models, such as brain-on-a-chip devices, have been developed to mimic in vivo biochemical and mechanobiological interactions and to monitor their electrochemical activity. In this Review, we discuss the technologies to build complex brain models. We discuss progress in microfluidic and semiconductor-based technologies that facilitate in vitro modelling of the blood–brain barrier and neuronal circuits to study pathophysiological processes. We further discuss advances in 3D tissue engineering, electrode strategies and materials that, when combined, could allow simulation of the native complexity of brain regions and the interrogation of their activity at cellular length scales. Furthermore, we explore the engineering challenges and opportunities for complex physiologically relevant brain-on-a-chip devices and their future progress. Brain-on-a-chip models, mimicking brain physiology, hold promise for developing treatments for neurological disorders. This Review discusses the engineering challenges and opportunities for these devices, including the integration of 3D cell cultures and electrodes and scaffold engineering strategies.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"2 8","pages":"691-709"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141386579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nanoparticle delivery to tumours: from EPR and ATR mechanisms to clinical impact","authors":"Anshuman Dasgupta, Alexandros Marios Sofias, Fabian Kiessling, Twan Lammers","doi":"10.1038/s44222-024-00203-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-024-00203-3","url":null,"abstract":"New insights into active versus passive nanoparticle tumour entry and exit mechanisms are enriching the understanding of tumour-targeted drug delivery. Here we align the principles of enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) and active transport and retention (ATR), and outline how their mechanistic features can be employed to improve the performance and clinical impact of cancer nanomedicines.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"2 9","pages":"714-716"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141252345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A wish list to improve postdoctoral life","authors":"Siphesihle R. Nxele","doi":"10.1038/s44222-024-00202-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-024-00202-4","url":null,"abstract":"Postdoctoral researchers (postdocs), vital contributors to academia, often face vulnerability and uncertainty. Here is a wish list from a fellow postdoc, outlining key measures to improve postdoctoral life — from employment stability and fair compensation to better work-life balance and mentorship.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"2 8","pages":"631-632"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141252216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Brain–computer interfaces for neuropsychiatric disorders","authors":"Lucine L. Oganesian, Maryam M. Shanechi","doi":"10.1038/s44222-024-00177-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44222-024-00177-2","url":null,"abstract":"Neuropsychiatric disorders such as major depression are a leading cause of disability worldwide with standard treatments, including psychotherapy or medication, failing many patients. Deep brain stimulation holds great potential as an alternative therapy for treatment-resistant cases; however, improving the efficacy of stimulation therapy for neuropsychiatric disorders is hindered by the complexity as well as inter-individual and intra-individual variability in symptom manifestations, neural representations and response to therapy. These challenges motivate the development of brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) that can decode the symptom state of a patient from brain activity as feedback to personalize the stimulation therapy in closed loop. Here we review progress on developing BCIs for neuropsychiatric care, focusing on neural biomarkers for decoding symptom states, stimulation site selection and closed-loop stimulation strategies. Moreover, we highlight promising data-driven machine learning and system design approaches and provide a roadmap for realizing these BCIs. Finally, we review current limitations, discuss extensions to other treatment modalities and outline the required scientific and technological advances. These advances can enable next-generation BCIs that provide an alternative therapy for treatment-resistant neuropsychiatric disorders. Stimulation therapy for neuropsychiatric disorders is hindered by the complexity and inter-individual and intra-individual variability in symptom manifestations, neural representations and response to therapy. Brain–computer interfaces could model the brain response to stimulation and decode the symptom state of a patient from brain activity as feedback to personalize the stimulation therapy in closed loop.","PeriodicalId":74248,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews bioengineering","volume":"2 8","pages":"653-670"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s44222-024-00177-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141252279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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