Molecular and cellular pediatrics最新文献

{"title":"Installation of the developing nephron in the fetal human kidney during advanced pregnancy.","authors":"Will W Minuth","doi":"10.1186/s40348-023-00172-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40348-023-00172-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The kidneys of preterm and low birth weight babies reflect vulnerability, since several noxae can evoke the termination of nephron formation. This again leads to oligonephropathy with severe consequences for health in the later life. While the clinical parameters have been intensely investigated, only little is known about the initial traces left by the noxae. For the fetal human kidney, solely the lack of basophilic S-shaped bodies and the reduction in width of the nephrogenic zone were registered. It is not known in how far also the involved progenitor cells, the earlier nephron stages, the collecting duct (CD) ampullae, and the local interstitium are collaterally harmed.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The interstitium at the forming nephron is heterogeneously structured. Thereby, it fulfills quite different mastering and integrative tasks. Since data dealing with the installation of a nephron is not available, the microanatomical features were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The microscopic specimens show that the installation of the transient stages of nephron anlage is not synchronized. Instead, it is controlled within a nephrogenic compartment of the nephrogenic zone. It starts near the renal capsule by positioning the nephrogenic niche so that the nephrogenic progenitor cells face the epithelial progenitor cell at the tip of a CD ampulla. Then, the induced nephrogenic progenitor cells assimilate in the pretubular aggregate. While its medial part remains opposite the head of the CD ampulla, at its proximal end, the primitive renal vesicle is formed. Only a part of it separates to stick to the section border between the head and conus of the CD ampulla. This marks the link with the future connecting tubule at the distal pole of the extending renal vesicle. Meanwhile, the proximal pole is mounted next to the connecting tubule of an earlier developed nephron. The resulting two-point mounting serves a common elongation of the conus at the CD ampulla and the medial aspect of the comma-shaped body. In the S-shaped body, it supports to defoliate the arising glomerulus and to link it with the perforating radiate artery at its deep lateral aspect.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The investigation depicts that the installation is an interactive process between the stages of nephron anlage and its structural neighbors. A special meaning has the interjacent interstitium. It is vital for the positioning, shaping, and physiological integration. Due to its special location, this is mainly exposed to noxae.</p>","PeriodicalId":74215,"journal":{"name":"Molecular and cellular pediatrics","volume":"10 1","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10682366/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138447483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gene therapy-based strategies for spinal muscular atrophy-an Asia-Pacific perspective.","authors":"Michelle A Farrar, Loudella Calotes-Castillo, Ranil De Silva, Peter Barclay, Lani Attwood, Julie Cini, Monica Ferrie, Didu S Kariyawasam","doi":"10.1186/s40348-023-00171-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40348-023-00171-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Onasemnogene abeparvovec has been life-changing for children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), signifying the potential and progress occurring in gene- and cell-based therapies for rare genetic diseases. Hence, it is important that clinicians gain knowledge and understanding in gene therapy-based treatment strategies for SMA. In this review, we describe the development and translation of onasemnogene abeparvovec from clinical trials to healthcare practice and share knowledge on the facilitators and barriers to implementation. Rapid and accurate SMA diagnosis, awareness, and education to safely deliver gene therapy to eligible patients and access to expertise in multidisciplinary management for neuromuscular disorders are crucial for health system readiness. Early engagement and intersectoral collaboration are required to surmount complex logistical processes and develop policy, governance, and accountability. The collection and utilisation of real-world evidence are also an important part of clinical stewardship, informing ongoing improvements to care delivery and access. Additionally, a research-enabled clinical ecosystem can expand scientific knowledge and discovery to optimise future therapies and magnify health impacts. Important ethical, equity, economic, and sustainability issues are evident, for which we must connect globally.</p>","PeriodicalId":74215,"journal":{"name":"Molecular and cellular pediatrics","volume":"10 1","pages":"17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10645685/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"107592978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relevance and consequence of chronic inflammation for obesity development.","authors":"Lisa Ruck, Susanna Wiegand, Peter Kühnen","doi":"10.1186/s40348-023-00170-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40348-023-00170-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Increasing prevalence of morbid obesity accompanied by comorbidities like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) led to a demand for improving therapeutic strategies and pharmacological intervention options. Apart from genetics, inflammation processes have been hypothesized to be of importance for the development of obesity and related aspects like insulin resistance.</p><p><strong>Main text: </strong>Within this review, we provide an overview of the intricate interplay between chronic inflammation of the adipose tissue and the hypothalamus and the development of obesity. Further understanding of this relationship might improve the understanding of the underlying mechanism and may be of relevance for the establishment of new treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":74215,"journal":{"name":"Molecular and cellular pediatrics","volume":"10 1","pages":"16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10643747/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92158050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"B cell phenotype and serum levels of interferons, BAFF, and APRIL in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with COVID-19 (MIS-C).","authors":"Adam Klocperk,&nbsp;Marketa Bloomfield,&nbsp;Zuzana Parackova,&nbsp;Ludovic Aillot,&nbsp;Jiri Fremuth,&nbsp;Lumir Sasek,&nbsp;Jan David,&nbsp;Filip Fencl,&nbsp;Aneta Skotnicova,&nbsp;Katerina Rejlova,&nbsp;Martin Magner,&nbsp;Ondrej Hrusak,&nbsp;Anna Sediva","doi":"10.1186/s40348-023-00169-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40348-023-00169-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with COVID-19 (MIS-C) is a late complication of pediatric COVID-19, which follows weeks after the original SARS-CoV-2 infection, regardless of its severity. It is characterized by hyperinflammation, neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and activation of T cells with elevated IFN-γ. Observing the production of autoantibodies and parallels with systemic autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematodes (SLE), we explored B cell phenotype and serum levels of type I, II, and III interferons, as well as the cytokines BAFF and APRIL in a cohort of MIS-C patients and healthy children after COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We documented a significant elevation of IFN-γ, but not IFN-α and IFN-λ in MIS-C patients. BAFF was elevated in MIS-C patient sera and accompanied by decreased BAFFR expression on all B cell subtypes. The proportion of plasmablasts was significantly lower in patients compared to healthy post-COVID children. We noted the pre-IVIG presence of ENA Ro60 autoantibodies in 4/35 tested MIS-C patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our work shows the involvement of humoral immunity in MIS-C and hints at parallels with the pathophysiology of SLE, with autoreactive B cells driven towards autoantibody production by elevated BAFF.</p>","PeriodicalId":74215,"journal":{"name":"Molecular and cellular pediatrics","volume":"10 1","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10611647/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61566738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel serum calprotectin (MRP8/14) particle-enhanced immuno-turbidimetric assay (sCAL turbo) helps to differentiate systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis from other diseases in routine clinical laboratory settings.","authors":"Dirk Foell, Melanie Saers, Carolin Park, Ninna Brix, Mia Glerup, Christoph Kessel, Helmut Wittkowski, Claas Hinze, Lillemor Berntson, Anders Fasth, Charlotte Myrup, Ellen Nordal, Marite Rygg, Henrik Hasle, Birgitte Klug Albertsen, Troels Herlin, Dirk Holzinger, Christian Niederberger, Bernhard Schlüter","doi":"10.1186/s40348-023-00168-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40348-023-00168-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Differential diagnosis in children with signs of unprovoked inflammation can be challenging. In particular, differentiating systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) from other diagnoses is difficult. We have recently validated the complex of myeloid-related proteins 8/14 (MRP8/14, also known as S100A8/A9 complex or serum calprotectin) as a helpful biomarker supporting the diagnosis of SJIA. The results were subsequently confirmed with a commercial ELISA. However, further optimization of the analytical technology is important to ensure its feasibility for large-scale use in routine laboratory settings.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To evaluate the accuracy in identifying children with SJIA, the performance of a particle-enhanced immuno-turbidimetric assay for serum calprotectin (sCAL turbo) on an automated laboratory instrument was analyzed. Samples from 615 children were available with the diagnoses SJIA (n = 99), non-systemic JIA (n = 169), infections (n = 51), other inflammatory diseases (n = 126), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL, n = 147). In addition, samples from 23 healthy controls were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The sCAL turbo assay correlated well with the MRP8/14 ELISA used in previous validation studies (r = 0.99, p < 0.001). It could reliably differentiate SJIA from all other diagnoses with significant accuracy (cutoff at 10,500 ng/ml, sensitivity 84%, specificity 94%, ROC area under curve 0.960, p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Serum calprotectin analyses are a helpful tool supporting the diagnosis of SJIA in children with prolonged fever or inflammatory disease. Here, we show that an immuno-turbidimetric assay for detection of serum calprotectin on an automated laboratory instrument can be implemented in clinical laboratory settings to facilitate its use as a diagnostic routine test in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":74215,"journal":{"name":"Molecular and cellular pediatrics","volume":"10 1","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10600080/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50159468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What do we know about the sleep effects of caffeine used to treat apnoea of prematurity? A systematic review of the literature.","authors":"Ana Renata Pinto de Toledo, Higor Arruda Caetano, Jovito Adiel Skupien, Carina Rodrigues Boeck, Humberto Fiori, Rosane Souza da Silva","doi":"10.1186/s40348-023-00166-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40348-023-00166-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Scientific scrutiny has proved the safety and benefits of caffeine to treat apnoea of prematurity (AOP). However, there is no consensus on the effects of this treatment on sleep, especially considering the key role of adenosine and early brain development for sleep maturation. We systematically reviewed studies with sleep as a primary and/or secondary outcome or any mention of sleep parameters in the context of caffeine treatment for AOP.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science and the Virtual Health Library from inception to 7 September 2022 to identify studies investigating the short- and long-term effects of caffeine to treat AOP on sleep parameters. We used the PIC strategy considering preterm infants as the Population, caffeine for apnoea as the Intervention and no or other intervention other than caffeine as the Comparison. We registered the protocol on PROSPERO (CRD42021282536).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 4019 studies, we deemed 20, including randomised controlled trials and follow-up and observational studies, to be eligible for our systematic review. The analysed sleep parameters, the evaluation phase and the instruments for sleep assessment varied considerably among the studies. The main findings can be summarised as follows: (i) most of the eligible studies in this systematic review indicate that caffeine used to treat AOP seems to have no effect on key sleep parameters and (ii) the effects on sleep when caffeine is administered earlier, at higher doses or for longer periods than the most common protocol have not been investigated. There is a possible correlation between the caffeine concentration and period of exposure and negative sleep quality, but the sleep assessment protocols used in the included studies did not have high-quality standards and could not provide good evidence.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and implications: </strong>Sleep quality is an important determinant of health, and better investments in research with adequate sleep assessment tools are necessary to guarantee the ideal management of children who were born preterm.</p>","PeriodicalId":74215,"journal":{"name":"Molecular and cellular pediatrics","volume":"10 1","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10505599/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10307507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retinopathy of prematurity: from oxygen management to molecular manipulation.","authors":"Jonathan Woods, Susmito Biswas","doi":"10.1186/s40348-023-00163-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40348-023-00163-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vasoproliferative disorder of the premature retina with the potential to progress to extraretinal neovascularisation. This review serves as an introduction to retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), outlining key parts of ROP pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. ROP is traditionally diagnosed by indirect ophthalmoscopy and classified using anatomical zones, stages of disease, and the presence or absence of \"plus disease\" (dilation and tortuosity of the major retinal arterioles and venules). ROP has a bi-phasic pathophysiology: initial hyperoxia causes reduced retinal vascularisation, followed by pathological vaso-proliferation resulting from subsequent hypoxia and driven by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).</p><p><strong>Advancements in management: </strong>This review summarises previous trials to establish optimum oxygen exposure levels in newborns and more recently the development of anti-VEGF agents locally delivered to block pathological neovascularisation, which is technically easier to administer and less destructive than laser treatment.</p><p><strong>Future directions: </strong>There remains an ongoing concern regarding the potential unwanted systemic effects of intravitreally administered anti-VEGF on the overall development of the premature baby. Ongoing dosing studies may lessen these fears by identifying the minimally effective dose required to block extraretinal neovascularisation.</p>","PeriodicalId":74215,"journal":{"name":"Molecular and cellular pediatrics","volume":"10 1","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10504188/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10308172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autoimmune lymphoproliferative immunodeficiencies (ALPID) in childhood: breakdown of immune homeostasis and immune dysregulation.","authors":"Vasil Toskov, Stephan Ehl","doi":"10.1186/s40348-023-00167-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40348-023-00167-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many inborn errors of immunity (IEI) manifest with hallmarks of both immunodeficiency and immune dysregulation due to uncontrolled immune responses and impaired immune homeostasis. A subgroup of these disorders frequently presents with autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation (ALPID phenotype). After the initial description of the genetic basis of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) more than 20 years ago, progress in genetics has helped to identify many more genetic conditions underlying this ALPID phenotype. Among these, the majority is caused by a group of autosomal-dominant conditions including CTLA-4 haploinsufficiency, STAT3 gain-of-function disease, activated PI3 kinase syndrome, and NF-κB1 haploinsufficiency. Even within a defined genetic condition, ALPID patients may present with staggering clinical heterogeneity, which makes diagnosis and management a challenge. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, approaches to diagnosis, and conventional as well as targeted therapy of the most common ALPID conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":74215,"journal":{"name":"Molecular and cellular pediatrics","volume":"10 1","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10499775/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10608375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of adolescents with functional respiratory disorders and prior history of SARS-CoV-2.","authors":"Sebastian Felix Nepomuk Bode, Anja Schwender, Monika Toth, Christine Kaeppler-Schorn, Ute Siebeneich, Joachim Freihorst, Ales Janda, Dorit Fabricius","doi":"10.1186/s40348-023-00165-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40348-023-00165-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused significant pulmonary morbidity and mortality in the adult population. Children and adolescents typically show milder symptoms; however, a relevant proportion of them report persistent pulmonary symptoms even after mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. Functional respiratory disorders may be relevant differential diagnoses of persistent dyspnea. This study aims at characterizing functional respiratory disorders that may arise after SARS-CoV-2 infection regarding their clinical presentation and pulmonary function tests as well as gaining insights into the clinical course after initiation of appropriate therapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study retrospectively identified all patients referred to an outpatient clinic for pediatric pulmonology with functional respiratory disorders manifesting after proven SARS-CoV-2 infection between January 1, 2022, and October 31, 2022. Clinical history, thorough clinical examination regarding breathing patterns, and pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were taken into consideration to diagnose functional respiratory disorders.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-five patients (44% female) with mean (m) age = 12.73 years (SD ± 1.86) who showed distinctive features of functional respiratory disorders after SARS-CoV-2 infection (onset at m = 4.15 (± 4.24) weeks after infection) were identified. Eleven patients showed thoracic dominant breathing with insufficient ventilation, and 4 patients mainly had symptoms of inducible laryngeal obstruction. The rest (n = 10) showed overlap of these two etiologies. Most patients had a flattened inspiratory curve on spirometry and slightly elevated residual volume on body plethysmography, but values of PFTs were normal before and after standardized treadmill exercise testing. Patients were educated about the benign nature of the condition and were offered rebreathing training. All patients with follow-up (n = 5) showed normalization of the breathing pattern within 3 months.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Functional respiratory disorders are important differential diagnoses in persisting post-SARS-CoV-2 dyspnea in adolescents. A combination of clinical history, detailed examination of breathing patterns, and pulmonary function tests are helpful to correctly diagnose these conditions. Reassurance and rebreathing training are the mainstay of the therapy. The clinical course is favorable.</p>","PeriodicalId":74215,"journal":{"name":"Molecular and cellular pediatrics","volume":"10 1","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10497462/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10240124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Childhood asthma phenotypes and endotypes: a glance into the mosaic.","authors":"Francesco Foppiano, Bianca Schaub","doi":"10.1186/s40348-023-00159-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40348-023-00159-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Asthma is an inflammatory lung disease that constitutes the most common noncommunicable chronic disease in childhood. Childhood asthma shows large heterogeneity regarding onset of disease, symptoms, severity, prognosis, and response to therapy.</p><p><strong>Main body: </strong>Evidence suggests that this variability is due to distinct pathophysiological mechanisms, which has led to an exhaustive research effort to understand and characterize these distinct entities currently designated as \"endotypes.\" Initially, studies focused on identifying specific groups using clinical variables yielding different \"clinical phenotypes.\" In addition, the identification of specific patterns based on inflammatory cell counts and cytokine data has resulted in \"inflammatory endotypes.\" More recently, an increasing number of molecular data from high-throughput technology (\"omics\" data) have allowed to investigate more complex \"molecular endotypes.\"</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A better definition and comprehension of childhood asthma heterogeneity is key for improving diagnosis and treatment. This review aims at summarizing the current knowledge on this topic and discusses some limitations in their application as well as recommendations for future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":74215,"journal":{"name":"Molecular and cellular pediatrics","volume":"10 1","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10469115/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10139122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}