Journal of the West African College of Surgeons最新文献

{"title":"A Diagnostic Dilemma of Emphysematous Liver Abscess with Gas under the Diaphragm: A Case Report and Review of Literature.","authors":"Shubhajeet Roy, Gitika Nanda Singh, Deepak Gupta, Parijat Suryavanshi","doi":"10.4103/jwas.jwas_160_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jwas.jwas_160_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 53-year-old woman presented to the surgical emergency with complaints of high-grade fever accompanied by chills for 15 days and pain in the right upper abdomen for 10 days. X-ray of the abdomen and chest X-ray revealed free gas under the right hemidiaphragm. As there were no signs of generalised or localised peritonitis, emergency laparotomy was postponed. Subsequently, a contrast-enhanced computerised tomography scan of the abdomen suggested an emphysematous liver abscess, which was managed by ultrasonography-guided drainage of the abscess cavity.</p>","PeriodicalId":73993,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the West African College of Surgeons","volume":"15 1","pages":"87-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11676019/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142904124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Associated with Clinical Pregnancy following Assisted Reproductive Technology: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Tawaqualit Abimbola Ottun, Adeniyi Abiodun Adewunmi, Ayokunle Moses Olumodeji, Faosat Olayiwola Jinadu","doi":"10.4103/jwas.jwas_148_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jwas.jwas_148_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Over the years, the numbers of centres performing assisted reproductive technology (ART) have increased in urban regions of Africa. We reviewed a 10-year record of ART in a public hospital in a bid to determine the pregnancy rate and identify factors associated with achieving clinical pregnancy.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This was a retrospective, analytical, cross-sectional study of 604 women who had undergone <i>in vitro</i> fertilisation (IVF) or IVF/intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection, over a 10-year period, at the [Institute of Fertility Medicine, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital]. Data were obtained from the medical records of couples who had undergone IVF at the study location and analysed using relevant descriptive and inferential statistics. Regression analysis was used to determine possible predictors of clinical pregnancy outcomes at 95% confidence level and significant <i>P</i> value of <0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The clinical pregnancy rate observed was 23.7%. Women aged ≥35 years of age had 2.9 odds of achieving pregnancy compared to women <35 years of age. The quality of embryo and dose of the follicle-stimulating hormone used were not significantly different when compared in pregnant and non-pregnant women (<i>P</i> = 0.612 vs 0.881). Endometrial preparation techniques, number of embryos transferred, types of embryos transferred, sperm quality, and source of gametes used were not significantly different in pregnant and non-pregnant women. There was a 0.77 odds of achieving pregnancy when a day-5 embryo was used compared to a day-3 embryo (<i>P</i> = 0.008).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, these results emphasise the multifaceted nature of IVF outcomes, urging further research to elucidate the intricate factors influencing success rates in assisted reproduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":73993,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the West African College of Surgeons","volume":"15 1","pages":"37-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11676021/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142904235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Burden, Challenges, and Prospects of Hand Surgery Practice in South Eastern Nigeria.","authors":"Kelechi U Imediegwu, Joy C Ibe, Chiamaka Q Onyebuchukwu, Jude C Abor, Ebube I Umeji, Bassey B Asuquo, Jonah P Anya, Kosisochukwu C Okeke, Remi S Solagbade, Uchechukwu D Ugwuanyi, Ifeanyi I Onah","doi":"10.4103/jwas.jwas_135_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jwas.jwas_135_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hand injuries sometimes cause significant loss of function with psychological and functional consequences. The national status on dedicated specialised hand surgery units, hand surgery fellowship programmes, and outcome of operative hand surgery cases is generally lacking.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>To determine the current state of hand surgery practice in south eastern Nigeria and identify the major challenges to its practice and proffer realistic solutions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a prospective and cross-sectional study conducted amongst accredited hospitals for plastic surgery training in south eastern Nigeria amongst plastic surgery senior residents. Data were collected using a well-structured online questionnaire validated by a panel of investigators created as a Google form. Data analysis was carried out using Statistical package for Social Sciences by IBM, version 22. Ethical approval was obtained from the health, research, and ethical committee of the University of Enugu Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a 70.59% response rate with 24 residents filling and submitting the questionnaire. Lack of fellowship training opportunities in hand surgery represents the most important challenge of hand surgery practice, followed by lack of appropriate facilities in government institutions in contrast to a lack of funding in private ones. Other major challenges include lack of adequate funding, lack of facilities, late presentation of cases, and lack of appropriate follow-up physiotherapy protocol. Availability of competent hand surgery specialists was significantly correlated with the frequency of hand surgery cases in the facilities (<i>P</i> = 0.000; χ² = 20.400).</p><p><strong>Conclusion/recommendation: </strong>The current state of hand surgery practice in south eastern Nigeria is not yet optimal. The creation of more hand fellowship trainings and courses bagged first place in recommended solutions by nearly half of the respondents. Provision of modern facilities, creation of dedicated hand surgical units, and better funding to the specialty were other suggestions.</p>","PeriodicalId":73993,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the West African College of Surgeons","volume":"15 1","pages":"31-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11676010/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142904272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atypical Variants of Spinal Dysraphism: A Case Series.","authors":"Oluwakemi Aderonke Badejo, Matthew Temitayo Shokunbi, Augustine Abiodun Adeolu, Idris Olanrewaju Oderinde, Janet Adetinuke Akinmoladun, Godwin Inalegwu Ogbole","doi":"10.4103/jwas.jwas_186_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jwas.jwas_186_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study is to present and discuss atypical instances of spina bifida (SB) within a Nigerian paediatric cohort, highlighting their distinctive clinicoradiological features. Additionally, a brief literature review is provided to contextualise these congenital anomalies. This series comprises eight rare cases of SB managed in a Nigerian neurosurgical facility. Additionally, a brief literature review is provided to contextualise these congenital anomalies. This case series comprises eight rare cases of SB managed in a Nigerian neurosurgical facility. Amongst these, four cases exhibited segmental spinal dysgenesis (SSD; one thoracolumbar, one lumbar, and two sacral). Each of these cases demonstrated diverse associated musculoskeletal, cutaneous, and perineal anomalies, accompanied by varying degrees of neurological dysfunction. Other cases included lipomyelomeningocele (LMMC), human tail (HT), membranous meningocele, and myeloschisis (MSS). Autonomic dysfunction was a common feature in all of the cases, whilst two of the patients presented with congenital kyphotic spinal deformity. Lower limb anomalies varied, including congenital talipes equinovarus deformity, pes planus, congenital calcaneovagus deformity, rocker bottom feet, clinodactyly, and tetrapolydactyly. Remarkably, none of the patients exhibited clinical features indicative of hydrocephalus. SSD, LMMC, HT, membranous meningocele, and MSS represent atypical forms of SB in the Nigerian paediatric population. Early neuroimaging of patients with suspected spinal dysraphism is crucial, as it may reveal a spectrum of diverse vertebral anomalies associated with this neurological condition within the African population.</p>","PeriodicalId":73993,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the West African College of Surgeons","volume":"15 1","pages":"118-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11676024/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142904131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calibre Persistent Labial Artery of the Lower Lip: Oral Propranolol as a Novel Agent of Treatment.","authors":"Orimisan Belie, Andrew O Ugburo, Bolaji O Mofikoya, Ngozi N Ugochukwu, Funmilola Belie","doi":"10.4103/jwas.jwas_184_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jwas.jwas_184_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Calibre persistent artery of the lower lip is a vascular anomaly where the branches of the inferior labial artery maintain their size up to the submucosa of the lip. There is persistent pulsatile feeling, occasional ulceration, and recurrent bleeding. Doppler ultrasound and angiogram are used to confirm diagnosis. Before this case report, treatment of this condition has been surgical excision. We document the successful treatment with oral propranolol.</p>","PeriodicalId":73993,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the West African College of Surgeons","volume":"15 1","pages":"110-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11676011/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142904133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Colour Vision Defects: Awareness, Prevalence And Effects Among Secondary School Students In Imo State, Nigeria.","authors":"Chiamaka Jane-Pamela Okeke, Eberechukwu Ogbeanu Achigbu, Kenneth Chukwuma Dike, Chinemerem Chioma Ubochi","doi":"10.4103/jwas.jwas_92_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jwas.jwas_92_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Colour vision defect (CVD) is a public health issue with approximately one in ten males exhibiting some form of colour deficiency. Colour is used extensively in education so CVD has a dramatic impact on the learning, educational and social potentials of children. Racial differences have been reported with higher values noted amongst people of European ancestry.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to assess CVDs, their magnitude and impact on the daily activities of secondary school students in Imo State, Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This was a multistage, cross-sectional, descriptive study which assessed the prevalence and effect of congenital CVD on secondary school students in Imo state using a questionnaire modified and adapted for this purpose. Colour vision was tested uniocularly for each student under bright illumination using the 38-plate Ishihara colour vision chart and Lanthony D-15 colour panel. The test was administered on a black background between the hours of 10 a.m. and 2 p.m.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight hundred and twenty-eight secondary school students were studied with a mean age of 15 ± 1.89 years. There were 468 males (57.0%) and 360 females (43%) with a male-to-female ratio of 1.3:1. There was a 3% prevalence of CVD. More males were significantly affected than females. Deutan defect was more common and none of the students had tritan defect.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is a low level of awareness of congenital CVD. This disorder resulted in various degrees of difficulty with colour-related school and daily living tasks. Advocacy to government and schools is needed to create awareness of CVDs and offer early counselling to those affected.</p>","PeriodicalId":73993,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the West African College of Surgeons","volume":"15 1","pages":"18-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11676008/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142904216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Affecting Choice of Subspecialisation amongst Orthopaedic Surgery Residents in Southern Nigeria.","authors":"Kelechi U Imediegwu, Ozioma P Igwe, Chiamaka Q Onyebuchukwu, Kenechukwu J Okonkwo, Amarachi O Ngwu, Agenu P Nduka, Kosisochukwu Okeke, Jonah P Anya, Chinedu S Onyesoro, James-Ibe S Akunna, Ajibola B Oladiran","doi":"10.4103/jwas.jwas_129_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jwas.jwas_129_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As the field of surgery continues to evolve, subspecialty training is fast becoming integral to surgical education. Presently, orthopaedic surgery residents have opportunities to subspecialise in different areas.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of this study was to determine the factors affecting the choice of desired subspecialties amongst orthopaedic surgery residents in southern Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study was a cross-sectional study conducted amongst senior orthopaedic surgery residents in southern Nigeria. A well-structured questionnaire designed using the free software Google Forms was electronically distributed to senior orthopaedic residents in Nigeria through online forums (WhatsApp, email, and Telegram). Data obtained were analysed using IBM Statistical Product and Service Solutions version 26. The odds ratio and the associated 95% confidence interval were used to assess outcomes, and a <i>P</i> value <0.05 defined that the difference was statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At the end of the study period, 53 orthopaedic surgery senior residents completed and submitted the questionnaire with a response rate of 73.6%; 50.9% were married with children and 49.1% were single. The most agreed key factor influencing the choice of orthopaedic surgery subspecialisation from the study was lifestyle considerations (79.2%). Other major factors considered to be also very important were the needs of the region (73.6%), active mentorship (71.7%), ergonomics (64.6%), rotation experiences (47.2%), cost of acquiring the training (41.5%), and salary and financial privileges (37.7%). Overall, 24.5% of respondents chose spine surgery as their desired subspecialty, 18.9% arthroplasty, 17% arthroscopy, 17% paediatrics, 13.2% reconstructive orthopaedics, 5.7% musculoskeletal oncology, and 4.7% hand and foot surgery. Our study revealed a significant statistical relationship between having children and choice of a subspecialty (Fischer's = 0.032; χ² = 0.033), as the married female residents tend to have more family considerations in their final choice of subspecialisation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The choice of orthopaedic surgery subspecialisation amongst orthopaedic surgery residents in southern Nigeria is affected by different factors, such as mentorship, needs of region, desire to work in academic settings, and ergonomics.</p>","PeriodicalId":73993,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the West African College of Surgeons","volume":"15 1","pages":"27-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11676014/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142904234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Trends, Clinicopathological Features, and Treatment Outcomes of Patients with Prostate Cancer in Lokoja, Nigeria.","authors":"Ayodeji Olusola Ogunmola, Adedayo Sa Oyedeji, Oluseyi O Fadahunsi, Daniel I Awelimabor, Olutayo I Osunaiye, Oseremen I Aisuodionoe-Shadrach","doi":"10.4103/jwas.jwas_150_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jwas.jwas_150_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Prostate cancer (PCa) was the most common noncutaneous cancer among Nigerian men in 2020. Despite this high incidence, documented rates may be an underestimation.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to determine the hospital incidence rate, trends, and characterise the clinicopathologic features, and treatment outcomes of patients with PCa in our institution.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A 5-year retrospective review of patients managed for PCa at the Federal Teaching Hospital, Lokoja (FTHL), Nigeria, from 2016 to 2020. Medical abstraction was done on clinicopathologic features, treatment received, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) at diagnosis, 3, and 7 months of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Data obtained were analysed using SPSS 25, and trends analysis of the annual incidence rate and number of patients with PCa in the period was done using joinpoint regression modelling.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 89 patients, 83 had complete medical records. The average annual hospital incidence rate was 174/100,000, and the mean age at diagnosis was 70.4 years. Locally advanced disease was found in 81.9% of patients, and tumours were ISUP grade groups 4 and 5 in 54.2% of patients. ADT was done in 62.6% of the patients, while 28.9% of the patients defaulted after diagnosis. The mean serum PSA was 71.9 ng/mL (7.7-156) at diagnosis and was 11.1 ng/mL (0.1-102) and 15.3 ng/mL at 3 and 7 months of ADT, respectively. Only 40.6% of the treated patients had a serum PSA ≤ 4 ng/mL at 7 months of ADT.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Patients with PCa in FTHL, Nigeria, have mostly locally advanced disease at diagnosis. Over half have a high-grade pattern and fail to achieve a serum PSA ≤ 4 ng/mL after 7 months of ADT.</p>","PeriodicalId":73993,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the West African College of Surgeons","volume":"15 1","pages":"44-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11676012/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142904301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wound-related Pain and Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Wounds in a Metropolitan City in Nigeria: An Analytic Cross-sectional Study.","authors":"Olayinka Adebanji Olawoye, Chinsunum Peace Isamah, Samuel Adesina Ademola, Ayodele Olukayode Iyun, Afieharo Igbibia Michael, Rotimi Opeyemi Aderibigbe, Odunayo Moronfoluwa Oluwatosin","doi":"10.4103/jwas.jwas_187_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jwas.jwas_187_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The prevalence of chronic wounds is expected to rise with the increasing elderly population in the society. This rise in prevalence of chronic wounds comes with its consequences such as wound pain and interference with activities of daily living. There's a paucity of data on the impact of chronic wounds in our clime.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study was carried out to assess the prevalence of wound-related pain and the impact of wound-related pain on the quality of life of patients with chronic wounds.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This was an analytic cross-sectional study of consecutive patients presenting with chronic wounds in plastic surgery clinic in a metropolitan city in Nigeria using the brief pain inventory-short form.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>About 371 patients were seen, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.7:1. The mean age was 37.1 ± 15.5 years. Most chronic wounds (72.2%) occurred in the lower limbs. Nearly all patients (92.9%) experienced wound pain, with a correlation between wound location and pain severity, <i>P</i> = 0.000. Over 50% of the patients had low wound-related quality of life. Enjoyment of life, general activity, and walking were the domains with high interference. Wound pain (<i>P</i> = 0.000) and wound location (<i>P</i> = 0.001) are significant determinants of poor wound-related quality of life.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Patients with chronic wounds have a high prevalence of wound-related pain and low wound-related quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":73993,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the West African College of Surgeons","volume":"15 1","pages":"68-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11676009/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142904318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum: Perception and Attitude of First-Time Mothers Towards Caesarean Section in Secondary Health Care Facility (A Mixed-Method Study).","authors":"","doi":"10.4103/jwas.jwas_148_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/jwas.jwas_148_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.4103/jwas.jwas_38_24.].</p>","PeriodicalId":73993,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the West African College of Surgeons","volume":"15 1","pages":"127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11676028/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142904249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}