Journal of substance abuse最新文献

{"title":"Factors Associated with the Initiation of Smoking by Kuwaiti Males","authors":"Philip M Moody PhD,&nbsp;Anjum Memon DPhil,&nbsp;Thattaruparambil N Sugathan PhD,&nbsp;Najwa S El-Gerges MPH,&nbsp;Mahmood Al-Bustan HSD","doi":"10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00012-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00012-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Purpose: To estimate the age patterns in cumulative probability of smoking initiation among Kuwaiti adult males and to study the differentials in smoking initiation in relation to factors such as age-cohort, marital status, educational level, income, type of residence, and history of smoking among family members and friends. Methods: A stratified three stage cluster sampling design was implemented for the selection of the sample. A self-administered questionnaire was completed by 1798 Kuwaiti adult males working in different ministries. Results and implications: Of the 1798 respondents, 34.4% were classified as current smokers, 17.7% as former smokers and 47.9% as non-smokers. The highest probability of smoking initiation (among current and former smokers) was found for the age group 15–20 years, where almost 29% of the respondents initiated smoking. In the univariate analysis, marital status, education, income, type of residence, and history of smoking among family members and friends showed significant variation in the age-patterns of initiation. In the Cox </span>proportional hazard regression model, education, type of residence, and history of smoking among family members and friends were found to be independently associated with the risk of initiation. The highest risk of initiation (Relative Risk (RR)=1.85; 95% CI: 1.62–2.10) was found among those who had a history of smoking in family and friends. Individuals in the lowest education category (RR=1.64; 95% CI: 1.32–2.04) and those residing in apartments (RR=1.65; 95% CI: 1.43–1.92) were at a higher risk of initiation compared with those who had university education or those who resided in villas. The results of the study should prompt further efforts to develop tobacco control policies in Kuwait and the other Arabian Gulf countries to help establish norms for not initiating smoking through persistent messages to not start or to stop smoking. There is also a need to enhance awareness about the influence of smokers in family or friends on other people to initiate smoking.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73959,"journal":{"name":"Journal of substance abuse","volume":"10 4","pages":"Pages 375-384"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00012-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21738933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Class, Drinking and Alcohol-related Mortality","authors":"Thor Norström ,&nbsp;Anders Romelsjö","doi":"10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00013-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00013-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The main purpose of this study is to investigate the magnitude of class differences in the distribution of alcohol consumption in Sweden, and to assess whether this is compatible with the observed pattern in class-specific mortality. The emphasis is put on analyses of survey data from 1990, but we also provide an overview of earlier published data. The findings suggest that, over the past 20–30 years, there has been an equalization, or even reversal, between social strata in the average consumption of alcohol, such that the consumption level for manual laborers is now at parity with, or possibly exceeds, the level for non-manual employees. This shift may also have been accompanied by a shift in the dispersion: the 1990 survey data indicate that the consumption distribution for the manual laborers is more skewed than that for the non-manual employees, while no such tendency was detected in the early data. Calculations demonstrated that this difference in dispersion may well account for the elevated rate of alcohol-related mortality among manual laborers . The results are finally discussed as a case of deviation from the general rule of collective change in consumption.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73959,"journal":{"name":"Journal of substance abuse","volume":"10 4","pages":"Pages 385-395"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00013-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21738934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Drinking of Earlier and More Recent Russian Immigrants to Israel: Comparison to Other Israelis","authors":"Deborah Hasin Ph.D. ,&nbsp;Giora Rahav Ph.D. ,&nbsp;Jakob Meydan ,&nbsp;Yehuda Neumark Ph.D.","doi":"10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00010-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00010-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Objectives. Russia has a high level of per capita alcohol consumption, while the level in Israel is low. Since 1989, over 820,000 Russian Jews immigrated to Israel. In the 1970's and early 1980's, a smaller wave of immigration from Russia to Israel occurred (approximately 170,000). The drinking of earlier immigrants was compared to recent immigrants and other Israelis. Methods: Data came from a 1995 national survey of Israeli household residents. Of 4984 Israeli respondents, 292 were Russian immigrants who arrived since 1989 and 131 were Russians who immigrated earlier. Groups were compared with logistic regression. Results: Recent Russian immigrants were more likely to drink in the last 12 months, to drink frequently and to get drunk than other Israelis. The earlier Russian immigrants were not more likely than other Israelis to report drinking in the last 12 months or frequent drinking, but were more likely to report 30-day drinking and getting drunk. In direct comparison of recent and earlier Russians, recent immigrants reported more frequent drinking than earlier immigrants. Conclusions: The results for drinking and frequency of drinking are consistent with acculturation effects as well as other explanations. Further investigation in studies with appropriate designs will be necessary to clarify the meaning of these results.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73959,"journal":{"name":"Journal of substance abuse","volume":"10 4","pages":"Pages 341-353"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00010-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21738931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Index","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00015-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00015-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73959,"journal":{"name":"Journal of substance abuse","volume":"10 4","pages":"Pages 413-416"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00015-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136842919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous polydrug use among teens: prevalence and predictors","authors":"Rebecca L Collins Ph.D.,&nbsp;Phyllis L Ellickson,&nbsp;Robert M Bell","doi":"10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00007-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00007-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The use of two or more substances in combination, simultaneous polydrug use (SPU), is a particularly dangerous form of drug use that appears to be established by late adolescence. We examined the prevalence of SPU in a diverse sample of 12th graders, and identified risk and protective factors for SPU that are present at 10th grade. We also tested for differences in SPU across race and gender, and explored the basis for observed differences. Our goals were to determine the extent of SPU problems in different groups and how to address these problems. Twenty-nine percent of participants had engaged in SPU in the past year. The best predictors of alcohol/marijuana SPU were a pro-drug environment, pro-drug beliefs, social deviance, and family disruption; only a pro-drug environment was predictive of hard-drug SPU. Women were far less likely to combine marijuana and alcohol than were men. Asian Americans were less likely to combine alcohol and marijuana than were other racial groups, apparently due to their advantaged standing on all predictors of this behavior. African Americans were less likely to use hard drugs in combination than were other groups. Overall, polydrug use is a substantial problem for older teens. Broader drug-use prevention programs may be sufficient to address SPU involving gateway drugs, but reducing drug availability appears central to addressing hard-drug SPU.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73959,"journal":{"name":"Journal of substance abuse","volume":"10 3","pages":"Pages 233-253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00007-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21542670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrical stimulation therapy in the treatment of cigarette smoking","authors":"A.J Georgiou ,&nbsp;C.P Spencer ,&nbsp;G.K Davies ,&nbsp;J Stamp","doi":"10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00005-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00005-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>In this study electrical stimulation<span><span> therapy (EST) is explored as a possible new treatment for smoking cessation<span> within a randomized controlled trial. The investigation follows reports of several authors that electrical stimulation applied to specific </span></span>acupuncture points is effective in treating a variety of drug dependencies, including cigarette smoking. Three key features of treatment (electrical stimulation, frequency modulation, and electrode placement, were investigated in a 2×2×2 factorial design, resulting in eight treatment combinations. Out of 265 smokers recruited into the trial 216 completed the one-week treatment. Outcome was assessed in terms of complete abstinence from smoking and symptomatic relief of withdrawal symptoms. Smokers receiving active electrical stimulation obtained higher abstinence rates than those in the inactive groups although the difference did not achieve statistical significance (all active vs. all placebo groups: λ</span></span>_1,1²=0.50, <em>p</em>&gt;0.10, 95% confidence interval=−8.04 to +17.44%; most effective vs. least effective group: λ_1,1²=3.11, <em>p</em>=0.08, CI_0.95=−2.2 to +48.8%). The efficacy of electrical stimulation therapy for smoking is not supported.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73959,"journal":{"name":"Journal of substance abuse","volume":"10 3","pages":"Pages 265-274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00005-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21542672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The test–retest reliability of the frequency of multiple drug use in young drug users entering treatment","authors":"Ph.D. Garth W Martin,&nbsp;Ph.D. Sheldon Pearlman,&nbsp;Selina Li","doi":"10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00004-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00004-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Assessment of multiple drug use relies primarily on self-report. Several studies support the reliability of client self-reports of drug use but these studies have not involved assessments of the actual frequency of drug use. This test–retest reliability study assessed the frequency of drug use in a clinical sample of 103 multiple drug users, aged 16–25 years. At initial assessment, all participants completed the drug use history form (DUHF) that inquired about the number of drug-using days and the daily frequency of use for 13 drug classes during four time intervals. The DUHF was readministered 2–4 weeks later. Reliability was assessed using intra-class correlations (ICC's). The results indicated that clients do, in general, reliably report both the number of days of use and daily frequencies. The two frequency measures were not highly correlated. Reliability estimates declined over time but most markedly after 90 days, suggesting that assessments of drug use can be reliably extended beyond 30 days. Frequency estimates based solely on the number of days of use of a substance may be unreliable estimates of actual drug consumption, indicating limitations to this commonly used outcome measure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73959,"journal":{"name":"Journal of substance abuse","volume":"10 3","pages":"Pages 275-290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00004-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21542673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between cannabis use and DSM-IV cannabis abuse and dependence: results from the national longitudinal alcohol epidemiologic survey","authors":"Bridget F Grant,&nbsp;Roger Pickering","doi":"10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00006-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00006-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) cannabis abuse and dependence at different levels of cannabis use in a nationally representative sample of the U.S. general population. Two separate </span>logistic regression<span> analyses were conducted to determine the association between cannabis use, and abuse and dependence. The risk of cannabis abuse and dependence was found to increase with the frequency of smoking occasions and slightly decreased with age. More severe comorbidity was associated with dependence compared to abuse, suggesting that cannabis might be used to self-medicate major depression. The strength of the association between cannabis use and abuse was also increased as a function of the number of joints smoked among females, but not males. These results were discussed in terms of differential societal reactions, the self-medication hypothesis, and gender biases in diagnosing cannabis abuse.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":73959,"journal":{"name":"Journal of substance abuse","volume":"10 3","pages":"Pages 255-264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00006-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21542671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Problem drinkers: evaluation of a stepped-care approach","authors":"F.Curtis Breslin ,&nbsp;Mark B Sobell ,&nbsp;Linda C Sobell ,&nbsp;John A Cunningham ,&nbsp;Kathy Sdao-Jarvie ,&nbsp;Diane Borsoi","doi":"10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00008-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00008-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present study evaluated a stepped-care model for the treatment of problem drinkers; those not severely dependent on alcohol. The initial treatment consisted of a motivationally based, four-session outpatient treatment. Based on previous research, treatment nonresponders were defined as having consumed more than 12 drinks per week between the assessment and third session. Six-month follow-up interviews were conducted on three groups of problem drinkers: (1) those who responded to the initial intervention (n=67); (2) those who did not respond to the initial treatment (n=36); and (3) those who did not respond to the initial treatment and received a supplemental intervention (n=33). The last two groups were used to evaluate whether providing treatment nonresponders with an additional “step” would improve treatment outcomes. The primary dependent measures were posttreatment percent days abstinent and posttreatment drinks per drinking day. Results suggested that: (1) within treatment drinking can help identify treatment nonresponse in stepped-care models; (2) the supplemental intervention did not influence posttreatment drinking; (3) treatment responders and nonresponders sought additional help at the same rate. The present study is the first study on stepped care for alcohol treatment and provides a methodology for evaluating stepped interventions. Recommendations for future research in this area include more attention to assessing the needs of treatment nonresponders and help seeking behavior of both responders and nonresponders after an initial intervention.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73959,"journal":{"name":"Journal of substance abuse","volume":"10 3","pages":"Pages 217-232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00008-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21542669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of attitude on the development of adolescent cigarette use","authors":"Judy A. Andrews,&nbsp;Susan C. Duncan","doi":"10.1016/S0899-3289(99)80135-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0899-3289(99)80135-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The purpose of this study is to examine the relation of attitude toward smoking among never smokers to the growth or development of cigarette use during the adolescent years. Using Latent Growth Modeling, attitude toward smoking of 250 adolescents (48% male, 94% Caucasian), 11 to 15 years of age, who had not previously tried a cigarette, was related to the frequency of use at the next assessment, one year later, and growth in cigarette use across four subsequent years. The results indicated that attitude toward cigarettes significantly predicted both frequency of subsequent cigarette use and growth in use. These results suggest a need to focus prevention efforts on attitude change at an early age, prior to experimentation with cigarette use.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73959,"journal":{"name":"Journal of substance abuse","volume":"10 1","pages":"Pages 1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0899-3289(99)80135-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20634981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}