Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)最新文献

{"title":"Characterization of normative fetal rhesus macaque brain development with magnetic resonance imaging.","authors":"Joshua A Karpf, Kara E Garcia, Vergina C Cuzon Carlson, Kathleen A Grant, Jamie O Lo, Christopher D Kroenke","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.160","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.160","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Advances in motion correction magnetic resonance imaging methods have made it possible to track anatomical changes throughout the highly dynamic phase of fetal neurodevelopment. Characterizing the trajectory of normative brain development provides insight into the underlying biological processes driving growth, as well as a framework for identifying deviations that may be etiological markers of neurodevelopmental disorders. Rhesus macaques, which exhibit similar gestational neurodevelopmental timelines to humans, can be used to address the challenges of obtaining accurate longitudinal fetal imaging measurements and are a key preclinical resource for investigating experimental developmental perturbations. Additionally, the ability to examine biological factors including age and sex can provide important information regarding individual variability in development, but this is often precluded due to limitations in nonhuman primate samples, especially during gestation. To provide updated rhesus macaque magnetic resonance fetal templates allowing for the characterization of normative neurodevelopmental trajectories, we leveraged a unique, large mixed-longitudinal sample of 50 normally developing rhesus macaque fetuses (28 female and 22 male) scanned longitudinally and cross-sectionally <i>in utero</i> (105 scans) across the second half of gestation (post-conception gestational day (G) 85, G97, G110, G122, G135, G147, and G155; of a 165-day term). We generated anatomically segmented T₂-weighted and mid-cortical surface templates at these ages, as well as a 4-year-old post-pubertal young adult template (10 female and 10 male) with corresponding fetal consistent anatomical segmentations for comparisons of fetal-to-adult values, which we provide to the neuroscience imaging community. In characterizing shape morphological features (surface area, curvature, and thickness) and volumetric brain development throughout the second half of gestation, we identify evidence of sexual dimorphism in rhesus macaque fetal brain growth and compare patterns of cortical development with findings from other species.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12487360/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145214078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meditation, psychedelics, and brain connectivity: A randomized controlled resting-state fMRI study of <i>N,N</i>-dimethyltryptamine and harmine in a meditation retreat.","authors":"Klemens Egger, Daniel Meling, Firuze Polat, Erich Seifritz, Mihai Avram, Milan Scheidegger","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.907","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.907","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Both meditation and psychedelics are widely studied for their therapeutic potential in mental health. Recent research suggests potential synergies between mindfulness practice and psychedelics, though empirical studies have primarily focused on psilocybin. This study investigates the distinct and combined effects of mindfulness practice and an ayahuasca-inspired formulation containing <i>N,N</i>-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and harmine on brain functional connectivity (FC), with implications for advancing clinical interventions. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled pharmaco-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, 40 meditation practitioners participated in a 3-day meditation retreat. They were randomized to receive either placebo or buccal DMT-harmine (120 mg each) and underwent fMRI scans 2 days before and after administration. Neural changes were assessed using multiple connectivity metrics, including within- and between-network connectivity, network and global connectivity, and cortical gradient analyses. Within-group changes showed that meditators in the placebo group exhibited increased network segregation across several resting-state networks, while the DMT-harmine group showed increased FC within the visual network (VIS) and between VIS and attention networks. Between-group differences similarly showed increased FC between VIS and the salience network (SAL) in the DMT-harmine group compared with placebo post-retreat. No evidence of prolonged cortical gradient disruption, which is characteristic of acute psychedelic action, was observed. This suggests a return to typical brain organization shortly after the experience. These findings reveal distinct neural mechanisms underlying meditation and psychedelic-augmented meditation. While meditation alone reduced FC between networks, DMT-harmine increased within- and between-network connectivity. Given the potential of meditation and psychedelics for improving mental health, further exploration of their synergistic potential in clinical contexts is warranted. This study advances the understanding of how psychedelics and mindfulness practice shape brain function, offering insights into their complementary roles in emotional and psychological well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12479382/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145208600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep-learning segmentation of the substantia nigra from multiparametric MRI: Application to Parkinson's disease.","authors":"Peder A G Lillebostad, Tormund H Njølstad, Signe Hogstad, Frank Riemer, Simon U Kverneng, Kjersti E Stige, Martin Biermann, Mandar Jog, Sagar Buch, E Mark Haacke, Charalampos Tzoulis, Arvid Lundervold","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.158","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta (SNc) is a pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). This is accompanied by a reduction of the dopamine synthesis byproduct neuromelanin (NM), which can be detected <i>in vivo</i> with NM-sensitive MRI, showing potential as a biomarker of PD. This relies on delineating the NM-rich region, which is achieved by applying manual or automated methods. Currently, there is a lack of publicly available tools for this task, so we trained a deep neural network intended for publishing, while exploring the effects of incorporating multiparametric MRI for segmenting the NM hyperintensity of the SN. We obtained multiple MRI contrasts, including NM-sensitive magnetization transfer contrast from 109 individuals (87 PD, 22 healthy controls) comprising a Norwegian and a Canadian cohort. The method was further evaluated on 209 MRIs from the Parkinson's Progressive Markers Initiative (PPMI). We observed that models trained naively on images from a single site tended to perform very poorly when exposed to similar data from different sites, emphasizing the importance of validating on out-of-distribution data. By applying aggressive data augmentation, we could largely attenuate the problem. We also observed a small additional regularizing effect from training the neural network on multiparametric MRIs. Volume and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the SN hyperintensity to the crus cerebri were used to distinguish patients from controls, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) of 0.863. CNR was found to be a better marker of disease status than volume, and we discuss a potential confusion in discerning the two measures. No contralateral association was observed between the severity of motor symptoms and volume or CNR.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12479381/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145208533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial distribution of hyperpolarized [1-¹³C]pyruvate MRI and metabolic PET in the human brain.","authors":"Tyler Blazey, Andrei G Vlassenko, Manu S Goyal, Hany Soliman, Charles H Cunningham, Cornelius von Morze","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.903","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.903","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of hyperpolarized (HP) [1-¹³C]pyruvate is a promising method for measuring cerebral energy metabolism <i>in vivo</i>. The substantial increase in signal provided by HP makes it possible to dynamically monitor the conversion of [1-¹³C]pyruvate to [1-¹³C]lactate and [¹³C]bicarbonate. The HP [1-¹³C]lactate signal is commonly associated with glycolic activity, whereas [¹³C]bicarbonate, a by-product of the reaction that forms acetyl-CoA, is linked to oxidative metabolism. However, there is compelling evidence that other factors, such as the concentration of monocarboxylate transporters, influence the production of HP [1-¹³C]lactate. To clarify the processes responsible for producing the topography of HP [1-¹³C]pyruvate and its metabolites, we spatially correlated group-average HP ¹³C MRI images with [¹⁸F]FDG, [¹⁵O]H₂O, [¹⁵O]O₂, and [¹⁵O]CO positron emission topography (PET) images from a separate group of 35 age- and sex-matched adults. We found that [1-¹³C]pyruvate correlated best with cerebral blood volume (CBV), whereas [1-¹³C]lactate and [¹³C]bicarbonate were most strongly associated with cerebral blood flow (CBF), glucose consumption (CMRglc), and oxygen metabolism (CMRO₂). Neither [1-¹³C]lactate nor [¹³C]bicarbonate was correlated with non-oxidative glucose consumption, also known as aerobic glycolysis. These results are consistent with the view that in the healthy brain, the production of [1-¹³C]lactate reflects overall energy metabolism rather than being specific to glycolysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12477642/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145202189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping the task-general and task-specific neural correlates of speech production: Meta-analysis and fMRI direct comparisons of category fluency and picture naming.","authors":"Gina F Humphreys, Matthew A Lambon Ralph","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.154","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.154","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Improving our understanding of the neural network engaged by different forms of speech production is a crucial step for both cognitive and clinical neuroscience. We achieved this aim by exploring two of the most commonly utilised speech production paradigms in research and the clinic, which have been rarely, if ever, compared directly: picture naming and category fluency. This goal was achieved in this two study investigation through a full ALE meta-analysis as well as a targeted fMRI study. Harnessing the similarities and differences between the two tasks offers a powerful methodology to delineate the core systems recruited for speech production, as well as revealing task-specific processes. The results showed that both tasks engaged a bilateral fronto-temporal speech production network, including executive and motor frontal areas, as well as semantic representational regions in the ATL, bilaterally. In addition, it was found that the extent of relative frontal lateralisation was task-dependent with the more executively-demanding category fluency task showing augmented left hemisphere activation. The results have implications for neurocomputational speech production models and the clinical assessment of speech production impairments.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12477641/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145202194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>DeepPhysioRecon</i>: Tracing peripheral physiology in low frequency fMRI dynamics.","authors":"Roza G Bayrak, Colin B Hansen, Jorge A Salas, Nafis Ahmed, Ilwoo Lyu, Mara Mather, Yuankai Huo, Catie Chang","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.163","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many studies of the human brain using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) lack physiological measurements, which substantially impacts the interpretation and richness of fMRI studies. Natural fluctuations in autonomic physiology, such as breathing and heart rate, provide windows into critical functions, including cognition, emotion, and health, and can heavily influence fMRI signals. Here, we developed <i>DeepPhysioRecon</i>, a Long-Short-Term-Memory (LSTM)-based network that decodes continuous variations in respiration amplitude and heart rate directly from whole-brain fMRI dynamics. Through systematic evaluations, we investigate the generalizability of this approach across datasets and experimental conditions. We also demonstrate the importance of including these measures in fMRI analyses. This work highlights the importance of studying brain-body interactions, proposes a tool that may enhance the efficacy of fMRI as a biomarker, and provides widely applicable open-source software.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12464743/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145187760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regularized partial correlation provides reliable functional connectivity estimates while correcting for widespread confounding.","authors":"Kirsten L Peterson, Ruben Sanchez-Romero, Ravi D Mill, Michael W Cole","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.162","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Functional connectivity (FC) has been invaluable for understanding the brain's communication network, with strong potential for enhanced FC approaches to yield additional insights. Unlike with the fMRI field-standard method of pairwise correlation, theory suggests that partial correlation can estimate FC without confounded and indirect connections. However, partial correlation FC can also display low repeat reliability, impairing the accuracy of individual estimates. We hypothesized that reliability would be increased by adding regularization, which can reduce overfitting to noise in regression-based approaches like partial correlation. We therefore tested several regularized alternatives-graphical lasso, graphical ridge, and principal component regression-against unregularized partial and pairwise correlation, applying them to empirical resting-state fMRI and simulated data. As hypothesized, regularization vastly improved reliability, quantified using between-session similarity and intraclass correlation. This enhanced reliability then granted substantially more accurate individual FC estimates when validated against structural connectivity (empirical data) and ground truth networks (simulations). Graphical lasso showed especially high accuracy among regularized approaches, seemingly by maintaining more valid underlying network structures. We additionally found graphical lasso to be robust to noise levels, data quantity, and subject motion-common fMRI error sources. Lastly, we demonstrated that resting-state graphical lasso FC can effectively predict fMRI task activations and individual differences in behavior, further establishing its reliability, external validity, and ability to characterize task-related functionality. We recommend graphical lasso or similar regularized methods for calculating FC, as they can yield more valid estimates of unconfounded connectivity than field-standard pairwise correlation, while overcoming the poor reliability of unregularized partial correlation.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12461088/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145187811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequency-dependence in multidimensional diffusion-relaxation correlation MRI of the brain: Overfitting or meaningful parameter?","authors":"Maxime Yon, Omar Narvaez, Jan Martin, Hong Jiang, Diana Bernin, Eva Forssell-Aronsson, Frederik Laun, Alejandra Sierra, Daniel Topgaard","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.143","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.143","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Time- or frequency-dependent (\"restricted\") diffusion potentially provides useful information about cellular-scale structures in the brain but is challenging to interpret because of intravoxel tissue heterogeneity. Multidimensional diffusion-relaxation correlation MRI with tensor-valued diffusion encoding enables characterization of intravoxel heterogeneity in terms of nonparametric distributions of diffusion tensors and nuclear relaxation rates, and was recently augmented with explicit consideration of frequency-dependence to resolve the effects of restricted diffusion for distinct populations of tissue water. The simplest acquisition protocols for tensor-valued encoding unintentionally cover a frequency range of a factor 2-3, which can be extended in a more controlled way with oscillating gradient waveforms. While microimaging equipment with high-amplitude magnetic field gradients allows exploration of frequencies from tens to hundreds of Hz, clinical scanners with more moderate gradient capabilities are limited to narrower ranges that may be insufficient to observe restricted diffusion for brain tissues. We here investigate the effects of including or omitting frequency-dependence in the data inversion from isotropic and anisotropic liquids, excised tumor tissue, ex vivo mouse brain, and in vivo human brain. For microimaging measurements covering a wide frequency range, from 35 to 320 Hz at <i>b</i>-values over 4·10⁹ sm^-2, the inclusion of frequency-dependence drastically reduces fit residuals and avoids bias in the diffusion metrics for tumor and brain voxels with micrometer-scale structures. Conversely, for the case of in vivo human brain investigated in the narrow frequency range from 5 to 11 Hz at <i>b</i> = 3·10⁹ sm^-2, analyses with and without inclusion of frequency-dependence yield similar fit residuals and diffusion metrics for all voxels. These results indicate that frequency-dependent inversion may be generally applied to diffusion-relaxation correlation MRI data with and without observable effects of restricted diffusion.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12455058/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145139817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acetaminophen affects the duration but not the occurrence of BOLD signal decline in the dorsal hippocampus after induction of neuronal afterdischarges.","authors":"Alberto Arboit, Karla Krautwald, Frank Angenstein","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.161","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Combined in vivo electrophysiological and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurements were used to monitor neuronal and hemodynamic responses in the right dorsal hippocampus during and after electrical stimulation of the right perforant pathway with a short period of 20 Hz pulses. These measurements were performed under two conditions: 1.5% isoflurane (which has a long-term vasodilator effect) or 100 µg/kg medetomidine (which has a long-term vasoconstrictor effect). The stimulation elicited a short period of neuronal afterdischarges (nAD) followed by a sustained decline in fMRI BOLD signals, as previously described (Arboit et al., 2024). While the duration of nAD was similar in presence of isoflurane and medetomidine, the subsequent decline of BOLD signal was significantly longer with isoflurane than with medetomidine. However, when the same experiments were performed in the presence of acetaminophen, the duration of the sustained decline of BOLD signals became similar: acetaminophen significantly prolonged the decline in the presence of medetomidine, whereas it only slightly shortened it in the presence of isoflurane. As acetaminophen did not affect the generation and intensity of nAD, the results indicate that nAD activates at least two different neurovascular coupling (NVC) mechanisms that mediate the sustained BOLD signal decline, of which acetaminophen affects the maintenance.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12455054/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145139731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping individual differences in intermodal coupling in neurodevelopment.","authors":"Ruyi Pan, Sarah M Weinstein, Danni Tu, Fengling Hu, Büşra Tanrıverdi, Rongqian Zhang, Simon N Vandekar, Erica B Baller, Ruben C Gur, Raquel E Gur, Aaron F Alexander-Bloch, Theodore D Satterthwaite, Jun Young Park","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.156","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.156","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Within-individual coupling between measures of brain structure and function evolves in development and may underlie differential risk for neuropsychiatric disorders. Despite increasing interest in the development of structure-function relationships, rigorous methods to quantify and test individual differences in coupling remain nascent. In this article, we explore and address gaps in approaches for testing and spatially localizing individual differences in intermodal coupling, including a new method, called CEIDR (<b>C</b>luster <b>E</b>nhancement for testing <b>I</b>ndividual <b>D</b>ifferences in <math><mi>ρ</mi></math> (<b>r</b>)). CEIDR controls false positives in individual differences in intermodal correlations that arise from mean and variance heterogeneity and improves statistical power by adopting adaptive cluster enhancement. Through a comparison across different approaches to testing individual differences in intermodal coupling, we delineate subtle differences in the hypotheses they test, which may ultimately lead researchers to arrive at different results. Finally, we illustrate these differences in two applications to brain development using data from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12455055/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145139378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}