Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)最新文献

{"title":"Contextual expectations in the real-world modulate low-frequency neural oscillations.","authors":"Victoria I Nicholls, Alexandra Krugliak, Benjamin Alsbury-Nealy, Klaus Gramann, Alex Clarke","doi":"10.1162/imag_a_00568","DOIUrl":"10.1162/imag_a_00568","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Objects in expected locations are recognised faster and more accurately than objects in incongruent environments. This congruency effect has a neural component, with increased activity for objects in incongruent environments. Studies have increasingly shown differences between neural processes in realistic environments and tasks, and neural processes in the laboratory. Here, we aimed to push the boundaries of traditional cognitive neuroscience by tracking the congruency effect for objects in real-world environments, outside of the laboratory. We investigated how neural activity is modulated when objects are placed in real environments using augmented reality while recording mobile EEG. Participants approached, viewed, and rated how congruent they found the objects with the environment. We found significant differences in ERPs and higher theta-band power for objects in incongruent contexts than objects in congruent contexts. This demonstrates that real-world contexts impact how objects are processed, and that mobile brain imaging and augmented reality are effective tools to study cognition in the wild.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7617707/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144164094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Velocity-selective arterial spin labelling bolus duration measurements: Implications for consensus recommendations.","authors":"Ian D Driver, Hannah L Chandler, Eleonora Patitucci, Emma L Morgan, Kevin Murphy, Stefano Zappala, Richard G Wise, Michael Germuska","doi":"10.1162/imag_a_00506","DOIUrl":"10.1162/imag_a_00506","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Velocity-selective arterial spin labelling (VSASL) MRI is insensitive to prolonged arterial transit time. This is an advantage over other arterial spin labelling schemes, where long arterial transit times can lead to bias. Therefore, VSASL can be used with greater confidence to study perfusion in the presence of long arterial transit times, such as in the ageing brain, in vascular pathologies, and cancer, or where arterial transit time changes, such as during measurement of cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR). However, when calculating perfusion (cerebral blood flow, CBF, in the brain) from VSASL signal, it is assumed that a vascular crushing module, defining the duration of the bolus, is applied before the arrival of the trailing edge. The early arrival of the trailing edge of the labelled bolus of blood will cause an underestimation of perfusion. Here we measure bolus duration in adult, healthy human brains, both at rest and during elevated CBF during CO₂ breathing (5% inspired CO₂). Grey matter bolus duration was of 2.20 ± 0.35 s / 2.22 ± 0.53 s / 2.05 ± 0.34 s (2/3/4 cm/s v_cutoff) at rest, in close agreement with a prior investigation. However, we observed a significant decrease in bolus duration during hypercapnia, and a matched reduction in CVR above a labelling delay of approximately 1.2 s. The reduction in CVR and bolus duration was spatially heterogenous, with shorter hypercapnic bolus durations observed in the frontal lobe (1.31 ± 0.54 s) and temporal lobes (1.36 ± 0.24 s), compared to the occipital lobe (1.50 ± 0.26 s). We place these results in context of recommendations from a recent consensus paper, which recommends imaging 1.4 s after the label, which could lead to CBF underestimation in conditions with fast flow or during CVR measurements. These results can be used to inform the experimental design of future VSASL studies, to avoid underestimating perfusion by imaging after the arrival of the trailing edge of the labelled bolus.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7617564/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143796278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of functional connectivity changes from childhood to old age: A study using HCP-D, HCP-YA, and HCP-A datasets.","authors":"Yaotian Wang, Shuoran Li, Jie He, Lingyi Peng, Qiaochu Wang, Xu Zou, Dana L Tudorascu, David J Schaeffer, Lauren Schaeffer, Diego Szczupak, Jung Eun Park, Stacey J Sukoff Rizzo, Gregory W Carter, Afonso C Silva, Tingting Zhang","doi":"10.1162/imag_a_00503","DOIUrl":"10.1162/imag_a_00503","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present a new clustering-enabled regression approach to investigate how functional connectivity (FC) of the entire brain changes from childhood to old age. By applying this method to resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data aggregated from three Human Connectome Project studies, we cluster brain regions that undergo identical age-related changes in FC and reveal diverse patterns of these changes for different region clusters. While most brain connections between pairs of regions show minimal yet statistically significant FC changes with age, only a tiny proportion of connections exhibit practically significant age-related changes in FC. Among these connections, FC between region clusters from the same functional network tends to decrease over time, whereas FC between region clusters from different networks demonstrates various patterns of age-related changes. Moreover, our research uncovers sex-specific trends in FC changes. Females show much higher FC mainly within the default mode network, whereas males display higher FC across several more brain networks. These findings underscore the complexity and heterogeneity of FC changes in the brain throughout the lifespan.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11894817/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143617911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implicit neural representation of multi-shell constrained spherical deconvolution for continuous modeling of diffusion MRI.","authors":"Tom Hendriks, Anna Vilanova, Maxime Chamberland","doi":"10.1162/imag_a_00501","DOIUrl":"10.1162/imag_a_00501","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) provides insight into the micro and macro-structure of the brain. Multi-shell multi-tissue constrained spherical deconvolution (MSMT-CSD) models the underlying local fiber orientation distributions (FODs) using the dMRI signal. While generally producing high-quality FODs, MSMT-CSD is a voxel-wise method that can be impacted by noise and produce erroneous FODs. Local models also do not use the spatial correlation between neighboring voxels to increase parameter estimating power. Additionally, voxel-wise methods require interpolation at arbitrary locations outside of voxel centers. These interpolations can be computationally costly or inaccurate, depending on the method of choice. Expanding upon previous work, we apply the implicit neural representation (INR) methodology to the MSMT-CSD model. This results in an unsupervised machine-learning framework that generates a continuous representation of a given dMRI dataset. The input of the INR consists of coordinates in the volume, which produce the spherical harmonics coefficients parameterizing an FOD at any desired location. A key characteristic of our model is its ability to leverage spatial correlations in the volume, which acts as a form of regularization. We evaluate the output FODs quantitatively and qualitatively in synthetic and real dMRI datasets and compare them to existing methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11894815/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143617918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Individual variation in the functional lateralization of human ventral temporal cortex: Local competition and long-range coupling.","authors":"Nicholas M Blauch, David C Plaut, Raina Vin, Marlene Behrmann","doi":"10.1162/imag_a_00488","DOIUrl":"10.1162/imag_a_00488","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ventral temporal cortex (VTC) of the human cerebrum is critically engaged in high-level vision. One intriguing aspect of this region is its functional lateralization, with neural responses to words being stronger in the left hemisphere, and neural responses to faces being stronger in the right hemisphere; such patterns can be summarized with a signed laterality index (LI), positive for leftward laterality. Converging evidence has suggested that word laterality emerges to couple efficiently with left-lateralized frontotemporal language regions, but evidence is more mixed regarding the sources of the right lateralization for face perception. Here, we use individual differences as a tool to test three theories of VTC organization arising from (1) local competition between words and faces driven by long-range coupling between words and language processes, (2) local competition between faces and other categories, and (3) long-range coupling with VTC and temporal areas exhibiting local competition between language and social processing. First, in an in-house functional MRI experiment, we did not obtain a negative correlation in the LIs of word and face selectivity relative to object responses, but did find a positive correlation when using selectivity relative to a fixation baseline, challenging ideas of local competition between words and faces driving rightward face lateralization. We next examined broader local LI interactions with faces using the large-scale Human Connectome Project (HCP) dataset. Face and tool LIs were significantly anti-correlated, while face and body LIs were positively correlated, consistent with the idea that generic local representational competition and cooperation may shape face lateralization. Last, we assessed the role of long-range coupling in the development of VTC lateralization. Within our in-house experiment, substantial positive correlation was evident between VTC text LI and that of several other nodes of a distributed text-processing circuit. In the HCP data, VTC face LI was both negatively correlated with language LI and positively correlated with social processing in different subregions of the posterior temporal lobe (PSL and STSp, respectively). In summary, we find no evidence of local face-word competition in VTC; instead, more generic local interactions shape multiple lateralities within VTC, including face laterality. Moreover, face laterality is also influenced by long-range coupling with social processing in the posterior temporal lobe, where social processing may become right lateralized due to local competition with language.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11894816/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143617923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complementary benefits of multivariate and hierarchical models for identifying individual differences in cognitive control.","authors":"Michael C Freund, Ruiqi Chen, Gang Chen, Todd S Braver","doi":"10.1162/imag_a_00447","DOIUrl":"10.1162/imag_a_00447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding individual differences in cognitive control is a central goal in psychology and neuroscience. Reliably measuring these differences, however, has proven extremely challenging, at least when using standard measures in cognitive neuroscience such as response times or task-based fMRI activity. While prior work has pinpointed the source of the issue-the vast amount of cross-trial variability within these measures-solutions remain elusive. Here, we propose one potential way forward: an analytic framework that combines hierarchical Bayesian modeling with multivariate decoding of trial-level fMRI data. Using this framework and longitudinal data from the Dual Mechanisms of Cognitive Control project, we estimated individuals' neural responses associated with cognitive control within a color-word Stroop task, then assessed the reliability of these individuals' responses across a time interval of several months. We show that in many prefrontal and parietal brain regions, test-retest reliability was near maximal, and that only hierarchical models were able to reveal this state of affairs. Further, when compared to traditional univariate contrasts, multivariate decoding enabled individual-level correlations to be estimated with significantly greater precision. We specifically link these improvements in precision to the optimized suppression of cross-trial variability in decoding. Together, these findings not only indicate that cognitive control-related neural responses individuate people in a highly stable manner across time, but also suggest that integrating hierarchical and multivariate models provides a powerful approach for investigating individual differences in cognitive control, one that can effectively address the issue of high-variability measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11823007/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143434445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FastSurfer-LIT: Lesion inpainting tool for whole-brain MRI segmentation with tumors, cavities, and abnormalities.","authors":"Clemens Pollak, David Kügler, Tobias Bauer, Theodor Rüber, Martin Reuter","doi":"10.1162/imag_a_00446","DOIUrl":"10.1162/imag_a_00446","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Resection cavities, tumors, and other lesions can fundamentally alter brain structure and present as abnormalities in brain MRI. Specifically, quantifying subtle neuroanatomical changes in other, not directly affected regions of the brain is essential to assess the impact of tumors, surgery, chemo/radiotherapy, or drug treatments. However, only a limited number of solutions address this important task, while many standard analysis pipelines simply do not support abnormal brain images at all. In this paper, we present a method to perform sensitive neuroanatomical analysis of healthy brain regions in the presence of large lesions and cavities. Our approach called \"FastSurfer Lesion Inpainting Tool\" (FastSurfer-LIT) leverages the recently emerged Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models (DDPM) to fill lesion areas with healthy tissue that matches and extends the surrounding tissue. This enables subsequent processing with established MRI analysis methods such as the calculation of adjusted volume and surface measurements using FastSurfer or FreeSurfer. FastSurfer-LIT significantly outperforms previously proposed solutions on a large dataset of simulated brain tumors (N = 100) and synthetic multiple sclerosis lesions (N = 39) with improved Dice and Hausdorff measures, and also on a highly heterogeneous dataset with lesions and cavities in a manual assessment (N = 100). Finally, we demonstrate increased reliability to reproduce pre-operative cortical thickness estimates from corresponding post-operative temporo-mesial resection surgery MRIs. The method is publicly available at https://github.com/Deep-MI/LIT and will be integrated into the FastSurfer toolbox.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11917724/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143665586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing prefrontal modulation by phase-locking intermittent theta burst stimulation to a concurrent transcranial alternating current stimulation.","authors":"Nadja Zimmermann, Thomas Koenig, Andrea S Riesen, Yosuke Morishima","doi":"10.1162/imag_a_00415","DOIUrl":"10.1162/imag_a_00415","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Theta burst stimulation (TBS) modulates cortical excitability by applying bursts of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in theta rhythms. Individual responses to TBS vary however greatly due to various factors, such as anatomical differences or the phase of the ongoing oscillatory activity in which TBS pulses are applied. To combat this variability, we exploit the ability of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to shape the state of cortical excitability in a phase-dependent manner. While cortical excitability is increased at crests of the tACS-induced current, applying the TBS triplet pulses at these crests has the potential to produce larger neuronal responses and thus increase the likelihood of LTP. In our randomized sham-controlled study, we focused on enhancing prefrontal cortex excitability by phase-locking intermittent TBS (iTBS) to the crests of an induced 5Hz tACS current. Twenty-seven healthy participants received two iTBS sessions, once paired with sham-tACS and once with active tACS in a cross-over design. We evaluated effects of our stimulation protocol on cortical excitability by comparing TMS-induced activity and resting-state Microstates in the EEG before and after the stimulation as well as between the two sessions. We found significant effect of iTBS on channel-wise, global and oscillatory TMS-induced activity, as well as changes in Microstates. The concurrent, phase-locked tACS-iTBS protocol notably decreased the N100 amplitude of the Global Mean Field Power. We also found that baseline TMS-induced oscillatory activity was a key predictor of changes in TMS-related oscillatory activity. In the case of TMS-related gamma oscillations, a significant interaction between our stimulation protocols and baseline activity was observed, indicating that the relationship between baseline and post-iTBS oscillations was strengthened by the concurrent phase-locked tACS-iTBS stimulation protocol. These findings highlight the potential of phase-locked tACS to enhance the effects of iTBS on prefrontal cortical excitability.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7617709/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144164006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arterial spin labelling perfusion MRI analysis for the Human Connectome Project Lifespan Ageing and Development studies.","authors":"Thomas F Kirk, Flora A Kennedy McConnell, Jack Toner, Martin S Craig, Davide Carone, Xiufeng Li, Yuriko Suzuki, Timothy S Coalson, Michael P Harms, Matthew F Glasser, Michael A Chappell","doi":"10.1162/imag_a_00444","DOIUrl":"10.1162/imag_a_00444","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Human Connectome Project Lifespan studies cover the Development (5-21) and Aging (36-100+) phases of life. Arterial spin labelling (ASL) was included in the imaging protocol, resulting in one of the largest datasets collected to-date of high spatial resolution multiple delay ASL covering 3,000 subjects. The HCP-ASL minimal processing pipeline was developed specifically for this dataset to pre-process the image data and produce perfusion estimates in both volumetric and surface template space, though quality control is not performed. Applied to the whole dataset, the outputs of the pipeline revealed significant and expected differences in perfusion between the Development and Ageing cohorts. Visual inspection of the group average surface maps showed that cortical perfusion often followed cortical areal boundaries, suggesting differential regulation of cerebral perfusion within brain areas at rest. Group average maps of arterial transit time also showed differential transit times in core and watershed areas of the cerebral cortex, which are useful for interpreting haemodynamics of functional MRI images. The pre-processed dataset will provide a valuable resource for understanding haemodynamics across the human lifespan.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11905292/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143627067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing the spatial patterns and determinants of cerebrospinal fluid pseudorandom flow in the human brain with low b-value diffusion MRI.","authors":"Arash Nazeri, Helia Hosseini, Taher Dehkharghanian, Kevin E Lindsay, Pamela LaMontagne, Joshua S Shimony, Tammie L S Benzinger, Aristeidis Sotiras","doi":"10.1162/imag_a_00473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/imag_a_00473","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is essential for maintaining brain homeostasis and clearance, and impairments in its flow can lead to various brain disorders. Recent studies have shown that CSF effective motility can be interrogated using low b-value diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (low-b dMRI). Nevertheless, the spatial organization of intracranial CSF flow dynamics remains largely elusive. Here, we developed a whole-brain voxel-based analysis framework, termed CSF pseudo-diffusion spatial statistics ( <math><mi>C</mi> <mi>Ψ</mi> <mtext>SS</mtext></math> ), to examine CSF mean pseudo-diffusivity <math><mo>(</mo> <mi>M</mi> <mi>Ψ</mi> <mo>)</mo></math> , a measure of CSF flow magnitude derived from low-b dMRI. We showed that intracranial CSF <math><mi>M</mi> <mi>Ψ</mi></math> demonstrates characteristic covariance patterns by employing seed-based correlation analysis. Next, we applied non-negative matrix factorization analysis to further elucidate the covariance patterns of CSF <math><mi>M</mi> <mi>Ψ</mi></math> in a hypothesis-free, data-driven way. We identified 10 distinct CSF compartments with high reproducibility and reliability, reflected by a high mean adjusted Rand index with a low standard deviation (0.82 [SD: 0.018]) in split-half analyses of the discovery multimodal aging dataset (n = 187). The identified patterns displayed similar <math><mi>M</mi> <mi>Ψ</mi></math> across three replication datasets. In discovery and replication multimodal aging cohorts (unique n = 264), our study revealed that age, sex, brain atrophy, ventricular anatomy, and cerebral perfusion differentially influence <math><mi>M</mi> <mi>Ψ</mi></math> across these CSF spaces. Notably, of the 35 individuals exhibiting anomalous CSF flow patterns, five displayed clinically consequential incidental findings on multimodal neuroradiological examinations, which were not observed in other participants <math><mo>(</mo> <mrow><mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>.</mo> <mn>04</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow> <mrow><mo>-</mo> <mn>5</mn></mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo>)</mo></math> . Our work sets forth a new paradigm to study CSF flow, with potential applications in clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12048033/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144060253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}