Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)最新文献

{"title":"Functional organization of the neonatal thalamus across development depicted by functional MRI.","authors":"Hamza Kebiri, Farnaz Delavari, Dimitri Van De Ville, João Jorge, Meritxell Bach Cuadra","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.87","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.87","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The thalamus is a central component of the brain that is involved in a variety of functions, from sensory processing to high-order cognition. Its structure and function in the first weeks of extrauterine life, including its connections to different cortical and subcortical areas, have not yet been widely explored. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 588 newborns during natural sleep from the developing Human Connectome Project to study the functional organization of the thalamus from 37 to 44 post-conceptual weeks. We introduce <i>KNIT</i>: K-means for Nuclei in Infant Thalamus. The framework employs a highly granular vector space of 40 features, each corresponding to functional connectivity to a brain region, using <i>k-means</i> clustering and uncertainty quantification through bootstrapping to delineate thalamic units. Although the different clusters showed common patterns of increased connectivity to the superior temporal gyrus, the parietal, and the frontal cortex, implying an expected decrease in specialization at that age, they also show some specificity. That is, a pulvinar unit was identified, similar to the adult thalamus. Ventrolateral motor and medial salience units were also highlighted. The latter appeared around 41 weeks of age, while the former showed at least from 37 weeks, but had a decrease in relative volume through age, replaced mostly by a dominant dorsal thalamic unit. We also observed an increase in clustering robustness and in hemispheric bilateral symmetry with age, suggesting more specialized functional units. We also found a burst in global thalamic connectivity around 41 weeks. Finally, we demonstrate the benefits of this method in terms of granularity compared to the more conventional winner-takes-all approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12330859/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144839019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Burst estimation through atomic decomposition (BEAD): A toolbox to find oscillatory bursts in brain signals.","authors":"Abhishek Anand, Chandra Murthy, Supratim Ray","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.86","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.86","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent studies have shown that brain signals often show oscillatory bursts of short durations, which have been linked to various aspects of computation and behavior. Traditional methods often use direct spectral estimators to estimate the power of brain signals in spectral and temporal domains, from which bursts are identified. However, direct spectral estimators are known to be noisy, such that even stable oscillations may appear bursty. We have previously shown that the Matching Pursuit (MP) algorithm, which uses a large overcomplete dictionary of basis functions (called \"atoms\") to decompose the signal directly in the time domain, partly addresses this concern and robustly finds long bursts in synthetic as well as real data. However, MP is a greedy algorithm that can give non-optimal solutions and requires a large-sized dictionary. To address these concerns, we extended two other algorithms-orthogonal MP (OMP) and OMP using Multiscale Adaptive Gabor Expansion (OMP-MAGE), to perform burst duration estimation. We also develop a novel algorithm, called OMP using Gabor Expansion with Atom Reassignment (OMP-GEAR). These algorithms overcome the limitations of MP and can work with a significantly smaller dictionary size. We find that, in synthetic data, OMP, OMP-MAGE, and OMP-GEAR converge faster than MP. Also, OMP-MAGE and OMP-GEAR outperform both MP and OMP when the dictionary size is small. Finally, OMP-GEAR significantly outperforms OMP-MAGE when the bursts are overlapping. Importantly, the burst durations obtained using MP and OMP with a very large-sized dictionary are comparable with that obtained using OMP-MAGE with a much smaller-sized dictionary in real data obtained from two monkeys passively viewing static gratings which induced gamma bursts in the primary visual cortex. OMP-GEAR yields slightly smaller burst durations, but all the estimated burst durations are still significantly larger than the duration estimated using traditional methods. These results suggest that gamma bursts are longer than previously reported. Raw data from two monkeys, as well as codes for both traditional and new methods, are publicly available as part of this toolbox.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12330832/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144838995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Open-source platforms to investigate analytical flexibility in neuroimaging.","authors":"Jacob Sanz-Robinson, Michelle Wang, Brent McPherson, Yohan Chatelain, David Kennedy, Tristan Glatard, Jean-Baptiste Poline","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.79","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.79","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Researchers in brain imaging have access to a multitude of analysis tools, many of which carry out the same or similar tasks but yield different results when applied to the same data. This analytical flexibility often undermines reproducibility and raises concerns about the robustness of neuroimaging studies. However, the array of software packages to investigate and address analytical flexibility is decentralized, scattered, and not well documented. Consequently, researchers often lack the necessary information and protocols to buttress the reliability of their findings across analytical tools. This review catalogs and describes software platforms (i.e., software or computational libraries) that can be used to address result variability arising from computational pipelines and environments and explores the use of computing platforms and neuroimaging pipeline frameworks in addressing this issue. This study offers guidance to the research community on accessing, understanding, and utilizing these platforms to address brain imaging analytical flexibility. Additionally, the article provides specific recommendations tailored to different user groups, considering the tools they intend to use with these platforms and their computational constraints.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12330840/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144839154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimodal state-dependent connectivity analysis of arousal and autonomic centers in the brainstem and basal forebrain.","authors":"Haatef Pourmotabbed, Caroline G Martin, Sarah E Goodale, Derek J Doss, Shiyu Wang, Roza G Bayrak, Hakmook Kang, Victoria L Morgan, Dario J Englot, Catie Chang","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.91","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.91","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vigilance is a continuously altering state of cortical activation that influences cognition and behavior and is disrupted in multiple brain pathologies. Neuromodulatory nuclei in the brainstem and basal forebrain are implicated in arousal regulation and are key drivers of widespread neuronal activity and communication. However, it is unclear how their large-scale brain network architecture changes across dynamic variations in vigilance state (i.e., alertness and drowsiness). In this study, we leverage simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and 3T multi-echo functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to elucidate the vigilance-dependent connectivity of arousal regulation centers in the brainstem and basal forebrain. During states of low vigilance, most of the neuromodulatory nuclei investigated here exhibit a stronger global correlation pattern and greater connectivity to the thalamus, precuneus, and sensory and motor cortices. In a more alert state, the nuclei exhibit the strongest connectivity to the salience, default mode, and auditory networks. These vigilance-dependent correlation patterns persist even after applying multiple preprocessing strategies to reduce systemic vascular effects. To validate our findings, we analyze two large 3T and 7T fMRI datasets from the Human Connectome Project and demonstrate that the static and vigilance-dependent connectivity profiles of the arousal nuclei are reproducible across 3T multi-echo, 3T single-echo, and 7T single-echo fMRI modalities. Overall, this work provides novel insights into the role of neuromodulatory systems in vigilance-related brain activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12330857/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144839117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncovering the neural correlates of the urge-to-blink: A study utilising subjective urge ratings and paradigm free mapping.","authors":"Mairi S Houlgreave, Eneko Uruñuela, César Caballero-Gaudes, Penny Gowland, Katherine Dyke, Valerie Brandt, Imaan Mohammed, Rosa Sanchez Panchuelo, Stephen Jackson","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.84","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.84","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuroimaging plays a significant role in understanding the neurophysiology of Tourette syndrome (TS), in particular the main symptom, tics, and the urges associated with them. Premonitory urge is thought to be a negative reinforcer of tic expression in TS. Tic expression during neuroimaging is most often required as an overt marker of increased urge-to-tic, which can lead to considerable head movement, and thus data loss. This study aims to identify the brain regions involved in urge in healthy subjects using multi-echo functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a timing-free approach to localise the blood-oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response associated with the urge-to-act without information of when these events occur. Blink suppression is an analogous behaviour that can be expressed overtly in the MRI scanner which gives rise to an urge like those described by individuals with TS. We examined the urge-to-blink in 20 healthy volunteers with an experimental paradigm including two conditions, \"Okay to blink\" and \"Suppress blinking\", to identify brain regions involved in blink suppression. Multi-echo fMRI data were analysed using a novel approach to investigate the BOLD signal correlated with the build-up of the urge-to-blink that participants continuously reported using a rollerball device. In addition, we used the method of multi-echo paradigm free mapping (MESPFM) to identify these regions without prior specification of task timings. Subjective urge scores were correlated with activity in the right posterior and ventral-anterior insula as well as the mid-cingulate and occipital cortices. Whereas blink suppression was associated with activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, right dorsal-anterior insula, mid-cingulate cortex, and thalamus. These findings illustrate that different insula subregions contribute to the urge-for-action and suppression networks. The MESPFM approach showed co-activation of the right insula and cingulate cortex. The MESPFM activation maps showed the highest overlap with activation associated with blink suppression, as identified using general linear model analysis, demonstrating that activity associated with suppression can be determined without prior knowledge of task timings.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12330854/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144839241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mindfulness, cognition, and long-term meditators: Toward a science of advanced meditation.","authors":"Sebastian Ehmann, Idil Sezer, Isaac N Treves, John D E Gabrieli, Matthew D Sacchet","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.82","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.82","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mindfulness meditation is a systematic training in equanimity, sensory clarity, and concentration rooted in ancient contemplative traditions. Here, we synthesized cognitive-behavioral outcomes in long-term meditators (LTMs) resulting from diverse, prolonged meditation practices. Preliminary evidence suggests that LTMs exhibit increased cognitive-sensory integration and decoupling of affective processes, demonstrated by enhanced interoceptive awareness, reduced negative affective pain perception, and more rational decision making. Additionally, LTMs may experience more emotional neutrality, malleable self-boundaries, and altered self-awareness. Neuroimaging findings included increased bottom-up activation, particularly within the salience network (interoception, pain, affect), and reduced connectivity between the executive (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and salience (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex) networks (reduced pain). The literature also suggests reduced fear and amygdala activation (mitigated negative affect), increased temporoparietal junction activation (pre-reflective experiential processes, empathy), and altered midline default-mode network activation, which was associated with emotional neutrality and non-ordinary states of consciousness. Methodological limitations restricted the interpretation of trait effects, emphasizing the need for a unified framework to systematically investigate advanced meditation's states, stages, and endpoints using neurophenomenology. In summary, LTMs display a distinct neurophenomenological gestalt of mindfulness, wherein meditative expertise is reflected in enhanced cognitive flexibility and integration, self-regulation, and non-dual awareness-signifying a potentially important form of embodied cognition.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12330868/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144839081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural correlates of foreign speech imitation: The effects of age and music.","authors":"Xiaohui Yan, Jiaqi Mao, Zixin Ma, Kyle Perkins, Weizheng Li, Yang Wang, Fan Cao","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.75","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.75","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adult learners of a foreign speech are often marked by having a foreign accent; however, children and adults with singing training tend to have better pronunciations than adults without music training. The assimilation hypothesis proposes that people tend to assimilate foreign speech to native speech during perception and production, which may explain foreign accent. Unfortunately, the neural mechanisms underlying the age and music effects are still unclear. In this study, we compared brain activation patterns in three groups of participants, namely, children, adults with singing training, and adults without music training (control adults) during native (Chinese) and foreign speech (Spanish) imitation with each word repeated three times. We found greater representational similarity between Chinese and Spanish in both groups of adults than in children during both speech perception and production, supporting the assimilation hypothesis. Furthermore, we found group-specific effects for the similarity between different times of imitation, suggesting different mechanisms. Specifically, control adults showed greater similarity between different times of Spanish word imitation than the other two groups in the medial orbital frontal cortex involved in adaptive learning/memory; children showed greater similarity than the other two groups in the bilateral inferior premotor/postcentral gyri involved in sensorimotor learning; adults with singing training showed greater similarity than the other two groups in the left superior temporal gyrus involved in auditory feedback. It suggests that singing training facilitates reliance on auditory discrimination, while children rely on somatosensory and speech motor control to learn foreign speech sounds, implicating different mechanisms of age and singing training effects. Our results provide insights in understanding the neural mechanisms of age and music effects in foreign speech learning.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12330863/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144839121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility of brain intra-axonal microstructure imaging with ultrahigh B-encoding using MAGNUS ultra-high-performance gradients.","authors":"Nastaren Abad, Chitresh Bhushan, Afis Ajala, Tim Sprenger, Luca Marinelli, H Douglas Morris, J Kevin DeMarco, Maureen Hood, Gail Kohls, Vincent B Ho, Thomas K F Foo","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.68","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.68","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The MAGNUS high-performance MRI gradient platform delivers G_max = 200-300 mT/m, and SR_max = 500-750 T/m/s using standard clinical 3.0T system power electronics. This enables the exploration of an expanded diffusion parameter space (b~7-≥30 ms/μm²) with reasonable SNR, along with substantially shorter diffusion encoding pulse-widths, echo times, reduced distortion, and blurring from shorter echo spacing. The choice of high b-value diffusion-encoding space can effectively suppress contributions from extra-axonal water, allowing for simplified biophysical models to be explored for non-invasive mapping of intra-axonal content. In this study, the feasibility and reproducibility of mapping <i>in-vivo</i> whole-brain effective intra-axonal radius (<i>r_eff</i> ), using MAGNUS was assessed. By making use of a test-retest paradigm, reproducibility and sensitivity were evaluated for this new biomarker. Six healthy volunteers were imaged, after obtaining written informed consent, under local IRB-approved protocols with a focus on utilizing the maximum gradient strength of 300 mT/m. Multi-shell dMRI protocols, with a lower bound b = 7 ms/μm² were used for feasibility analysis and short (same-day) and long-term (7-days) test-retest repeatability. To aid in increased precision, a framework for rigorous post-processing incorporating real-valued diffusion data handling and gradient non-linearity correction was integrated. At 300 mT/m, simulations highlight a lower bound threshold for robust detectability of <i>r_eff</i> >1.41 μm. The simulated distribution function was consistent with <i>in-vivo</i> measurements, where a mean <i>r_eff</i> = 2.75 ± 0.15 μm was observed for whole-brain white matter (WM) across all volunteers. Left-Right brain white matter asymmetry as a function of <i>r_eff</i> was noted with segmentations of well-reported parcels, such as the corpus callosum and corticospinal tract, demonstrating good agreement with prior literature. Data highlighted good repeatability in voxel-wise and parcel-based estimates for short- and long-term test-retest analysis. A mean coefficient of variance of 3.2% for WM parcels across all volunteers was noted, with a reproducibility coefficient of 0.16 μm (6.6%) highlighting a lack of systemic bias. This study reports on the feasibility of investigating <i>r_eff</i> using MAGNUS. The analysis of repeatability established the floor of changes in the brain that can be observed in studies leveraging <i>r_eff</i> as a neuroimaging biomarker for white matter integrity or for investigating neuroplastic processes in the brain.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12330845/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144839111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linking neuron-axon-synapse architecture to white matter vasculature using high-resolution multimodal MRI in primate brain.","authors":"Ikko Kimura, Takuya Hayashi, Joonas A Autio","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.77","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.77","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blood vessels and axons align outside the brain due to shared growth factors. However, this neuron-axon-synapse and vessel relationship within the brain white matter remains unclear, primarily due to the technical challenges of charting the complex trajectories of fiber tracts and the dense network of arteries. Consequently, the organizational logic and neurometabolic factors shaping white matter vasculature remain poorly understood. Here, we address these questions using high-resolution multimodal MRI, in vitro neuron density, and receptor autoradiography in macaque monkeys. In superficial white matter, vascularity exhibited parallel alignment with the cortical surface. This vascularity showed negligible dependence on overlying gray matter neuron density (R² = 0.01), minimal dependence on white matter myelination (R² = 0.10), and moderate correlation with receptor density (R² = 0.27). These suggest an association of vascularity with energy demands and axonal branching. In deep white matter, axon geometry, density, and proximity to the cortical surface predict vascular volume with high precision (R² = 0.62). Overall, these findings establish a relation between neuron-axon-synapse architecture and white matter vasculature in the primate brain, offering advances in understanding the organization and pathophysiology of white matter.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12330855/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144839051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generation of surrogate brain maps preserving spatial autocorrelation through random rotation of geometric eigenmodes.","authors":"Nikitas C Koussis, James C Pang, Richa Phogat, Jayson Jeganathan, Bryan Paton, Alex Fornito, P A Robinson, Bratislav Misic, Michael Breakspear","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.71","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.71","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The brain expresses activity in complex spatiotemporal patterns, reflecting the influence of spatially distributed cytoarchitectural, biochemical, and genetic properties. The correspondence between these different \"brain maps\" is a topic of substantial interest. However, these maps possess intrinsic smoothness (spatial autocorrelation, SA) which can inflate spurious cross-correlations, leading to false positive associations. Identifying true associations requires knowledge about the distribution of correlations that arise by chance in the presence of SA. This null distribution can be generated from an ensemble of surrogate brain maps that preserve the intrinsic SA but break the correlations between maps. The present work introduces the \"eigenstrapping\" method, which performs a spectral decomposition of brain maps, such as fMRI activation patterns, expressed on cortical and subcortical surfaces, using geometric eigenmodes, and then randomly rotating these modes to produce SA-preserving surrogate brain maps. It is shown that these surrogates appropriately represent the null distribution of chance pairwise correlations, with expected false positive control superior to current state-of-the-art procedures. Eigenstrapping is fast, eschews the need for parametric assumptions about the nature of a map's SA, and works with maps defined on smooth surfaces with a boundary, such as a single cortical hemisphere when the medial wall has been removed. Moreover, eigenstrapping generalizes to broader classes of null models than existing techniques, offering a unified approach for inference on cortical and subcortical maps, spatiotemporal processes, and complex patterns possessing higher-order correlations.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"3 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12330862/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144839021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}