IEEE journal of radio frequency identification最新文献

{"title":"Anti-Metal Dipolar Tag Antenna With Integrated Huygens’ Metaelement for Gain Enhancement","authors":"Nurfarahin Miswadi;Nurul Huda Abd Rahman;Suhaila Subahir;Eng-Hock Lim","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3742389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3742389","url":null,"abstract":"A Huygens’ metaelement (HME) is integrated with a grounded dipolar tag antenna, which is meant for anti-metal applications, for enhancing the tag’s realized gain for the first time. Here, the HME is top loaded onto the antenna structure for shaping its radiation beam so that a higher directivity can be achieved. The characteristics of the element are analyzed by applying a unit element with periodic boundaries. It can achieve a good transmissivity of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$vert $ </tex-math></inline-formula><inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathrm{S}_{21}vert gt -0.09$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB with low loss. Incorporating the HME with the dipolar tag antenna has successfully enhanced the realized gain by 3.02 dBi, without affecting the frequency or impedance performances much. Despite its compact footprint of 50 mm <inline-formula> <tex-math>$times 50$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.1446lambda times 0.1446lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula>) and low profile of 2.01 mm (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.0058lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula>), the proposed integrated dipolar tag can achieve a consistent read range of approximately 8 m, irrespective of the size and shape of the backing metal.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"953-964"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149249266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid Energy Harvesting From Body Heat and Motion: Design, Simulation, and Experimental Validation","authors":"Aminu Yusuf;Alperen Özçelik;Sedat Ballikaya","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3677288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3677288","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents the design and experimental validation of a hybrid energy harvesting system for wearable biomedical sensor applications, integrating thermoelectric (TEG) and piezoelectric (PEG) generators to simultaneously exploit body heat and human motion. Each harvesting path is interfaced with an ultra-low-voltage step-up DC–DC converter configured to provide a regulated 3.7 V output and charge supercapacitors for energy storage. The TEG path directly processes millivolt-level DC output, while the PEG path incorporates voltage step-up, full-wave rectification using low-forward-voltage Schottky diodes, and multi-stage LC filtering to condition low-frequency AC signals before conversion. Experimental evaluation under realistic wearable conditions demonstrates that typical human activity can generate usable energy: the PEG generated <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.9~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>W during routine seated office activities, whereas the TEG generated <inline-formula> <tex-math>$310~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>W under the same conditions. Start-up analysis indicates that the converter can operate from inputs as low as 20 mV, although higher input levels significantly reduce activation time and improve stability. The results confirm the complementary behaviour of the two sources, PEG providing higher instantaneous power during active motion and TEG supplying continuous low-level energy during stationary periods, thereby mitigating intermittency and enhancing overall system reliability. The proposed hybrid architecture demonstrates the feasibility of self-powered wearable systems under practical human activity scenarios.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"243-253"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147606334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IDC-Integrated SRR-Based Printed Differential Microwave Sensor on Biodegradable Substrate for High Sensitivity Material Sensing","authors":"S. M. Ishraqul Huq;Gaozhi Xiao;Sharmistha Bhadra","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3681524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3681524","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a printed differential microwave sensor fabricated on a biodegradable cellulose acetate (CA) substrate for dielectric sensing of solid and liquid materials. The proposed sensor employs a splitter/combiner-based feeding network with differential ring resonator architecture to compensate for environmental effects. The sensitivity is enhanced by integrating an interdigital capacitor (IDC) within the sensitive split region of the resonators. The sensor is experimentally validated for sensing thin solid materials with variable thicknesses, and different concentrations of ethanol and methanol solutions. In solid sensing, the maximum differential resonant frequency shift is 236 MHz for a 0.5 mm thick CA sample. In liquid sensing, a total differential resonant frequency shift of 270 MHz for ethanol and 106 MHz for methanol is achieved over the full 0 to 100% concentration range. A thermal stability study shows that the differential sensing scheme exhibits strong immunity to environmental temperature variations, maintaining a constant differential resonant frequency of 246.25 MHz in response to temperature change. In addition, a controlled biodegradability study of the CA substrate shows maximum weight losses of 17.8% and 40.1% for thick and thin samples, respectively. The proposed sensor with the fully additive fabrication technique using printed silver conductors enables a low-cost, robust, and environmentally sustainable sensing platform with high sensitivity.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"302-311"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147665365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asymmetric Retrodirective UHF RFID Tags: Design and Measurement Results","authors":"Sebastian Böller;Morteza Mousavi;Felix Essingholt;Thorben Grenter","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3680678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3680678","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we investigate the use of retrodirective arrays in transponders of ultra high frequency (UHF) radio-frequency identification (RFID) systems and their potential to enhance both the communication range and the energy range of RFID systems. The communication range is increased through the retrodirectivity of the backscatter transponders. An asymmetry in the transponder array is intended to support wireless power transfer (WPT) by focusing the incoming wave onto one rectifier to maximize its efficiency. In this study we use a commercially available integrated circuit (IC) for UHF RFID transponders making the constructed retrodirective transponder compatible with the EPC Gen2 protocol. Theoretical investigations show that through the use of N antennas in the transponder both energy range and communication range can be increased by a factor of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathbf {sqrt {N}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, corresponding to an increase of about <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathbf {41{,}%}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> when using two antennas. The realized EPC Gen2-compatible transponder with two antennas achieved an increase of up to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathbf {34{,}%}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> in energy range and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathbf {38{,}%}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> in communication range. The presented technique is not limited to two antennas and can help to extend the range of backscatter systems without modifications to the reader. This could especially be interesting for applications within the Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) of upcoming 6G networks.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"312-323"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11474512","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147665413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Analysis of an FPGA-Based Authentication and Key Establishment Protocol for Mobile-Edge-Assisted RFID–IoT Systems","authors":"Sundararaju Mugunthan;Venkatasamy Sureshkumar;Paramasivam Saravanan;Ruhul Amin","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3688019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3688019","url":null,"abstract":"Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) plays a key role in enabling low-latency RFID–IoT applications by offering localized computation and storage resources. While this improves responsiveness and scalability, it also increases exposure to security and privacy threats. This paper presents an enhanced authentication and key establishment scheme designed to mitigate privacy and security attacks in mobile-edge-assisted RFID-IoT environments. The scheme incorporates password update and recovery mechanisms to enhance practical usability and resilience. Its correctness is verified using BAN logic, and an AMD Xilinx FPGA prototype demonstrates its practical performance. Comparative results show that the proposed scheme offers strong security with low computational and communication overhead, making it suitable for latency-critical edge applications.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"353-365"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147828965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Full-Sphere $sqrt{Deltatext{RCS}}$ Characterization of Passive UHF RFID Tagged Objects","authors":"Bernhard Grill;Jure Soklič;Holger Arthaber","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3711821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3711821","url":null,"abstract":"Characterizing the complex-valued response of passive UHF RFID tags over the full sphere is essential for any application that relies on the tag’s phase information, yet no suitable measurement methodology has been reported. This paper develops a measurement system that determines the tag’s direction-dependent complex response across the entire sphere. We propose a model based on the square root delta radar cross-section (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$sqrt {Delta text {RCS}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) rather than the conventional delta radar cross-section (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Delta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>RCS), since the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$sqrt {Delta text {RCS}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is field-based and preserves the phase, whereas the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Delta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>RCS is a scalar power quantity. As the inherent self-interference in monostatic setups limits the measurement system’s dynamic range, additional carrier cancellation hardware is often employed. However, since this work targets a setup using only off-the-shelf components and measurement equipment, we follow a different approach: a bistatic arrangement combined with spherical wave expansion (SWE) theory to relax the dynamic range requirements and to allow for full-sphere measurements by pattern stitching. Since the bistatic configuration introduces an uncalibrated signal path, a two-step calibration procedure is developed to recover a monostatic <inline-formula> <tex-math>$sqrt {Delta text {RCS}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> from bistatic measurements. Three different bistatic configurations are realized and compared, resulting in a measurement system capable of accurate full-sphere characterization with high dynamic range. The complete chain is validated against a full-wave simulation, in the field and in the modal domain, and applied to a label on a plastic crate with and without metal cans. As expected, results show a pronounced direction-dependence of the tag’s phase response, which is an important input for phase-based localization algorithms.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"532-544"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11602056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148626889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bluetooth LE Audio-Based Energy-Efficient IoT Sensor System for Biodiversity Monitoring","authors":"Ridhima Verma;Suman Kumar;Luca Catarinucci","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2026.3711079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2026.3711079","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) audio-based sensor system for energy-efficient biodiversity monitoring, leveraging the latest Bluetooth 5.2 standard. The novelty of this work lies in the development and experimental validation of an event-driven detection pipeline integrated with the Low Complexity Communication Codec (LC3) and BLE Broadcast Isochronous Stream (BIS) mode. The proposed battery-powered sensing node enables real-time, low-power streaming of bee acoustic data. Unlike traditional continuous recording or streaming approaches that transmit all captured audio and incur high current consumption overhead, the proposed system employs LE Audio with a 48 kHz sampling rate for high-quality capture, LC3 for efficient compression, and BIS mode for connection-less broadcast transmission. By tightly coupling the real-time acoustic event detection pipeline with BLE Audio communication, the proposed system selectively streams only biologically relevant acoustic events, thereby minimizing redundant recordings and reducing energy usage. The transmitted acoustic data is forwarded to the cloud for remote monitoring and scalable biodiversity analytics. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work represents one of the first practical evaluations of Bluetooth 5.2 LE Audio BIS-based real-time acoustic biodiversity monitoring in resource-constrained IoT deployments. Experimental results demonstrate about 46.8% reduction in redundant data and 28.6% reduction in energy consumption compared to continuous streaming; field tests confirm a packet delivery ratio of approximately 93% with an F1-score of 0.922, and the system is estimated to support up to 8.6 months of operation. These results highlight the suitability of the proposed BLE Audio framework for Internet of Things (IoT)-based biodiversity monitoring.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"494-504"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148504473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Space Sign Language for Spacewalks: Sign Profiling and Edge Computing Approach","authors":"Thuy T. Pham;Lucien Gheerbrant;Ha S. Pham;Veronica B. H. Nguyen;Philip H. W. Leong","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3645790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3645790","url":null,"abstract":"Long journeys for space exploration demand innovative solutions to address hazards where conventional communication systems may fail due to electromagnetic (EM) disruptions or environmental extremes. Effective search and rescue strategies are vital for spacewalks and unforeseen EM instability. We propose a research direction involving ad-hoc, direct communication protocols to enhance survivability under harsh space conditions. It provides a pathway for real-time communication that is perceptible to humans, computationally efficient, and resilient to EM interference. Furthermore, it can take advantage of upcoming advancements in wearable sensors and non-terrestrial edge computing. Our proposed methods include sign profiling via analysis of visual cues from sign language for the deaf. Profiles can be achieved by detecting critical pose landmarks through a body area network of wearable sensors. We also recommend an embedded artificial intelligence approach using edge computing to achieve real-time performance with small size, weight, power and cost. Our work may lead to new developments in spacesuit design and new search and rescue practices. We also propose related research problems concerning variations in sign languages across communities to foster seamless spoken and unspoken exchanges.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"90-100"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultracompact RF Rectifier Circuit for Implantable Devices","authors":"Usman Yau;Jun Jiat Tiang;Mohamed Karim Azizi;Surajo Muhammad;Kamel Smida;Nazih Khaddaj Mallat;Amjad Iqbal","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3644960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3644960","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes an innovative design approach for an ultra-compact RF rectifier, emphasizing high power conversion efficiency (PCE). The rectifier design employs a dual-branch cell configuration, labeled as Section-I (S1) and Section-II (S2), to enhance its performance characteristics. To support biomedical implant applications, these branches are incorporated with a meandered line network, designated as (ML1 and ML2). A radial stub is employed in the S1 structure, while series inductors are additionally connected to S1 and S2 to achieve improved performance characteristics. To improve power delivery performance, the proposed rectifier is specifically optimized for enhanced transfer efficiency within the frequency range of 1.28 GHz to 1.52 GHz. This makes it highly suitable for integration into wireless power transfer systems (WPTs) designed for biomedical implants. Both the simulated (experimental) results confirmed a maximum RF-to-DC PCE of 78.80% (77.7%), achieved at an input power <inline-formula> <tex-math>$P_{in}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> level of 4 dBm. Moreover, the proposed design achieves an RF-to-DC conversion efficiency greater than 25% at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$P_{in}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> level of −20 dBm, thereby demonstrating its suitability for efficient operation under low-power conditions. The rectifier is fabricated on an RT/Duroid substrate, resulting in a compact footprint measuring 7.8 mm by 9.3 mm. A single-series diode (SSrd) configuration is employed to achieve the desired rectification performance. To ensure a wide impedance bandwidth, a sequential matching technique is applied, effectively optimizing the device’s performance throughout the specified frequency spectrum. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed rectifier in enabling WPT for biomedical implant applications, with particular emphasis on scenarios that demand efficient harvesting of ambient energy.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"11-19"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145830929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Nodes Mobility and Imperfect SIC on the Outage Performance of Multi-Tag Ambient Backscatter Systems Over Nakagami-m Fading Channels","authors":"Ashutosh Rastogi;Suneel Yadav;Radhika Gour;Devendra Singh Gurjar;Juraj Gazda","doi":"10.1109/JRFID.2025.3645055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2025.3645055","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the joint impact of nodes mobility and imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC) on the performance of a multi-tag ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) system over Nakagami-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$m$ </tex-math></inline-formula> fading channels. Specifically, the system comprises a mobile ambient RF source, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$K$ </tex-math></inline-formula> energy harvesting enabled mobile passive tags, and a moving reader. All wireless links are subject to time-selective fading, modeled using a first-order autoregressive process. To enhance the performance, a tag selection policy is employed to select the best tag among <inline-formula> <tex-math>$K$ </tex-math></inline-formula> candidates, while the reader utilizes both perfect SIC (pSIC) and imperfect SIC (ipSIC) techniques. Under this realistic setting, we derive closed-form analytical expressions for the outage probability (OP) and ergodic capacity in both pSIC and ipSIC scenarios. Furthermore, we present asymptotic OP analyses in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime to extract key insights into the system’s diversity order. We also present the system throughput analysis under both pSIC and ipSIC cases. Several practical scenarios are also examined, including static nodes configuration and large time-varying errors, to characterize their effects on the system performance. We also analyze the influence of various system and channel parameters, nodes mobility, and the SIC control parameter on the system performance. Finally, simulation results are provided to validate the accuracy of the derived analytical expressions.","PeriodicalId":73291,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of radio frequency identification","volume":"10 ","pages":"20-34"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145830928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}