Hygiene and environmental health advances最新文献

{"title":"Assessing health risk reduction from road traffic noise: The impact of vehicle composition and traffic speed in the transition to electric vehicles – A prediction in Sapporo City, Japan","authors":"Farah Elida Selamat ,&nbsp;Junta Tagusari","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Environmental noise poses a risk to public health. Recent societal shifts aimed at creating a low-carbon society are expected to change the acoustic landscape, such as the transition from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to electric vehicles (EVs). However, the impact of transitioning to EVs on traffic conditions and health risk reduction remains uncertain. This study aims to evaluate traffic efficiency and clarify how shifting from ICEVs to EVs influences health risks associated with road traffic noise. We analysed the relationship between health risk reduction, vehicle composition (i.e., proportion/percentage of heavy vehicles), and traffic speed according to the CNOSSOS-EU noise emission model and the exposure-response functions provided in the Environmental Noise Guidelines by the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe (WHO-EU). The results were validated by estimating the reduction of health risks in small and large urban areas using actual traffic conditions. The results of the calculations indicate that a greater percentage of heavy EVs and lower traffic speeds lead to a more significant reduction in health risks. In the two selected areas, the region with a higher proportion of heavy EVs achieved a risk reduction of 30–40 %, whereas the area with a lower percentage of heavy EVs experienced approximately a 20 % reduction. The reduction of each health risk in both areas was consistent with the calculation results. In Sapporo City, the health risk reduction was estimated to be 15—20 %. This study demonstrated that transitioning to EVs effectively reduces health risks associated with road traffic noise and identifies the optimal traffic conditions for minimizing these risks. Increasing the adoption of EVs could serve as a significant strategy for alleviating the health impacts of road traffic noise.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil-transmitted helminth infections among preschool- and school-aged children in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, risk factors and intervention strategies","authors":"Chimdi Muoghalu ,&nbsp;Sarah Lebu ,&nbsp;Herbert Kaboggoza ,&nbsp;Felix Bongomin ,&nbsp;Stephen Ochaya ,&nbsp;Musa Manga","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are widespread in India, particularly among preschool- and school-aged children (PSAC and SAC). Following PRISMA guidelines, our study systematically garnered and synthesized existing literature to provide a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of STH infections among PSAC and SAC in India. We searched four databases - PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and Embase - and conducted a random-effects meta-analysis to estimate STH prevalence and assess risk factors. Additionally, we assessed the odds ratios for STH infections across various risk factors. From the 36 eligible articles, the pooled prevalence of STH infections was 27 % (95 % CI 19–36 %), with roundworm being the most common - 34 % (95 % CI 26 - 42 %). Our study results indicate that boys have higher odds of STH infections compared to girls (OR 1.29, 95 % CI 1.01–1.64), and maintaining good personal hygiene, such as regular handwashing, correlates with lower odds of STH infections (OR 0.36, 95 % CI 0.11–1.14). Current mitigation strategies in India include targeted deworming, mass drug administration (MDA), and water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions. Targeted deworming faces challenges as dewormed school children may get reinfected by adults and untreated children. MDA requires substantial resource mobilization while deeply entrenched cultural norms constrain WASH interventions. These limitations highlight the need to explore innovative strategies for sustainable solutions to the issue of STH infections in India. To reduce prevalence, we recommend preventive chemotherapy alongside context-specific improvements in WASH conditions, complemented by strategic information, communication efforts, and effective policies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143165127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient-specific tracheal deformation, predicted toxicant uptake and histopathology in lung fibrosis","authors":"Rebecca Bascom ,&nbsp;Minyoung Kim ,&nbsp;Simon G. Royce ,&nbsp;Zachary Bitzer ,&nbsp;Shirin Borhan ,&nbsp;Pauline H. Go ,&nbsp;Rickhesvar P.M. Mahraj ,&nbsp;Negar Rassaei ,&nbsp;Mary Vogt ,&nbsp;James S. Ultman ,&nbsp;Jane E. Bourke ,&nbsp;Ali Borhan","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2024.100117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2024.100117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Our simulations previously predicted focal areas of gaseous pollutant dose delivered to the airway mucosa of a patient with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We hypothesize a relation between these dose predictions and clinically meaningful endpoints in IPF which link toxicant-driven epithelial injury and disrepair to IPF etiology and pathogenesis.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To determine associations between patient-specific modeling of tracheal geometry, computer simulations of toxicant dose, and lung histopathology in patients with IPF.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The first three conducting airway generations of ten patients diagnosed with IPF were reconstructed from their high-resolution CT chest scans. We quantified geometric abnormalities of the reconstructed tracheas based on their curvature and eccentricity (cross-sectional flattening), and performed three-dimensional computer simulations to predict the average and upper values (<em>i.e.</em> hotspots) of reactive toxicant dose to the underlying mucosa. Distal biopsy tissue samples were characterized by epithelial cell phenotype, extent of fibrosis, and histopathologic severity scores. Non-parametric correlation analysis examined associations between these descriptors.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Computed values for curvature and eccentricity of IPF-deformed trachea varied widely among patients and correlated with more subjective rankings of tracheal deformation, and with predicted toxicant dose. Overall histopathologic severity was positively correlated with tracheal deformation and upper decile toxicant uptake. Tracheal curvature was significantly correlated with fibroblastic foci.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These results demonstrate an association of tracheal curvature with predicted toxicant dose and with histopathologic indicators in distal tissue. This suggests that these measures may be predictors of risk for acute IPF exacerbations, subsequent clinical deterioration, and disease progression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143165128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrospectively understanding the multifaceted interplay of COVID-19 outbreak, air pollution, and sociodemographic factors through explainable AI","authors":"Mohmmed Talib ,&nbsp;Kripabandhu Ghosh ,&nbsp;Gopala Krishna Darbha","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to holistically comprehend the intricate dynamics between air pollution, socio-demographics, and COVID-19 outcomes in India. The primary objective centers on deploying explainable AI (XAI) methodologies to elucidate the intricate pathways and latent mechanisms governing these associations.</div><div>A multi-faceted approach was employed integrating ecological study, hybrid-ML, and XAI techniques to characterize the underlying dependencies and interactions driving the pandemic's spatiotemporal evolution and system dynamics. The ecological study analyzed the association between air pollution levels and COVID-19 case fatality rates (CFRs) across distinct pandemic phases. We utilized a Negative Binomial model for interpretability and implemented a stacked ensemble framework to enhance predictive performance. This stacked model was further leveraged to provide deeper insights into the underlying patterns through XAI techniques.</div><div>The ecological study identified distinct patterns in CFR across different pandemic phases of the pandemic, with higher pollution levels monotonically associated with increased CFRs. Furthermore, the stacked ensemble model consistently outperformed its base models, demonstrating the benefits of combining multiple models. Additionally, the XAI analysis identified NO₂ as a key driver of COVID-19 cases and mortalities, while PM₁₀ was found to be particularly influential on mortalities. The study concluded distinct COVID-19 transmission patterns across regions and pandemic phases, highlighting the influence of non-pharmaceutical interventions, viral strains, and socio-demographics in driving the pandemic.</div><div>The findings highlight the need for strong pollution controls to mitigate air pollution's impact on health. The developed hybrid model can aid in predicting COVID-19 outcomes in future respiratory outbreaks, supporting public health planning and targeted interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143264331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene and Benzo[a]anthracene increase oxidative stress in human bronchial epithelial cells","authors":"Yanjun Xie ,&nbsp;Ziwei Guo ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Liu ,&nbsp;Xiang Xiao ,&nbsp;Rongqi Xiang ,&nbsp;Haobiao Liu ,&nbsp;Xue Lin ,&nbsp;Jing Han","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2025.100120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DahA) and Benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), as the main components in gasoline, diesel, and coal combustion products, dominate air pollution in northern China and pose a serious threat to human health. In this study, different concentrations of DahA and BaA were used to intervene in human bronchial epithelial cells. Cell viability was determined by using the thiazolyl blue assay; Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry; The oxidative damage effect was evaluated by measuring the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in cells; Finally, real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription polymerase Chain reaction and protein immunoblotting were used to detect the changes in the expression of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) at the gene and protein levels. The results showed that the cell survival rate decreased with increasing concentration after 24 h of DahA and BaA intervention. Compared with the control group, the average fluorescence intensity of ROS increased at 100, 1000, and 10,000 pg/ml, MDA levels increased, and SOD levels decreased. At the gene and protein levels, the mRNA and protein expression of SOD1 and SOD2 increased at 1000 pg/ml and 10,000 pg/ml, respectively. In summary, DahA and BaA have toxic effects on human bronchial epithelial cells after 24 h of intervention and can cause changes in oxidative stress indicators, indicating the occurrence of oxidative stress damage. Oxidative stress damage to human bronchial epithelial cells may be the main mechanism of PAHs on respiratory system damage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143508596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between exposure to multiple environmental chemicals and metabolic syndrome: A mixture analysis","authors":"Ruiqiang Li ,&nbsp;Xiaoyi Lin ,&nbsp;Tingyu Lu ,&nbsp;Jiao Wang ,&nbsp;Ying Wang ,&nbsp;Lin Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2024.100112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2024.100112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exposure to environmental chemicals is prevalent. While previous studies reported associations between multiple chemical exposures and metabolic syndrome (MetS), they did not comprehensively account for correlations among exposures. We used machine learning methods including Boruta algorithm and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, combined with weighted quartiles sum (WQS) regression to investigate the associations of phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals, and phthalates with MetS and its components. Data were drawn from the 2005–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The mean (standard deviation (SD)) age of 2596 participants was 48.4 (17.9) years. After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, race/ethnicity, marital status, education, poverty income ratio, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol, higher 2-Phenanthrene (2-PHE) and mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) concentrations were associated with a higher odds of the MetS (odds ratio (OR) = 4.26, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 2.40–7.58 per ng/mL, and 3.24, 1.75–6.02 per ng/L, respectively). WQS index for environmental chemicals was positively associated with the MetS (OR = 1.31, 95 % CI 1.09–1.57). Moreover, we observed consistent and stronger positive associations with MetS (OR = 1.54, 95 % CI 1.04–2.30) in current smokers. Exposure to phenols, PAHs, metals, and phthalates was positively associated with an increase in metabolic syndrome and its components, which was more pronounced in current smokers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142420435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Black box analysis with linear regression on global warming","authors":"Yoshiyasu Takefuji","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2024.100109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2024.100109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper demonstrates that the conclusions drawn from datasets on global temperature anomaly and atmospheric CO2 from NOAA can vary depending on the range of investigated periods. By examining the data from both macroscopic and microscopic perspectives, the study reveals that different levels of analysis can produce different outcomes from the same datasets based on statistics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773049224000229/pdfft?md5=8dea976b9745ec91f3c29a1401fbba02&pid=1-s2.0-S2773049224000229-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142149605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occupational chemical safety and management: A case study to identify best practices for sustainable advancement of Bangladesh","authors":"Amit Hasan Anik ,&nbsp;Mohammad Toha ,&nbsp;Shafi M Tareq","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2024.100110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2024.100110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bangladesh has experienced numerous tragedies and casualties in the chemical industry, resulting in unparalleled losses in terms of human, social, and economic adversity, primarily attributed to the absence of effective occupational health and safety management. Despite having various sectoral legislative frameworks, there is a notable absence of a comprehensive legal framework specifically addressing chemical safety management issues. Moreover, the existing regulations have not successfully established a nexus between chemical safety, employee well-being, potential opportunities, and task performance. This highlights the insufficient attention given to occupational health and chemical safety issues at the policy level, with limited research dedicated to these critical concerns. Consequently, this critical review aims to identify optimal strategies for the long-term sustainable development of Bangladesh in the realm of occupational chemical safety and management. The review critically evaluates the current state of Bangladesh's national chemical management, offering a policy trajectory for consideration. It meticulously analyzes the disjunctions and incongruities between prescribed guidelines and actual practices in chemical management within the Bangladeshi context. Furthermore, it establishes a comprehensive framework for a nationwide chemical management system, aligning with global best practices and guidelines. The study also delineates existing gaps and challenges while outlining future priorities that warrant immediate government attention and sustained commitment to enhance chemical safety management. Therefore, this study serves as a foundational reference for policymakers not only in Bangladesh but also for those in other developing economies grappling with escalating chemical demands, providing guidance for constructing an appropriate infrastructure and legal framework for enduring chemical management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773049224000230/pdfft?md5=c11a758857e7fdba9fa43884960952d5&pid=1-s2.0-S2773049224000230-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142240646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolism disruption induced by high ambient temperature","authors":"Ke Zhang ,&nbsp;Gongbo Chen ,&nbsp;Wan Liu ,&nbsp;Jie He ,&nbsp;Mengnan Pan ,&nbsp;Zhongyang Chen ,&nbsp;Jiahui Tong ,&nbsp;Feifei Liu ,&nbsp;Hao Xiang","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2024.100111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2024.100111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Previous studies have assessed the cardiovascular risk attributable to high ambient temperature. However, the mechanisms underly acute cardiovascular responses associated with high ambient temperature remain incompletely understood.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To identify acute cardiovascular responses associated with high temperature, and to understand the underlying mechanisms using metabolomics.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a prospective panel study on young adults, organizing participants to undergo blood collection and temperature monitoring tautologically. Levels of 10 cardiovascular biomarkers and 4473 serum metabolites were measured. Levels of ambient temperature exposure were recorded by wearing personal monitors. We employed linear mixed-effect models to identify acute cardiovascular responses associated with ambient temperature, including differential biomarkers and metabolites. KEGG pathway analysis was performed on the differential metabolites to identify temperature-associated metabolic processes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Exposure to elevated ambient temperature was associated with acute cardiovascular responses, including alterations in high-density lipoprotein, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, diastolic pressure, and heart rate. These observed acute cardiovascular responses are probably attributed to metabolism disturbances, as 129 differential serum metabolites, accompanied by disruptions in 18 pathways, were identified. These differential metabolites and pathways primarily involve glycerophospholipid metabolism, which activates inflammation cytokines and subsequently induces adverse cardiovascular effects.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our findings suggest that elevated ambient temperature could potentially lead to cardiovascular responses among young adults in China. We propose that high ambient temperature exposure may contribute to acute cardiovascular effects by regulating the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142444971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expansion of a versatile pathogen: Clostridioides difficile","authors":"Tereena Lucas ,&nbsp;Brent Brown","doi":"10.1016/j.heha.2024.100108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.heha.2024.100108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Clostridioides difficile</em> is a gram positive and spore forming bacterium responsible for significant global morbidity and mortality. There is increasing incidence of <em>C. difficile</em> disease that constitutes a deviation from the traditionally understood toxin-mediated colonic disease. Comprehensive literature review has determined a conservative increase of over 600 cases of <em>C. difficile</em> extra–intestinal and small–intestinal disease detailed in &gt;200 papers over the past 20 years. Chronic colonization with increased intestinal permeability that permits the translocation of toxins and metabolites may partially explain this expanded disease manifestation. Currently there is little evidence in support of a role for toxins however, and greater evidence to support the role of metabolites in extra-intestinal disease pathogenesis. Specifically, increased levels of p-cresol, p-cresyl sulfate, indoxyl sulfate and ammonia are associated with <em>C. difficile</em>colonization. One important health consideration involves ongoing biotransformation of such metabolites, together with the overall metabolic load from all endogenous and exogenous sources, that can result in glutathione depletion. Chronic glutathione depletion in turn increases oxidative stress and is correlated with neurological compromise across all age groups, and a host of other conditions. Key factors supporting chronic colonization with <em>C. difficile</em> in susceptible hosts include widespread and indiscriminate use of antimicrobials, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, intensive agricultural practices, diet, food additives, and gastrointestinal disturbances. Appreciation of the role of the exposome in <em>C. difficile</em> disease expansion will further emphasize the importance of decreasing environmental contamination, antimicrobial resistance, inter-species transmission, and individual toxic metabolite burdens.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73269,"journal":{"name":"Hygiene and environmental health advances","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773049224000217/pdfft?md5=b73b3f0a28575f48f0f30efede611fe6&pid=1-s2.0-S2773049224000217-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142149609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}