Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition)最新文献

{"title":"Liposomal Glutathione Supplementation Mitigates Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in the Liver and Spleen.","authors":"Kayvan Sasaninia,&nbsp;Melissa Kelley,&nbsp;Arbi Abnousian,&nbsp;James Owens,&nbsp;SonYeol Yoon,&nbsp;Abrianna Beever,&nbsp;Nala Kachour,&nbsp;Aram Yegiazaryan,&nbsp;Afsal Kolloli,&nbsp;Ranjeet Kumar,&nbsp;Santhamani Ramasamy,&nbsp;Selvakumar Subbian,&nbsp;Vishwanath Venketaraman","doi":"10.31083/j.fbe1503015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbe1503015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) accounts for a fifth of all <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (<i>M. tb</i>) infections worldwide. The rise of multidrug resistance in <i>M. tb</i> alongside the hepatotoxicity associated with antibiotics presents challenges in managing and treating tuberculosis (TB), thereby prompting a need for new therapeutic approaches. Administration of liposomal glutathione (L-GSH) has previously been shown to lower oxidative stress, enhance a granulomatous response, and reduce the burden of <i>M. tb</i> in the lungs of <i>M. tb</i>-infected mice. However, the effects of L-GSH supplementation during active EPTB in the liver and spleen have yet to be explored.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we evaluated hepatic glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and the cytokine profiles of untreated and L-GSH-treated <i>M. tb</i>-infected wild type (WT) mice. Additionally, the hepatic and splenic <i>M. tb</i> burdens and tissue pathologies were also assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>L-GSH supplementation increased total hepatic levels and reduced GSH. A decrease in the levels of MDA, oxidized GSH, and interleukin (IL)-6 was also detected following L-GSH treatment. Furthermore, L-GSH supplementation was observed to increase interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production and decrease IL-10 levels. <i>M. tb</i> survival was significantly reduced in the liver and spleen following L-GSH supplementation. L-GSH treatment also provided a host-protective effect in the liver and spleen of <i>M. tb</i>-infected mice.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, L-GSH supplementation elevated the levels of total and reduced forms of GSH in the liver and reduced the burden of <i>M. tb</i> by decreasing oxidative stress, enhancing the production of immunosupportive cytokines, and reducing the levels of immunosuppressive cytokines. These observed benefits highlight the potential of L-GSH supplementation during active EPTB and provide insight into novel therapeutic interventions against <i>M. tb</i> infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":73068,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition)","volume":"15 3","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41153297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reviewing the Bioremediation of Contaminants in Groundwater: Investigations over 40 Years Provide Insights into What's Achievable.","authors":"Greg B Davis","doi":"10.31083/j.fbe1503016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbe1503016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biodegradation and biotransformation of contaminants in groundwater commonly occurs naturally. However, natural biodegradation rates can be slow leading to elongated contaminant plumes and prolonged risks that demand greater remedial intervention. Enhancement of the biodegradation of contaminants in groundwater can be induced by the addition of amendments to change the geochemical conditions to those that are more favorable for indigenous or added biota. Enhancing biodegradation requires collocation of the contaminant of concern with the 'right' microbial communities under the 'right' geochemical conditions, so that the microbiota thrive and bio-transform, degrade or lock up the contaminant of interest. This is most easily achievable at laboratory or bench scale where mixing is easily performed, and mass transfer limitations are minimized. However, inducing such changes at field scale in aquifers is non-trivial - amendments do not easily mix into groundwater because it is a laminar (non-turbulent) and low-energy flow environment. Bioaugmentation of cultured or genetically modified organisms have also been considered to add to groundwater to enhance contaminant degradation rates. Here we provide an overview of research studies over approximately 40 years that highlight the progression of understanding from natural biodegradation of plumes in groundwater to active bioremediation efforts that have been variably successful at field scale. Investigated contaminants providing insights include petroleum hydrocarbons, chlorinated and brominated hydrocarbons, ammonium, metals, munition compounds, atrazine and per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances. The redox and electron acceptor/donor conditions that are inducive to biodegradation for a range of contaminants are highlighted. Biodegradation is challenged by the availability of electron donors/acceptors in the core of plumes and on plume fringes. Cases for bioaugmentation are identified. A long history of investigations provides examples of the importance of amendment delivery mechanisms, scale-up from laboratory to field, and field-scale demonstration of the effectiveness of groundwater bioremediation technologies. Advantages and disadvantages of remedial approaches are tabulated. The value and contributions of integrative modelling advances are identified. The literature review and example cases provide a deep understanding of what scale of bioremediation might be achievable for groundwater plumes. Limitations to bioremediation strategies outlined here will help direct future efforts. Addressing the sources of groundwater plumes as well as bioremediation of the plume itself will achieve more effective outcomes. Twelve 'lessons learnt' are synthesized from the review.</p>","PeriodicalId":73068,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition)","volume":"15 3","pages":"16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41166931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NGR4 and ERBB4 as Promising Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets for Metabolic Disorders.","authors":"Maria Vulf,&nbsp;Maria Bograya,&nbsp;Alexandra Komar,&nbsp;Olga Khaziakhmatova,&nbsp;Vladimir Malashchenko,&nbsp;Kristina Yurova,&nbsp;Anastasiya Sirotkina,&nbsp;Anastasiya Minchenko,&nbsp;Elena Kirienkova,&nbsp;Natalia Gazatova,&nbsp;Larisa Litvinova","doi":"10.31083/j.fbe1502014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbe1502014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obese individuals are at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The aim of this review was to analyze the scientific literature and databases to reveal the fundamental role of neuregulin 4 (NRG4) and its receptors in the development of obesity-associated metabolic disorders. This review demonstrates that NRG4 and its receptors are promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of socially significant obesity-associated pathologies. The review contains nine chapters. Information on the structure of ERBB4 and NRG4 splice isoforms and subsequent activation of downstream targets is presented. The tissue-specific features of the <i>NRG4</i> and <i>ERBB4</i> genes and protein production are also highlighted. The role of NRG4 and ERBB3/4 in the pathophysiological mechanisms of the development of metabolic disorders in obesity is discussed in detail. The final chapter of the review is devoted to the miRNA-dependent regulation of NRG4 and ERBB4. Recent studies have shown that several miRNAs regulate ERBB4 expression, but no information was found on the interaction of NRG4 with miRNAs. We now demonstrate the putative relationships between NRG4 and let-7a-5p, let-7c-5p, miR-423-5p, miR-93-5p, miR-23a-3p, and miR-15b-5p for the first time. In addition, we found SNP mutations affecting the interaction of NRG4 and ERBB4 with miRNA in these genes as well as in miRNAs. In summary, this review provides a detailed and comprehensive overview of the role of NRG4 in obesity-associated metabolic disorders. The review summarizes all current studies on this topic and opens perspectives for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":73068,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition)","volume":"15 2","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9686468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Extracellular Matrix of Yeasts: A Key Player in the Microbial Biology Change of Paradigm.","authors":"Cândida Lucas,&nbsp;Coralie Silva","doi":"10.31083/j.fbe1502013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbe1502013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microbes are traditionally regarded as planktonic organisms, individual cells that live independently from each other. Although this is true, microbes in nature mostly live within large multi-species communities forming complex ecosystems. In these communities, microbial cells are held together and organised spatially by an extracellular matrix (ECM). Unlike the ECM from the tissues of higher eukaryotes, microbial ECM, mostly that of yeasts, is still poorly studied. However, microbial biofilms are a serious cause for concern, for being responsible for the development of nosocomial infections by pharmacological drugs-resistant strains of pathogens, or for critically threatening plant health and food security under climate change. Understanding the organization and behaviour of cells in biofilms or other communities is therefore of extreme importance. Within colonies or biofilms, extremely large numbers of individual microbial cells adhere to inert surfaces or living tissues, differentiate, die or multiply and invade adjacent space, often following a 3D architectural programme genetically determined. For all this, cells depend on the production and secretion of ECM, which might, as in higher eukaryotes, actively participate in the regulation of the group behaviour. This work presents an overview of the state-of-the-art on the composition and structure of the ECM produced by yeasts, and the inherent physicochemical properties so often undermined, as well as the available information on its production and delivery pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":73068,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition)","volume":"15 2","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9686467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carotid Artery Corrected Flow Time Measured by Wearable Doppler Ultrasound Accurately Detects Changing Stroke Volume During the Passive Leg Raise in Ambulatory Volunteers.","authors":"Jon-Émile S Kenny,&nbsp;Christine Horner,&nbsp;Mai Elfarnawany,&nbsp;Andrew M Eibl,&nbsp;Joseph K Eibl","doi":"10.31083/j.fbe1502012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbe1502012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The change in the corrected flow time of the common carotid artery (ccFTΔ) has been used as a surrogate of changing stroke volume (SVΔ) in the critically-ill. Thus, this relatively easy-to-obtain Doppler measure may help clinicians better define the intended effect of intravenous fluids. Yet the temporal evolution of SVΔ and ccFTΔ has not been reported in volunteers undergoing a passive leg raise (PLR).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We recruited clinically-euvolemic, non-fasted, adult, volunteers in a local physiology lab to perform 2 PLR maneuvers, each separated by a 5 minute 'wash-out'. During each PLR, SV was measured by a non-invasive pulse contour analysis device. SV was temporally-synchronized with a wireless, wearable Doppler ultrasound worn over the common carotid artery that continuously measured ccFT.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>36 PLR maneuvers were obtained across 19 ambulatory volunteers. 8856 carotid Doppler cardiac cycles were analyzed. The ccFT increased nearly ubiquitously during the PLR and within 40-60 seconds of PLR onset; the rise in SV from the pulse contour device was more gradual. SVΔ by +5% and +10% were both detected by a +7% ccFTΔ with sensitivities, specificities and areas under the receiver operator curve of 59%, 95% and 0.77 (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and 66%, 76% and 0.73 (<i>p</i> < 0.001), respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The ccFTΔ during the PLR in ambulatory volunteers was rapid and sustained. Within the limits of precision for detecting a clinically-significant rise in SV by a non-invasive pulse contour analysis device, simultaneously-acquired ccFT from a wireless, wearable ultrasound system was accurate at detecting 'preload responsiveness'.</p>","PeriodicalId":73068,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition)","volume":"15 2","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9686470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ingestion of Nylon 11 Polymers by the Mealworm (<i>Tenebrio molitor</i>) Beetle and Subsequent Enrichment of Monomer-Metabolizing Bacteria in Fecal Microbiome.","authors":"Amelia Leicht,&nbsp;Hisako Masuda","doi":"10.31083/j.fbe1502011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbe1502011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nylon 11 is a synthetic plastic widely used in commercial products such as tubing for automobiles, offshore oilfields, and medical devices. An increasing amount of nylon and other plastic wastes have been released into various environments, posing ecological threats. The biodegradation of bundled nylon polymers has been considered impossible due to their crystalline structures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Nylon 11 film was created and incubated with adult mealworms. The mass, as well as structures, of nylon 11 films at pre- and post-incubation with beetles were compared. The number of nylon 11 monomer degrading bacteria in feces were determined by culture-dependent approach. The <i>t</i>-test was utilized to examine the statistical significance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We discovered that adult mealworm (<i>Tenebrio molitor</i>) beetle can ingest nylon 11 when stretched thin. The microscopic observation of their feces did not identify the presence of large fragments of nylon 11. The analysis of fecal bacteria revealed that while the total number of culturable bacteria did not change significantly, the number of 11-aminoundecanoic acid-metabolizing bacteria increased by 10,000-fold.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results suggest that bundled nylon 11 polymers were fragmented into smaller pieces, including monomeric units (11-aminoundecanoic acid) by adult mealworm. The monomers seem to have supported the proliferation of gut microbial communities capable of utilizing 11-aminoundecanoic acid as a carbon and nitrogen source. Our work implies the potential use of the mealworm beetle as a means to fragment nylon polymers for remediation applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":73068,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition)","volume":"15 2","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9686469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Vitamin B₁₂ and Folate Compounds in Commercially Available Edible Seaweed Products.","authors":"Kyohei Koseki,&nbsp;Ryusei Yoshimura,&nbsp;Koki Ido,&nbsp;Kiho Katsuura,&nbsp;Tomohiro Bito,&nbsp;Fumio Watanabe","doi":"10.31083/j.fbe1502010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbe1502010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Information on the contents of both vitamin B12 and folate in edible seaweeds is limited, of which deficiencies disrupt methionine biosynthesis to accumulate homocysteine as a risk factor of cardiovascular diseases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Both vitamins were determined in commercially available edible seaweed products using high-performance liquid chromatography.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Dried purple laver (<i>Neopyropia yezoensis</i>) products contain higher levels of vitamin B12 (approximately 30-60 μg/100 g dry weight) and folate compounds (approximately 880-1300 μg/100 g dry weight) than other seaweed products, such as kombu (<i>Saccharina japonica</i>), hijiki (<i>Sargassum fusiformis</i>), and wakame (<i>Undaria pinnatifida</i>). 5-methyltetrahydrofolate was the major folate compound in purple laver products. 5-formyltetrahydrofolate was found at a moderate level, whereas tetrahydrofolate, 5,10-metenyltetrahydrofolate, 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, and folic acid were found to be minor folate compounds.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggest that dried purple laver (nori) products are suitable sources of vitamin B12 and folate compounds for humans, especially vegetarians.</p>","PeriodicalId":73068,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition)","volume":"15 2","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9694665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ozone as a Topical Treatment for Infected Dermal Wounds.","authors":"Alexander Roth,&nbsp;Akshay Krishnakumar,&nbsp;Rahim Rahimi","doi":"10.31083/j.fbe1502009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbe1502009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dermal wound infections are a rising source of morbidity and mortality in patients worldwide as new and worsening complications reduce the efficacy of traditional treatments. These challenges in wound care are increasingly caused by comorbidities such as obesity and diabetes as well as surging rates of antibiotic resistance. As a result, there is an urgent need for alternative treatment options. Gaseous ozone has shown great promise as a potential new treatment for infected dermal wounds. In this brief review of current wound therapy techniques found in the literature, an in-depth discussion of the mechanisms, benefits, and results of topical ozone gas as a therapy for infected dermal wounds is presented. This includes studies of ozone applied to wounds performed <i>in vitro</i>, <i>in vivo</i>, and clinical settings, as well as the use of ozone as an adjunct therapy for increasing the efficacy of traditional treatments. The overwhelming evidence suggests that ozone exhibits significant antimicrobial properties and has been shown to promote wound healing factors, especially when applied between 5-60 ppm. As such, this promising alternative therapy warrants a significant investment of time and resources to fully utilize ozone as an effective treatment against antibiotic resistant bacteria and other rising challenges in wound treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":73068,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition)","volume":"15 2","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9686466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Betaine and Soluble Fiber Improve Body Composition and Plasma Metabolites in Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease.","authors":"Eden Ephraim,&nbsp;Dennis E Jewell","doi":"10.31083/j.fbe1502008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbe1502008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common condition in cats and cachexia (loss of lean body mass) is a concern. A nutrition-based intervention was investigated in cats with CKD for its effects on body composition, the plasma metabolome, and possible implications on health.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>After a 4-week prefeed period with the control food, cats with CKD (N = 24) were randomized to one of six groups to consume a control food; a food supplemented with 0.5% betaine, 0.39% oat beta-glucan, and 0.27% short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS, test food 1); and a food supplemented with 0.5% betaine, 0.59% oat beta-glucan, and 0.41% scFOS (test food 2) in a William's Latin Square design, each for 10 weeks. Body composition was assessed via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements, and the plasma metabolome was characterized.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Despite no significant differences in daily intake among the three foods, significant increases in total body mass, lean body mass, and lean plus bone mineral composition were observed when cats with CKD consumed test food 1 compared with the control food; numerical increases were seen with test food 2 versus the control food. Plasma metabolomics indicated increased one-carbon metabolism following consumption of test food 1 and/or 2, with significant increases in sarcosine and numerical increases in methionine. Lower levels of plasma trans-4-hydroxyproline and N-methylproline following consumption of test foods 1 and 2 indicates reduced collagen breakdown and perhaps reduced fibrosis. Several acylcarnitines and branched-chain fatty acids associated with CKD were also reduced when cats ate test food 1 or 2 versus the control food. Higher plasma levels of sphingomyelins with consumption of test food 1 or 2 may reflect less severe CKD.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Consumption of foods with supplemental betaine and fibers by cats with CKD led to improvements in body composition and changes in the plasma metabolome that correspond to better kidney health.</p>","PeriodicalId":73068,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition)","volume":"15 2","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9694666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanotechnologically Relevant Aspects of COVID-19 Vaccines.","authors":"Ryan J Batley,&nbsp;Shaneel Chandra","doi":"10.31083/j.fbe1501007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbe1501007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic has affected several facets of human existence globally. To counter the spread of the virus, several vaccines have been developed and administered worldwide, using various technologies. Due to the need for the mRNA to be safely 'protected' until it can reach the host's cells, innovative transport, casing, stabilization and attachment mechanisms need to be harnessed to accompany the mRNA. Nanotechnology has featured in several such capacities. Therefore, our short review explores the role of nanomaterials in COVID vaccines, with a core focus on those based on mRNA. Often, the chemistry of these nanomaterials is critical to their success in these, and such important aspects are highlighted in our review. Towards the end, we have also discussed the various vaccine types.</p>","PeriodicalId":73068,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition)","volume":"15 1","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9259988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}