Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition)最新文献

{"title":"Recovery of Phenolic Compounds from Orange Peel Waste by Conventional and Assisted Extraction Techniques Using Sustainable Solvents.","authors":"Blanca Sáenz de Miera, Raquel Cañadas, María González-Miquel, Emilio J González","doi":"10.31083/j.fbe1504030","DOIUrl":"10.31083/j.fbe1504030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The valorization of orange peel waste (OPW) through the extraction of bioactive compounds is a clear example of the circular economy. OPW contains many value-added compounds, among which bioactive phenolic compounds (flavonoids and phenolic acids) could be extracted and used for industrial applications, such as pharmaceuticals or cosmetics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this work, the extraction of phenolic compounds from orange peel was carried out by conventional (orbital shaker) and assisted (ultrasound and microwave) extraction techniques using deionized water, 80% (v/v) ethanol in water, and ethyl acetate as solvents. The effect of temperature, extraction time, and type of technique was evaluated and discussed following spectrophotometric (total phenolic content and total flavonoid content) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses of the extracts.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The most effective extraction in terms of efficiency was achieved by microwave-assisted extraction using 80% (v/v) ethanol in water as the extraction solvent, at 373 K for 6 min, which obtained 7.2 ± 0.1 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g OPW and 13.3 ± 0.1 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g OPW, with the main bioactive compound extracted being hesperidin (58.2 ± 0.2 mg/g OPW). The most effective extraction in terms of energy consumption was achieved using ultrasound-probe-assisted extraction, yielding 8.8 ± 0.0 mg GAE/g OPW; 17.1 ± 0.1 mg QE/g OPW; 40.0 ± 0.2 mg hesperidin/g OPW, with an energy consumption of 18 kJ.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Ultrasound and microwave-assisted extractions can be considered efficient extraction technologies for the valorization of OPW as they reduce extraction time and energy consumption and increase extraction yield.</p>","PeriodicalId":73068,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition)","volume":"15 4","pages":"30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139076067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological Ammonia Production via Anaerobic Fermentation of Soy Meal Protein.","authors":"Ibrahim Bello, Adewale Adeniyi, Taofeek Mukaila, Ewumbua Monono, Ademola Hammed","doi":"10.31083/j.fbe1504027","DOIUrl":"10.31083/j.fbe1504027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Conventional ammonia production methods, notably the energy-intensive Haber-Bosch process, are costly and contribute substantially to about 2% of the world's CO2 emissions. This study focuses on the biological approach to convert protein to ammonia via hyper-ammonia-producing bacteria (HAB) fermentation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A consortium of ruminal microbes was employed in this work to ferment soybean meal protein under varying processing conditions. The parameters investigated included pH (7-11), inoculum concentrations (1-10%), substrate concentrations (5-20%), and fermentation time (0-168 h).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Optimal conditions for microbial growth and biological ammonia production were observed at pH 7, fermentation duration of 72 h, inoculum concentration of 10%, and substrate concentration of 10%. ~8000 mg/L biological ammonia was produced following HAB fermentation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>By leveraging the capabilities of rumen HAB, this study contributes to the ongoing efforts to develop environmentally friendly processes for ammonia production that will mitigate both economic and environmental concerns associated with traditional methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":73068,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition)","volume":"15 4","pages":"27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139076064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of the Microbiome in Inflammation and Carcinogenesis.","authors":"Agata Jabłońska-Trypuć","doi":"10.31083/j.fbe1504028","DOIUrl":"10.31083/j.fbe1504028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inflammation has been confirmed to exist in the tumor microenvironment, while the risk of cancer occurrence increases in cases of chronic inflammation. It is estimated that approximately 10% to 20% of cancers are associated with chronic infections and attendant inflammation. Bacteria, both pathogenic and commensal, viruses, and fungi actively participate in the development and maintenance of inflammation and tumor growth in humans. The exposome, which is a sum of human environmental exposures, such as industrial diet, consumed drugs, and toxins, affects the composition and function of the human microbiome, which could lead to dysbiosis and disorders in tissue homeostasis through different mechanisms, including the intensification of the immune response, activation and abnormal proliferation, and disruption to epithelial barrier integrity. Presently, science remains at the stage of revealing the complexity associated with the mechanisms involved in building relationships that cover the microbiome-inflammation-tumor, yet it is already known how important it is to care for microbial homeostasis of the organism.</p>","PeriodicalId":73068,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition)","volume":"15 4","pages":"28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139076069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Degradation of a Model Mixture of PAHs by Bacterial-Fungal Co-Cultures.","authors":"Natalia Pozdnyakova, Anna Muratova, Anastasia Bondarenkova, Olga Turkovskaya","doi":"10.31083/j.fbe1504026","DOIUrl":"10.31083/j.fbe1504026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bacteria and fungi are the most important soil organisms owing to their abundance and the key roles they play in the functioning of ecosystems. We examined possible synergistic and antagonistic effects during the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by co-cultures of ascomycetes and a plant-growth-promoting bacterium.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Bacteria and fungi were grown in a liquid nutrient medium supplemented with PAHs. The PAH degradations and the identification of metabolites were checked by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Enzymatic activities were measured spectrophotometrically using test substrates. All experimental treatments were analyzed using Excel 2019 (Microsoft Office 2019, USA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The model system included the plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) <i>Azospirillum brasilense</i> and one of the following ascomycetes: <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> (plant pathogen), <i>Talaromyces sayulitensis</i> (rhizospheric fungus), <i>Trichoderma viride</i> (plant-growth-promoting fungus, PGPF), and <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> (PGPF). The notable results are: (1) synergistic effects consisted of more active utilization of the PAH mixture compared to individual compounds, while the PAH mixture was more actively degraded by co-cultures than monocultures; (2) three effects of mutual influence by the studied organisms were also revealed: depressing (<i>F. oxysporum</i> and <i>A. brasilense</i>), partially depressing (<i>T. sayulitensis</i> suppressed the growth of <i>A. brasilense</i> but increased the degradation of anthracene, pyrene, and fluoranthene), and positive effects (<i>A. brasilense</i> and <i>T. viride</i> or <i>T. harzianum</i>); (3) for the first time quinone metabolites of PAH degradation and extracellular oxidase and peroxidase were produced during PAH degradation by <i>T. sayulitensis.</i>Conclusions: The results of the study contribute to the understanding of bacterial-fungal interactions in polluted settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":73068,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition)","volume":"15 4","pages":"26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139076065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survival of Nematode Larvae after Treatment with Eugenol, Isoeugenol, Thymol, and Carvacrol.","authors":"Olexandra Boyko, Viktor Brygadyrenko","doi":"10.31083/j.fbe1504025","DOIUrl":"10.31083/j.fbe1504025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Helminthiases inflict annual losses on the meat and dairy livestock industries. The commonest species of ruminant parasites are the nematodes: <i>Strongyloides papillosus</i> and <i>Haemonchus contortus</i>, which lay eggs in the intestine and enter the feces. There, the eggs develop into larvae, which when voided with the feces crawl onto plants.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In our experiment, we evaluated the survivability of the noninvasive and invasive (L1-2 and L3, respectively) larvae of <i>S. papillosus</i>, <i>H. contortus</i> (L3), and <i>Muellerius capillaris</i> (L1) <i>in vitro</i> by subjecting each to natural compounds present in the essential oils of many plants. In the experiment, we used aqueous emulsions of eugenol, isoeugenol, thymol, and carvacrol.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Administering 1% concentrations of those compounds killed 100% of the nematode larvae following 24 h of exposure. Thymol, eugenol, and isoeugenol at a concentration of 0.1% also caused high larvae mortality (over 96%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Continuous usage of synthetic anthelmintic drugs in veterinary medicine has led to the parasites developing resistance, thus, a search for novel nematicidal drugs is required. Eugenol, isoeugenol, thymol, and carvacrol are promising compounds against nematodes. However, additional research is required regarding peculiarities in their actions toward the bodies of mammals and parasitic nematodes.</p>","PeriodicalId":73068,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition)","volume":"15 4","pages":"25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139076068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Multiparametric MRI in the Local Staging of Prostate Cancer.","authors":"Tiago Oliveira,&nbsp;Luís Amaral Ferreira,&nbsp;Carlos Miguel Marto,&nbsp;Cristina Marques,&nbsp;Carlos Oliveira,&nbsp;Paulo Donato","doi":"10.31083/j.fbe1503021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbe1503021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prostate cancer ranks as the second most frequently diagnosed cancer globally among men and stands as the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death in males. Hence, an early and precise diagnosis and staging are critical. Traditional staging is based on clinical nomograms but presents a lower performance than prostate multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI). Since tumor staging serves as the basis for risk stratification, prognosis, and treatment decision-making, the primary objective of mpMRI is to distinguish between organ-confined and locally advanced diseases. Therefore, this imaging modality has emerged as the optimal selection for the local staging of prostate cancer, offering incremental value in evaluating pelvic nodal disease and bone involvement, and supplying supplementary insights regarding the precise location and disease extension. As per the Prostate Imaging Reporting & Data System v2.1 guideline, a comprehensive and accurate mpMRI requires several key sequences, which include T1-weighted imaging (T1WI) and T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) for morphological assessment, with T2WI serving as the cornerstone for local staging. Additionally, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and dynamic sequences acquired with intravenous administration of paramagnetic contrast medium (DCE) are crucial components. It is worth noting that while MRI exhibits high specificity, its sensitivity in diagnosing extracapsular extension, seminal vesicle invasion, and lymph node metastases is limited. Moreover, mpMRI has its own constraints and is not as effective in detecting distant metastases or evaluating lymph nodes, for which extended pelvic lymph node dissection remains the gold standard. This review aims to highlight the significance of mpMRI in prostate cancer staging and provide a practical approach to assessing extracapsular extension, seminal vesicle invasions, and the involvement of adjacent organs and lymph nodes.</p>","PeriodicalId":73068,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition)","volume":"15 3","pages":"21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41124675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating Red Blood Cell Features and Hemoglobin Levels in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients Treated with Pazopanib or Cabozantinib: An Easily Exploitable Prognostic Score.","authors":"Giulia Mazzaschi,&nbsp;Alessandro Lazzarin,&nbsp;Matteo Santoni,&nbsp;Francesca Trentini,&nbsp;Ugo De Giorgi,&nbsp;Nicole Brighi,&nbsp;Chiara Tommasi,&nbsp;Silvia Puglisi,&nbsp;Orazio Caffo,&nbsp;Stefania Kinspergher,&nbsp;Alessia Mennitto,&nbsp;Carlo Cattrini,&nbsp;Elena Verzoni,&nbsp;Alessandro Rametta,&nbsp;Marco Stellato,&nbsp;Andrea Malgeri,&nbsp;Giandomenico Roviello,&nbsp;Enrico Maria Silini,&nbsp;Pasquale Rescigno,&nbsp;Sara Elena Rebuzzi,&nbsp;Giuseppe Fornarini,&nbsp;Federico Quaini,&nbsp;Giulia Claire Giudice,&nbsp;Giuseppe Luigi Banna,&nbsp;Sebastiano Buti","doi":"10.31083/j.fbe1503020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbe1503020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized the metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) therapeutic landscape. Nevertheless, tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) axis still play a key role. The aim of the present study was to explore the prognostic performance of an integrated blood score, based on hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and red cell distribution width (RDW), in mRCC patients treated with anti-VEGF TKIs. The primary endpoint was to correlate Hb, MCV, and RDW with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Our multicenter retrospective observational study involved mRCC patients treated with pazopanib or cabozantinib from January 2012 to December 2020 in nine Italian centers. Clinical records and laboratory data, including Hb levels, MCV, and RDW, were collected at baseline. Descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We enrolled 301 mRCC patients of which 179 (59%) underwent pazopanib, and 122 (41%) cabozantinib. We considered baseline Hb ≥12 g/dL, MCV >87 fL, and RDW ≤16% as good prognostic factors; hence, developing a multiparametric score capable of delineating 4 different categories. The number of good prognostic factors was associated with significantly longer PFS and OS (<i>p <</i> 0.001 for both). Therefore, we developed a red blood cell-based score by stratifying cases into two groups (2-3 <i>versus</i> 0-1, good factors). The impact on PFS and OS was even more striking (median PFS (mPFS): 16.3 <i>vs</i> 7.9 months; median OS (mOS): 33.7 <i>vs</i> 14.1 months)), regardless of the TKI agent. When challenged with univariate and multivariate analysis, the blood score maintained its high prognostic significance in terms of OS (multivariate analysis HR for OS: 0.53, 95% CI 0.39-0.75; <i>p</i> < 0.001, respectively), while the impact on PFS resulted in borderline significance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our analyses demonstrate the prognostic role of a multiparametric score based on easily exploitable blood parameters, such as Hb concentration, MCV, and RDW. The red blood cell-based score may underlie the upregulation of the HIF-1α pathway and VEGF axis, thereby identifying a selected population who is likely to benefit from TKI therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":73068,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition)","volume":"15 3","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41169076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Resistance and Current Methods for its Detection.","authors":"Olga I Guliy,&nbsp;Stella S Evstigneeva,&nbsp;Olga A Karavaeva","doi":"10.31083/j.fbe1503019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbe1503019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infection diagnosis and antibiotic sensitivity testing are important aspects of clinical microbiology that are in dire need of improvement owing to the inadequate current standards in the early detection of bacterial response to antibiotics. The increasing antimicrobial resistance is a serious global threat to human health. Current resistance-detecting methods, using the phenotypic antibiotic sensitivity test, which measures bacterial growth as affected by antibiotics, have long analysis times. Therefore, new and rapid methods are needed to detect antibiotic resistance. Here, we review the methods used to detect antibiotic resistance in bacteria, including that caused by biofilm development, and we look at the development of rapid methods for evaluating antimicrobial resistance (AMR).</p>","PeriodicalId":73068,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition)","volume":"15 3","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41163309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Native <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> Strains on Malvasia <i>aromatica</i> Wines.","authors":"Julia Crespo,&nbsp;Margarita García,&nbsp;Teresa Arroyo,&nbsp;Valeria Romero,&nbsp;Juan M Cabellos","doi":"10.31083/j.fbe1503018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbe1503018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In the search of tools to deal with climate change-related effects along with the aim of avoiding the loss of aromatic typicity in wine, two native yeasts strains of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (CLI 271 and CLI 889) were evaluated to determine their influence on white Malvasia <i>aromatica</i> wines aroma composition and sensory characteristics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The strains were tested versus a commercial yeast strain (LSA). The fermentations were performed on grape must of the Malvasia <i>aromatica</i> variety previously macerated. Wine quality was studied by analysis of oenological parameters together with volatile aroma components using gas chromatography coupled to flame ionization detector (GC-FID) to quantify major volatiles compounds and headspace-solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) to determine terpenoids and C13-norisoprenoids. Sensorial analysis was also realized by an experienced taster panel.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Wines from locally-selected yeasts strains used had lower volatile acidity levels and higher concentration of aromatic compounds compared to the commercial strain ones. The yeast strain <i>S. cerevisiae</i> CLI 271 provided wines with a higher concentration of esters related to fruity attributes, especially isoamyl acetate. The tasting panel highlighted the strong floral character of wines from <i>S. cerevisiae</i> CLI 889 fermentation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The use of microorganisms well adapted to climatic conditions can be used to produce quality wines of the Malvasia <i>aromatica</i> variety.</p>","PeriodicalId":73068,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition)","volume":"15 3","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41175924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioconversion of Crop Residues Using Alternative Fermentation-Based Approaches.","authors":"Alessandra Verardi, Paola Sangiorgio, Alessandro Blasi, Catia Giovanna Lopresto, Vincenza Calabrò","doi":"10.31083/j.fbe1503017","DOIUrl":"10.31083/j.fbe1503017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Globally, the growing production of food commodities generates significant quantities of agroindustrial residues, most of which are untreated and disposed of as waste through either burning, dumping into the land, or unplanned landfilling, thereby causing environmental pollution, public health problems, and decreased soil organic matter and soil productivity. A literature review has been conducted on the current crop residue biomass valorization, analyzing raw material properties and the potential risks associated with its incorrect or absent management, as well as the major microbial fermentation strategies that are used for converting residual crops into valuable products. Approximately 2445.2 million tons of crop residues are produced worldwide. Microbial fermentation is an efficient way of managing residues that are rich in nutrients (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) and converting them into single-cell proteins, antibiotics, enzymes, bioalcohols, polysaccharides, fine chemicals, and others, thereby supporting a circular bioeconomy. Although separate saccharification and fermentation (SHF) represent the predominant fermentation strategy, it requires considerable equipment costs and a long process time, which can lead to the formation of contaminations and inhibitors. Alternative conversion strategies, including simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF), and consolidated bioprocessing (CBP), can reduce time and production costs, contaminations, and inhibitor formation, and enhance process yields. Nevertheless, combining hydrolysis and fermentation into a single phase results in non-optimal temperature and pH. This review discusses crop residue valorization through fermentation strategies, and provides a 360-degree view of the topic. After investigating the major types of crop residues and the potential environmental risks associated with their incorrect or absent management, it analyzes the key steps in the crop residue bioconversion process, and the most common microorganisms and microbial cultures. In addition, this review reports on various examples of crop residues being converted into industrial products and analyzes the main fermentation strategies (SHF, SSF, SSCF, and CBP), highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. As a matter of fact, fermentation strategies need to be compared for their benefits and disadvantages before being implemented on a large scale. In addition, the properties and availability of the raw materials, investment, and operating costs, the skilled workforce availability, sustainability, and the return on investment all need to be evaluated. Finally, the discussion focus on future outlooks and challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":73068,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition)","volume":"15 3","pages":"17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41175923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}