FEMS microbes最新文献

{"title":"Increased virus dissemination leads to enhanced lung injury but not inflammation during influenza-associated secondary bacterial infection.","authors":"Amanda P Smith, Lindey C Lane, Ivan Ramirez Zuniga, David M Moquin, Peter Vogel, Amber M Smith","doi":"10.1093/femsmc/xtac022","DOIUrl":"10.1093/femsmc/xtac022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Secondary bacterial infections increase influenza-related morbidity and mortality, particularly if acquired after 5-7 d from the viral onset. Synergistic host responses and direct pathogen-pathogen interactions are thought to lead to a state of hyperinflammation, but the kinetics of the lung pathology have not yet been detailed, and identifying the contribution of different mechanisms to disease is difficult because these may change over time. To address this gap, we examined host-pathogen and lung pathology dynamics following a secondary bacterial infection initiated at different time points after influenza within a murine model. We then used a mathematical approach to quantify the increased virus dissemination in the lung, coinfection time-dependent bacterial kinetics, and virus-mediated and postbacterial depletion of alveolar macrophages. The data showed that viral loads increase regardless of coinfection timing, which our mathematical model predicted and histomorphometry data confirmed was due to a robust increase in the number of infected cells. Bacterial loads were dependent on the time of coinfection and corresponded to the level of IAV-induced alveolar macrophage depletion. Our mathematical model suggested that the additional depletion of these cells following the bacterial invasion was mediated primarily by the virus. Contrary to current belief, inflammation was not enhanced and did not correlate with neutrophilia. The enhanced disease severity was correlated to inflammation, but this was due to a nonlinearity in this correlation. This study highlights the importance of dissecting nonlinearities during complex infections and demonstrated the increased dissemination of virus within the lung during bacterial coinfection and simultaneous modulation of immune responses during influenza-associated bacterial pneumonia.</p>","PeriodicalId":73024,"journal":{"name":"FEMS microbes","volume":"3 ","pages":"xtac022"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/32/6e/xtac022.PMC10117793.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9653269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparability of 24-hour composite and grab samples for detection of SARS-2-CoV RNA in wastewater.","authors":"Brittany L Kmush, David Monk, Hyatt Green, Darcy A Sachs, Teng Zeng, David A Larsen","doi":"10.1093/femsmc/xtac017","DOIUrl":"10.1093/femsmc/xtac017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wastewater surveillance is a cost-effective way to monitor pathogen prevalence and transmission patterns in the entire community. Here, we compare 24-hour composite and grab samples collected during September 2020 from several municipalities in New York State to detect SARS-CoV-2. A total of 45 paired samples (90 total samples) from three counties and 14 wastewater treatment plants were available for analysis. The categorical comparison (SARS-CoV-2 genetic material detected and quantifiable, genetic material detected but below the limits of quantification, and genetic material not detected) between the grab and composite samples was quite strong, with 91.1% agreement (kappa <i>P</i>-value < .001). The correlations among the quantifiable grab and composite samples were statistically significant yet modest for SARS2-CoV RNA (Pearson correlation = 0.44, <i>P</i> = .02), crAssphage cDNA (Pearson correlation = 0.36, <i>P</i> = .02), and crAssphage DNA (Pearson correlation = 0.46, <i>P</i> = .002). We found good comparison between grab and 24-hour composite samples for detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA from municipal wastewater treatment plants. Grab sampling is an efficient and cost-effective method to monitor for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the entire community.</p>","PeriodicalId":73024,"journal":{"name":"FEMS microbes","volume":"3 ","pages":"xtac017"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10117866/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9660447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gram-negative bacteria act as a reservoir for aminoglycoside antibiotics that interact with host factors to enhance bacterial killing in a mouse model of pneumonia.","authors":"Christiaan D M Wijers, Ly Pham, Martin V Douglass, Eric P Skaar, Lauren D Palmer, Michael J Noto","doi":"10.1093/femsmc/xtac016","DOIUrl":"10.1093/femsmc/xtac016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>In vitro</i> exposure of multiple Gram-negative bacteria to an aminoglycoside (AG) antibiotic has previously been demonstrated to result in bacterial alterations that interact with host factors to suppress Gram-negative pneumonia. However, the mechanisms resulting in suppression are not known. Here, the hypothesis that Gram-negative bacteria bind and retain AGs, which are introduced into the lung and interact with host defenses to affect bacterial killing, was tested. Following <i>in vitro</i> exposure of one of several, pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria to the AG antibiotics kanamycin or gentamicin, AGs were detected in bacterial cell pellets (up to 208 μg/mL). Using inhibitors of AG binding and internalization, the bacterial outer membrane was implicated as the predominant kanamycin and gentamicin reservoir. Following intranasal administration of gentamicin-bound bacteria or gentamicin solution at the time of infection with live, AG-naïve bacteria, gentamicin was detected in the lungs of infected mice (up to 8 μg/g). Co-inoculation with gentamicin-bound bacteria resulted in killing of AG-naïve bacteria by up to 3-log₁₀, mirroring the effects of intranasal gentamicin treatment. <i>In vitro</i> killing of AG-naïve bacteria mediated by kanamycin-bound bacteria required the presence of detergents or pulmonary surfactant, suggesting that increased bacterial killing inside the murine lung is facilitated by the detergent component of pulmonary surfactant. These findings demonstrate that Gram-negative bacteria bind and retain AGs that can interact with host-derived pulmonary surfactant to enhance bacterial killing in the lung. This may help explain why AGs appear to have unique efficacy in the lung and might expand their clinical utility.</p>","PeriodicalId":73024,"journal":{"name":"FEMS microbes","volume":"3 ","pages":"xtac016"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9326624/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9188579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduction and discharge of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Chicago-area water reclamation plants.","authors":"Christopher Owen, Dorothy Wright-Foulkes, Prisila Alvarez, Haidy Delgado, Eva C Durance, George F Wells, Rachel Poretsky, Abhilasha Shrestha","doi":"10.1093/femsmc/xtac015","DOIUrl":"10.1093/femsmc/xtac015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA is commonly excreted in the feces and urine of infected individuals and is, therefore, detected in wastewaters where infection is present in the surrounding population. Water reclamation plants (WRPs) that treat these wastewaters commonly discharge treated effluents into the surrounding environment, yet little is known about the removal or persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA through wastewater treatment systems and potential for eventual release into the environment. We collected 361 24-hour composite influent and effluent samples from seven WRPs in the Greater Chicago Area in Illinois. Samples were collected over a period of 21 weeks for three large WRPs (with design max flows of 1.89-2.32 billion gallons per day and serving a combined population of 4.62 million people) and 11 weeks for four smaller WRPs (with design max flows of 96.3-186 million gallons per day and serving a combined population of >0.5 million people). A total of two of the larger WRPs implemented seasonal disinfection (using UV light or chlorination/dechlorination) for 8 weeks of this sampling period. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was quantified in the influent and effluent samples by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) of the N1 and N2 targets of the nucleocapsid (N) gene. Although SARS-CoV-2 RNA was regularly detected in influent and effluent from all WRPs, viral RNA concentrations in the effluent samples were considerably lower, with mean effluent: influent gene copy concentration ratios ranging from 1:160 to 1:2.95 between WRPs. Samples collected while disinfection was active vs. inactive did not show any significant difference in the portion of RNA persisting through the treatment process (<i>P</i> > .05).</p>","PeriodicalId":73024,"journal":{"name":"FEMS microbes","volume":"3 ","pages":"xtac015"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ba/aa/xtac015.PMC10117756.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9661877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Great diversity of KS<i>α</i> sequences from bat-associated microbiota suggests novel sources of uncharacterized natural products.","authors":"Paris S Salazar-Hamm, Jennifer J Marshall Hathaway, Ara S Winter, Nicole A Caimi, Debbie C Buecher, Ernest W Valdez, Diana E Northup","doi":"10.1093/femsmc/xtac012","DOIUrl":"10.1093/femsmc/xtac012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polyketide synthases (PKSs) are multidomain enzymes in microorganisms that synthesize complex, bioactive molecules. PKS II systems are iterative, containing only a single representative of each domain: ketosynthase alpha (KS[Formula: see text]), ketosynthase beta and the acyl carrier protein. Any gene encoding for one of these domains is representative of an entire PKS II biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC). Bat skin surfaces represent an extreme environment prolific in Actinobacteria that may constitute a source for bioactive molecule discovery. KS[Formula: see text] sequences were obtained from culturable bacteria from bats in the southwestern United States. From 467 bat bacterial isolates, we detected 215 (46%) had KS[Formula: see text] sequences. Sequencing yielded 210 operational taxonomic units, and phylogenetic placement found 45 (21%) shared <85% homology to characterized metabolites. Additionally, 16 Actinobacteria genomes from the bat microbiome were analyzed for biosynthetic capacity. A range of 69-93% of the BGCs were novel suggesting the bat microbiome may contain valuable uncharacterized natural products. Documenting and characterizing these are important in understanding the susceptibility of bats to emerging infectious diseases, such as white-nose syndrome. Also noteworthy was the relationship between KS [Formula: see text] homology and total BGC novelty within each fully sequenced strain. We propose amplification and detection of KS[Formula: see text] could predict a strain's global biosynthetic capacity.</p>","PeriodicalId":73024,"journal":{"name":"FEMS microbes","volume":"3 ","pages":"xtac012"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/95/40/xtac012.PMC9097503.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9644478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance for detection of COVID-19 at a residential private college.","authors":"Michelle Landstrom, Evan Braun, Ellen Larson, Merrill Miller, Geoffrey H Holm","doi":"10.1093/femsmc/xtac008","DOIUrl":"10.1093/femsmc/xtac008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many colleges and universities utilized wastewater surveillance testing for SARS-CoV-2 RNA as a tool to help monitor and mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic on campuses across the USA during the 2020-2021 academic year. We sought to assess the efficacy of one such program by analyzing data on relative wastewater RNA levels from residential buildings in relation to SARS-CoV-2 cases identified through individual surveillance testing, conducted largely independent of wastewater results. Almost 80% of the cases on campus were associated with positive wastewater tests, resulting in an overall positive predictive value of 79% (Chi square 48.1, Df = 1, <i>P</i> < 0.001). However, half of the positive wastewater samples occurred in the two weeks following the return of a student to the residence hall following the 10-day isolation period, and therefore were not useful in predicting new infections. When these samples were excluded, the positive predictive value of a positive wastewater sample was 54%. Overall, we conclude that the continued shedding of viral RNA by patients past the time of potential transmission confounds the identification of new cases using wastewater surveillance, and decreases its effectiveness in managing SARS-CoV-2 infections on a residential college campus.</p>","PeriodicalId":73024,"journal":{"name":"FEMS microbes","volume":"3 ","pages":"xtac008"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10117736/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9660444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secondary infection with <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> decreases influenza virus replication and is linked to severe disease.","authors":"Karina Mueller Brown, Valerie Le Sage, Andrea J French, Jennifer E Jones, Gabriella H Padovani, Annika J Avery, Stacey Schultz-Cherry, Jason W Rosch, N Luisa Hiller, Seema S Lakdawala","doi":"10.1093/femsmc/xtac007","DOIUrl":"10.1093/femsmc/xtac007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Secondary bacterial infection is a common complication in severe influenza virus infections. During the H1N1 pandemic of 2009, increased mortality was observed among healthy young adults due to secondary bacterial pneumonia, one of the most frequent bacterial species being <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (Spn). Previous studies in mice and ferrets have suggested a synergistic relationship between Spn and influenza viruses. In this study, the ferret model was used to examine whether secondary Spn infection (strains BHN97 and D39) influence replication and airborne transmission of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus (H1N1pdm09). Secondary infection with Spn after H1N1pdm09 infection consistently resulted in a significant decrease in viral titers in the ferret nasal washes. While secondary Spn infection appeared to negatively impact influenza virus replication, animals precolonized with Spn were equally susceptible to H1N1pdm09 airborne transmission. In line with previous work, ferrets with preceding H1N1pdm09 and secondary Spn infection had increased bacterial loads and more severe clinical symptoms as compared to animals infected with H1N1pdm09 or Spn alone. Interestingly, the donor animals that displayed the most severe clinical symptoms had reduced airborne transmission of H1N1pdm09. Based on these data, we propose an asymmetrical relationship between these two pathogens, rather than a synergistic one, since secondary bacterial infection enhances Spn colonization and pathogenesis but decreases viral titers.</p>","PeriodicalId":73024,"journal":{"name":"FEMS microbes","volume":"3 ","pages":"xtac007"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d6/ea/xtac007.PMC8981988.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9641973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the microbial biogeography of ancient human dentitions to guide study design and interpretation.","authors":"Zandra Fagernäs,&nbsp;Domingo C Salazar-García,&nbsp;María Haber Uriarte,&nbsp;Azucena Avilés Fernández,&nbsp;Amanda G Henry,&nbsp;Joaquín Lomba Maurandi,&nbsp;Andrew T Ozga,&nbsp;Irina M Velsko,&nbsp;Christina Warinner","doi":"10.1093/femsmc/xtac006","DOIUrl":"10.1093/femsmc/xtac006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The oral cavity is a heterogeneous environment, varying in factors such as pH, oxygen levels, and salivary flow. These factors affect the microbial community composition and distribution of species in dental plaque, but it is not known how well these patterns are reflected in archaeological dental calculus. In most archaeological studies, a single sample of dental calculus is studied per individual and is assumed to represent the entire oral cavity. However, it is not known if this sampling strategy introduces biases into studies of the ancient oral microbiome. Here, we present the results of a shotgun metagenomic study of a dense sampling of dental calculus from four Chalcolithic individuals from the southeast Iberian peninsula (ca. 4500-5000 BP). Interindividual differences in microbial composition are found to be much larger than intraindividual differences, indicating that a single sample can indeed represent an individual in most cases. However, there are minor spatial patterns in species distribution within the oral cavity that should be taken into account when designing a study or interpreting results. Finally, we show that plant DNA identified in the samples is likely of postmortem origin, demonstrating the importance of including environmental controls or additional lines of biomolecular evidence in dietary interpretations.</p>","PeriodicalId":73024,"journal":{"name":"FEMS microbes","volume":"3 ","pages":"xtac006"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10117714/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9653273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum antibodies to surface proteins of <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> as candidate biomarkers of disease: results from the Baltimore Chlamydia Adolescent/Young Adult Reproductive Management (CHARM) cohort.","authors":"Patricia X Marques, Handan Wand, Melissa Nandy, Chun Tan, Huizhong Shou, Mishka Terplan, Katrina Mark, Rebecca M Brotman, David P Wilson, Jacques Ravel, Ru-Ching Hsia, Patrik M Bavoil","doi":"10.1093/femsmc/xtac004","DOIUrl":"10.1093/femsmc/xtac004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We previously observed that the nine-member family of autotransported polymorphic membrane proteins (Pmps) of <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> is variably expressed in cell culture. Additionally, <i>C. trachomatis</i>-infected patients display variable Pmp-specific serum antibody profiles indirectly suggesting expression of unique Pmp profiles is an adaptive response to host-specific stimuli during infection. Here, we propose that the host response to Pmps and other outer surface proteins may correlate with disease severity. This study tests this hypothesis using an ELISA that measures serum IgG antibodies specific for the nine <i>C. trachomatis</i> Pmp subtypes and four immunodominant antigens (MOMP, OmcB, Hsp60, ClpP) in 265 participants of the <i>Chlamydia</i> Adolescent/Young Adult Reproductive Management (CHARM) cohort. More <i>C. trachomatis</i>-infected females displayed high Pmp-specific antibody levels (cut-off Indexes) than males (35.9%-40.7% of females <i>vs</i>. 24.2%-30.0% of males), with statistical significance for PmpC, F and H (<i>P</i> < 0.05). Differences in Pmp-specific antibody profiles were not observed between <i>C. trachomatis</i>-infected females with a clinical diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and those without. However, a statistically significant association between high levels of OmcB-specific antibody and a PID diagnosis (<i>P</i>< 0.05) was observed. Using antibody levels as an indirect measure of antigen expression, our results suggest that gender- and/or site-specific (cervix in females <i>vs</i>. urethra in males) stimuli may control <i>pmp</i> expression in infected patients. They also support the possible existence of immune biomarkers of chlamydial infection associated with disease and underline the need for high resolution screening in human serum.</p>","PeriodicalId":73024,"journal":{"name":"FEMS microbes","volume":"3 ","pages":"xtac004"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0b/0a/xtac004.PMC10117858.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9660448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surveillance of RNase P, PMMoV, and CrAssphage in wastewater as indicators of human fecal concentration across urban sewer neighborhoods, Kentucky.","authors":"R H Holm, M Nagarkar, R A Yeager, D Talley, A C Chaney, J P Rai, A Mukherjee, S N Rai, A Bhatnagar, T Smith","doi":"10.1093/femsmc/xtac003","DOIUrl":"10.1093/femsmc/xtac003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wastewater surveillance has been widely used as a supplemental method to track the community infection levels of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. A gap exists in standardized reporting for fecal indicator concentrations, which can be used to calibrate the primary outcome concentrations from wastewater monitoring for use in epidemiological models. To address this, measurements of fecal indicator concentration among wastewater samples collected from sewers and treatment centers in four counties of Kentucky (N = 650) were examined. Results from the untransformed wastewater data over 4 months of sampling indicated that the fecal indicator concentration of human ribonuclease P (RNase P) ranged from 5.1 × 10¹ to 1.15 × 10⁶ copies/ml, pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) ranged from 7.23 × 10³ to 3.53 × 10⁷ copies/ml, and cross-assembly phage (CrAssphage) ranged from 9.69 × 10³ to 1.85 × 10⁸ copies/ml. The results showed both regional and temporal variability. If fecal indicators are used as normalization factors, knowing the daily sewer system flow of the sample location may matter more than rainfall. RNase P, while it may be suitable as an internal amplification and sample adequacy control, has less utility than PMMoV and CrAssphage as a fecal indicator in wastewater samples when working at different sizes of catchment area. The choice of fecal indicator will impact the results of surveillance studies using this indicator to represent fecal load. Our results contribute broadly to an applicable standard normalization factor and assist in interpreting wastewater data in epidemiological modeling and monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":73024,"journal":{"name":"FEMS microbes","volume":"3 ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10117713/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9538361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}