FEMS microbes最新文献

{"title":"A comprehensive history of motility and Archaellation in Archaea.","authors":"Ken F Jarrell, Sonja-Verena Albers, J Nuno de Sousa Machado","doi":"10.1093/femsmc/xtab002","DOIUrl":"10.1093/femsmc/xtab002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Each of the three Domains of life, Eukarya, Bacteria and Archaea, have swimming structures that were all originally called flagella, despite the fact that none were evolutionarily related to either of the other two. Surprisingly, this was true even in the two prokaryotic Domains of Bacteria and Archaea. Beginning in the 1980s, evidence gradually accumulated that convincingly demonstrated that the motility organelle in Archaea was unrelated to that found in Bacteria, but surprisingly shared significant similarities to type IV pili. This information culminated in the proposal, in 2012, that the 'archaeal flagellum' be assigned a new name, the archaellum. In this review, we provide a historical overview on archaella and motility research in Archaea, beginning with the first simple observations of motile extreme halophilic archaea a century ago up to state-of-the-art cryo-tomography of the archaellum motor complex and filament observed today. In addition to structural and biochemical data which revealed the archaellum to be a type IV pilus-like structure repurposed as a rotating nanomachine (Beeby <i>et al</i>. 2020), we also review the initial discoveries and subsequent advances using a wide variety of approaches to reveal: complex regulatory events that lead to the assembly of the archaellum filaments (archaellation); the roles of the various archaellum proteins; key post-translational modifications of the archaellum structural subunits; evolutionary relationships; functions of archaella other than motility and the biotechnological potential of this fascinating structure. The progress made in understanding the structure and assembly of the archaellum is highlighted by comparing early models to what is known today.</p>","PeriodicalId":73024,"journal":{"name":"FEMS microbes","volume":"2 ","pages":"xtab002"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/10/dd/xtab002.PMC10117864.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9662964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the effectiveness of oxathiapiprolin toward Phytophthora agathidicida, the causal agent of kauri dieback disease","authors":"R. F. Lacey, Michael J. Fairhurst, K. Daley, Te Amohaere Ngata-Aerengamate, Haileigh R. Patterson, W. Patrick, M. Gerth","doi":"10.1101/2021.03.10.434845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.10.434845","url":null,"abstract":"Phytophthora species cause disease and devastation of plants in ecological and horticultural settings worldwide. A recently identified species, P. agathidicida, infects and ultimately kills the treasured kauri trees that are endemic to New Zealand. Currently there are few options for controlling or treating P. agathidicida. In this study, we sought to assess the toxicity of the oomycide oxathiapiprolin against several lifecycle stages of two geographically distinct P. agathidicida isolates. Half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values were determined to be approximately 0.1 ng/ml for inhibiting mycelial growth, indicating that P. agathidicida mycelia are more sensitive to oxathiapiprolin than those from most other Phytophthora species that have been studied. Oxathiapiprolin was also highly effective at inhibiting the germination of zoospores (EC50 = 2-9 ng/ml for the two isolates) and oospores (complete inhibition at 100 ng/ml). In addition, oxathiapiprolin delayed the onset of detached kauri leaf infection in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, the results presented here highlight the significant potential of oxathiapiprolin as a tool to aid in the control of kauri dieback disease.","PeriodicalId":73024,"journal":{"name":"FEMS microbes","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47832785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variation in genomic traits of microbial communities among ecosystems.","authors":"Peter F Chuckran,&nbsp;Bruce A Hungate,&nbsp;Egbert Schwartz,&nbsp;Paul Dijkstra","doi":"10.1093/femsmc/xtab020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/femsmc/xtab020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Free-living bacteria in nutrient limited environments often exhibit traits which may reduce the cost of reproduction, such as smaller genome size, low GC content and fewer sigma (σ) factor and 16S rRNA gene copies. Despite the potential utility of these traits to detect relationships between microbial communities and ecosystem-scale properties, few studies have assessed these traits on a community-scale. Here, we analysed these traits from publicly available metagenomes derived from marine, soil, host-associated and thermophilic communities. In marine and thermophilic communities, genome size and GC content declined in parallel, consistent with genomic streamlining, with GC content in thermophilic communities generally higher than in marine systems. In contrast, soil communities averaging smaller genomes featured higher GC content and were often from low-carbon environments, suggesting unique selection pressures in soil bacteria. The abundance of specific σ-factors varied with average genome size and ecosystem type. In oceans, abundance of <i>fliA</i>, a σ-factor controlling flagella biosynthesis, was positively correlated with community average genome size-reflecting known trade-offs between nutrient conservation and chemotaxis. In soils, a high abundance of the stress response σ-factor gene <i>rpoS</i> was associated with smaller average genome size and often located in harsh and/or carbon-limited environments-a result which tracks features observed in culture and indicates an increased capacity for stress response in nutrient-poor soils. This work shows how ecosystem-specific constraints are associated with trade-offs which are embedded in the genomic features of bacteria in microbial communities, and which can be detected at the community level, highlighting the importance of genomic features in microbial community analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":73024,"journal":{"name":"FEMS microbes","volume":"2 ","pages":"xtab020"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10117780/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9661510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Twin-arginine translocation (Tat) mutants in <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Typhimurium have increased susceptibility to cell wall targeting antibiotics.","authors":"Adrienne M Brauer,&nbsp;Alexandra R Rogers,&nbsp;Jeremy R Ellermeier","doi":"10.1093/femsmc/xtab004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/femsmc/xtab004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system is a protein secretion system that is conserved in bacteria, archaea and plants. In Gram-negative bacteria, it is required for the export of folded proteins from the cytoplasm to the periplasm. There are 30 experimentally verified Tat substrates in <i>Salmonella</i>, including hydrogenase subunits, enzymes required for anaerobic respiration and enzymes involved in peptidoglycan remodeling during cell division. Multiple studies have demonstrated the susceptibility of <i>tat</i> mutants to antimicrobial compounds such as SDS and bile; however, in this work, we use growth curves and viable plate counts to demonstrate that cell wall targeting antibiotics (penicillins, carbapenems, cephalosporins and fosfomycin) have increased killing against a Δ<i>tat</i> strain. Further, we demonstrate that this increased killing is primarily due to defects in translocation of critical Tat substrates: MepK, AmiA, AmiC and SufI. Finally, we show that a Δ<i>hyaAB</i> Δ<i>hybABC</i> Δ<i>hydBC</i> strain has an altered Δ_Ψ that impacts proper secretion of critical Tat substrates in aerobic growth conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":73024,"journal":{"name":"FEMS microbes","volume":"2 ","pages":"xtab004"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/femsmc/xtab004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9786073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The survival of blown pack spoilage associated <i>Clostridium estertheticum</i> and <i>Clostridium gasigenes</i> spores during the ensiling of grass.","authors":"Eden Esteves,&nbsp;Paul Whyte,&nbsp;Tanushree B Gupta,&nbsp;Declan Bolton","doi":"10.1093/femsmc/xtab013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/femsmc/xtab013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blown pack spoilage (BPS) of vacuum packaged primals, caused by <i>Clostridium estertheticum</i> and <i>Clostridium gasigenes</i>, is a serious issue for the beef industry. There are multiple sources of these bacteria on beef farms, including grass and associated feed preparations. The aim of this study was to investigate the survival of <i>C. estertheticum</i> and <i>C. gasigenes</i> spores during the ensiling of grass and the subsequent opening of the silos. Grass, harvested from fields, with and without cattle slurry amendment, was inoculated with approximately 100 spores/g and ensiled using a laboratory (silo) model system at 20°C in the dark. Adding formic acid or sucrose resulted in six treatment combination as follows: no slurry (NS), no slurry plus formic acid (NSFA), no slurry plus sucrose (NSS), slurry (S), slurry plus formic acid (SFA) and slurry plus sucrose (SS). During the silage fermentation, samples were removed periodically and tested for <i>C. estertheticum</i>, <i>C. gasigenes</i>, total viable, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts. The pH, ethanol, volatile fatty acids (VFA), lactic acid and ammonia concentrations were also monitored throughout the experiment. <i>C. estertheticum</i> did not survive the ensiling process, regardless of treatment. In contrast, <i>C. gasigenes</i> grew in the early stages and was detected during the entirety of the fermentation for all treatments. Based on these observations, it was concluded that the silage fermentation process described would not remove <i>C. gasigenes</i> and contaminated grass may result in contaminated feed for animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":73024,"journal":{"name":"FEMS microbes","volume":"2 ","pages":"xtab013"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10117822/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9667294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Archaeal pseudomurein and bacterial murein cell wall biosynthesis share a common evolutionary ancestry.","authors":"Bishwa P Subedi,&nbsp;William F Martin,&nbsp;Vincenzo Carbone,&nbsp;Eduardus C Duin,&nbsp;Bryan Cronin,&nbsp;Julia Sauter,&nbsp;Linley R Schofield,&nbsp;Andrew J Sutherland-Smith,&nbsp;Ron S Ronimus","doi":"10.1093/femsmc/xtab012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/femsmc/xtab012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacteria near-universally contain a cell wall sacculus of murein (peptidoglycan), the synthesis of which has been intensively studied for over 50 years. In striking contrast, archaeal species possess a variety of other cell wall types, none of them closely resembling murein. Interestingly though, one type of archaeal cell wall termed pseudomurein found in the methanogen orders Methanobacteriales and Methanopyrales is a structural analogue of murein in that it contains a glycan backbone that is cross-linked by a L-amino acid peptide. Here, we present taxonomic distribution, gene cluster and phylogenetic analyses that confirm orthologues of 13 bacterial murein biosynthesis enzymes in pseudomurein-containing methanogens, most of which are distantly related to their bacterial counterparts. We also present the first structure of an archaeal pseudomurein peptide ligase from <i>Methanothermus fervidus</i> DSM1088 (Mfer336) to a resolution of 2.5 Å and show that it possesses a similar overall tertiary three domain structure to bacterial MurC and MurD type murein peptide ligases. Taken together the data strongly indicate that murein and pseudomurein biosynthetic pathways share a common evolutionary history.</p>","PeriodicalId":73024,"journal":{"name":"FEMS microbes","volume":"2 ","pages":"xtab012"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/2b/55/xtab012.PMC10117817.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9711521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity of cyanobacteria from thermal muds (Balaruc-Les-Bains, France) with the description of <i>Pseudochroococcus coutei</i> gen. nov., sp. nov.","authors":"C Duval,&nbsp;S Hamlaoui,&nbsp;B Piquet,&nbsp;G Toutirais,&nbsp;C Yéprémian,&nbsp;A Reinhardt,&nbsp;S Duperron,&nbsp;B Marie,&nbsp;J Demay,&nbsp;C Bernard","doi":"10.1093/femsmc/xtab006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/femsmc/xtab006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cyanobacteria are able to synthesize a high diversity of natural compounds that account for their success in the colonization of a variety of ecological niches. Many of them have beneficial properties. The mud from the thermal baths of Balaruc-Les-Bains, one of the oldest thermal baths in France, has long been recognized as a healing treatment for arthro-rheumatic diseases. To characterize the cyanobacteria living in these muds, several strains were isolated from the water column and biofilms of the retention basin and analyzed using a polyphasic approach. Morphological, ultrastructural and molecular (16S rRNA gene and 16S-23S ITS region sequencing) methods were employed to identify nine cyanobacterial strains belonging to the orders Chroococcales, Synechococcales, Oscillatoriales and Nostocales. The combination of morphological and genetic characteristics supported the description of a new genus and species with the type species as <i>Pseudochroococcus coutei</i>. The taxonomic diversity in the muds from Thermes de Balaruc-Les-Bains appears higher than previously documented, providing new candidate taxa for their observed therapeutic properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":73024,"journal":{"name":"FEMS microbes","volume":"2 ","pages":"xtab006"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/femsmc/xtab006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9663746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> colonizes and forms persistent biofilm microcolonies on undamaged endothelial surfaces in a rabbit endovascular infection model.","authors":"Aaron M T Barnes,&nbsp;Kristi L Frank,&nbsp;Jennifer L Dale,&nbsp;Dawn A Manias,&nbsp;Jennifer L Powers,&nbsp;Gary M Dunny","doi":"10.1093/femsmc/xtab014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/femsmc/xtab014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infectious endocarditis (IE) is an uncommon disease with significant morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of IE has historically been described as a cascade of host-specific events beginning with endothelial damage and thrombus formation and followed by bacterial colonization of the nascent thrombus. <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> is a Gram-positive commensal bacterial member of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota in most terrestrial animals and a leading cause of opportunistic biofilm-associated infections, including endocarditis. Here, we provide evidence that <i>E. faecalis</i> can colonize the endocardial surface without pre-existing damage and in the absence of thrombus formation in a rabbit endovascular infection model. Using previously described light and scanning electron microscopy techniques, we show that inoculation of a well-characterized <i>E. faecalis</i> lab strain in the marginal ear vein of New Zealand White rabbits resulted in rapid colonization of the endocardium throughout the heart within 4 days of administration. Unexpectedly, ultrastructural imaging revealed that the microcolonies were firmly attached directly to the endocardium in areas without morphological evidence of gross tissue damage. Further, the attached bacterial aggregates were not associated with significant cellular components of coagulation or host extracellular matrix damage repair (i.e. platelets). These results suggest that the canonical model of mechanical surface damage as a prerequisite for bacterial attachment to host sub-endothelial components is not required. Furthermore, these findings are consistent with a model of initial establishment of stable, endocarditis-associated <i>E. faecalis</i> biofilm microcolonies that may provide a reservoir for the eventual valvular infection characteristic of clinical endocarditis. The similarities between the <i>E. faecalis</i> colonization and biofilm morphologies seen in this rabbit endovascular infection model and our previously published murine gastrointestinal colonization model indicate that biofilm production and common host cell attachment factors are conserved in disparate mammalian hosts under both commensal and pathogenic contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":73024,"journal":{"name":"FEMS microbes","volume":"2 ","pages":"xtab014"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e2/54/xtab014.PMC8557322.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9639240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the effectiveness of oxathiapiprolin toward <i>Phytophthora agathidicida</i>, the causal agent of kauri dieback disease.","authors":"Randy F Lacey,&nbsp;Michael J Fairhurst,&nbsp;Kaitlyn J Daley,&nbsp;Te Amohaere Ngata-Aerengamate,&nbsp;Haileigh R Patterson,&nbsp;Wayne M Patrick,&nbsp;Monica L Gerth","doi":"10.1093/femsmc/xtab016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/femsmc/xtab016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Phytophthora</i> species cause disease and devastation of plants in ecological and horticultural settings worldwide. A recently identified species, <i>Phytophthora</i><i>agathidicida</i>, infects and ultimately kills the treasured kauri trees (<i>Agathis australis</i>) that are endemic to New Zealand. Currently, there are few options for managing kauri dieback disease. In this study, we sought to assess the efficacy of the oomycide oxathiapiprolin against several life cycle stages of two geographically distinct <i>P. agathidicida</i> isolates. The effective concentration to inhibit 50% of mycelial growth (EC₅₀) was determined to be ∼0.1 ng/ml, indicating that <i>P. agathidicida</i> mycelia are more sensitive to oxathiapiprolin than those from most other <i>Phytophthora</i> species that have been studied. Oxathiapiprolin was also highly effective at inhibiting the germination of zoospores (EC₅₀ = 2-9 ng/ml for the two isolates) and oospores (complete inhibition at 100 ng/ml). In addition, oxathiapiprolin delayed the onset of detached kauri leaf infection in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, the results presented here highlight the significant potential of oxathiapiprolin as a tool to aid in the control of kauri dieback disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":73024,"journal":{"name":"FEMS microbes","volume":"2 ","pages":"xtab016"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/79/65/xtab016.PMC10117877.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9661513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of novel hybrid secondary metabolite targets to diguanylate cyclase of <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>.","authors":"Monalisa Tiwari,&nbsp;Richa Joshi,&nbsp;Vishvanath Tiwari","doi":"10.1093/femsmc/xtab017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/femsmc/xtab017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biofilm formation in bacteria is a resistance determinant and is positively regulated by cyclic diguanylate signaling. This signaling is a near universal signaling, and c-di-GMP produced by diguanylate cyclase (DGC) in this signaling is involved in different bacterial behaviors. The present study aims to find a plant-based novel hybrid therapeutic agent that can target the DGC of <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>. In this study, we have tried to design a hybrid molecule from the anti-biofilm plant secondary metabolites and screened its binding with the DGC of <i>A. baumannii</i>. The modeled and validated DGC was used to identify the active site and docking grid. Designed hybrid compounds were analysed for their interaction with the active site residues of DGC of <i>A. baumannii</i>. Further, the binding free energies of the docked complexes obtained from the Generalized Born model and Solvent Accessibility (MMGBSA) were analysed. The results indicated that VR-QEg-180 has a predicted high binding affinity with enzyme DGC as compared to other hybrids, parent secondary metabolites and positive control. Molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) analysis confirmed the interaction of VR-QEg-180 with DGC of the <i>A. baumannii</i>. The designed lead has favorable ADMET properties, has no human off-targets and has no predicted cytotoxicity in cell lines. Therefore, the designed hybrid molecule (VR-QEg-180) targeting the DGC of <i>A. baumannii</i> may play a very significant role in controlling this pathogen.</p>","PeriodicalId":73024,"journal":{"name":"FEMS microbes","volume":"2 ","pages":"xtab017"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/43/de/xtab017.PMC10117848.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9663748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}