Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Evaluating patient acceptability of clinical pharmacist engagement following clinical decision support","authors":"Ying-Jen Lin ,&nbsp;Morris Fabbri ,&nbsp;Michael P. Dorsch ,&nbsp;F. Jacob Seagull ,&nbsp;Geoffrey D. Barnes ,&nbsp;Shawna N. Smith","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2026.100705","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2026.100705","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>While Direct Oral Anticoagulant (DOAC) medications like apixaban and rivaroxaban have overtaken warfarin as first-line therapy for atrial fibrillation (AF) and venous thromboembolism (VTE), 10–20% of DOAC prescriptions deviate from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) evidence-based package label instructions. To improve prescribing, we implemented electronic health record (EHR) alerts that encourage collaboration between prescribers and anticoagulation clinic pharmacists.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study investigates patients' acceptance and perceptions of outreach from anticoagulation pharmacists with whom they may not have preexisting relationships.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We administered a 10-item structured questionnaire to 30 patients (or caregivers as proxies) who had received DOAC dosing recommendations directly from pharmacists following an EHR-based prescribing alert. The first 20 participants also answered open-ended interview questions. Mean scores were calculated for structured acceptability questions on a 5-point Likert scale. Interview transcripts were analyzed to identify facilitators and barriers to acceptance of pharmacist involvement in DOAC management. We also assessed alignment between quantitative and qualitative data.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Overall, patients found direct pharmacist outreach acceptable (mean acceptability score: 4.3, SD 0.15). Facilitators included pharmacists' expertise, clear communication, and friendly demeanor. Barriers included a perceived limit to pharmacists' prescribing authority and the timing of the advice. Pharmacists may mitigate these barriers by emphasizing that patients' doctors endorse the dosing recommendations and offering to answer additional questions at the end of calls.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Anticoagulation pharmacists' direct outreach to patients can be valuable for DOAC management and is generally well-accepted. Addressing role confusion could further facilitate their direct patient contact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100705"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Financial burden of once daily extended-release tacrolimus and twice daily immediate-release tacrolimus for kidney transplant recipients","authors":"Chris Hayes ,&nbsp;Keren Rodriguez ,&nbsp;Rachel Chelewski ,&nbsp;Katie Cruchelow ,&nbsp;Autumn D. Zuckerman ,&nbsp;Bridget Lynch ,&nbsp;Ryan Moore ,&nbsp;Leena Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100701","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100701","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tacrolimus is available as generic twice-daily, immediate-release capsules (IR-Tac) or branded once-daily, extended-release tablets (LCPT). Prescribers may be hesitant to prescribe LCPT due to the price of the branded drug. This single-center, retrospective study evaluated if adult kidney transplant patients paid significantly more for IR-Tac or LCPT prescriptions where institutional assistance is available. Adult kidney transplant recipients filling prescriptions for IR-Tac or LCPT from January 1, 2021 through June 30, 2022 were included. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the amount of out-of-pocket costs covered by secondary insurance and by institutional assistance. Of 18,411 fills (<em>n</em> = 16,262 IR-Tac, <em>n</em> = 2149 LCPT), the average out-of-pocket cost was $2.90 more for IR-Tac (mean $8.10, standard deviation [SD] 26.2) than LCPT (mean $5.20, SD 33.0). Secondary insurance covered an average $42.10 per fill for IR-Tac and $152.96 for LCPT. Institutional assistance covered an average $32.74 per fill for IR-Tac and $198.53 for LCPT in patients without secondary insurance. Patients prescribed LCPT were significantly less likely to have higher out-of-pocket cost (odds ratio [OR] 0.16 [0.09, 0.3], <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). No additional financial burden was placed on patients taking LCPT. However, patients with high copay or deductible primary insurance are at risk for high out-of-pocket costs for both IR-Tac and LCPT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100701"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a novel adherence scale for antidepressants in pregnancy: Results from a cross-sectional study","authors":"Milica Zugic ,&nbsp;Natasa Pejic ,&nbsp;Saeed Hayati ,&nbsp;Marleen M.H.J. van Gelder ,&nbsp;Hedvig Nordeng","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2026.100704","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2026.100704","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Adherence to antidepressant pharmacotherapy is essential for optimal treatment. Its assessment during pregnancy is challenging, as existing self-report scales are not tailored to pregnancy.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>This study aimed to develop a self-report scale to assess antidepressant adherence in pregnancy and evaluate its psychometric properties.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This cross-sectional study used an anonymous online questionnaire administered in Norway between February and March 2022. Participants were pregnant or up-to-12-month postpartum individuals who had used antidepressants during pregnancy. <em>The Medication Adherence Measurement in Pregnancy for Antidepressants</em> (MAMP-AD) scale was developed based on prior research, expert input, and piloting. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to explore its underlying structure. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's α. Construct validity was evaluated by examining associations between MAMP-AD scores and depressive and anxiety symptoms, and medication-related beliefs.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Ninety participants who used antidepressants during pregnancy completed the MAMP-AD scale. The final 15-item MAMP-AD scale had a score range of 0 to 48, with higher scores indicating higher adherence. EFA identified three distinct factors: 1) Minimizing exposure, 2) Barriers to antidepressant use, and 3) Benefits of antidepressant use. These explained 81.7% of the total variance in the MAMP-AD scale. The scale showed acceptable reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.80). Higher MAMP-AD scores were negatively associated with depression severity, supporting construct validity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The MAMP-AD is a newly developed, self-report scale for measuring antidepressant adherence in pregnancy, showing preliminary evidence of acceptable reliability and validity. Further research is needed to confirm the scale's psychometric properties and clinical utility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100704"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146204018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research self-efficacy in early-career pharmacists: Tool validation and correlation with personal attributes","authors":"Aline Hajj ,&nbsp;Hala Sacre ,&nbsp;Chadia Haddad ,&nbsp;Jenny Elia ,&nbsp;Joya El Ghawi ,&nbsp;Lina Haidar ,&nbsp;Lama Dimachkieh ,&nbsp;Mahmoud Nasrallah ,&nbsp;Jihan Safwan ,&nbsp;Deema Rahme ,&nbsp;Sukaina Basma ,&nbsp;Salameh Pascale","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100693","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100693","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Self-efficacy in research and personal characteristics of pharmacists are necessary to lead and implement pharmaceutical research strategies. This study primarily aimed to confirm the validity of the Research Self-Efficacy Scale (RSES) among early-career pharmacists; a secondary objective was to assess participants' perspectives on research self-efficacy while considering personal characteristics, such as strategic thinking and leadership.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using an exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency measure, the RSES scale validity and reliability were assessed among Lebanese early-career pharmacists. Its association with personal attributes, such as global self-efficacy, leadership, and strategic thinking, was also assessed through correlation with validated measures.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The RSES scale was found to be valid and reliable. Pharmacists from foreign universities scored higher on the RSES compared to their counterparts from Lebanese institutions. Additionally, a positive correlation was found between self-efficacy, generalized self-efficacy, and strategic thinking scores, while differences between universities and year of study did not reach statistical significance.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study demonstrated that the RSES is a valid and reliable tool for assessing research self-efficacy among early-career pharmacists in Lebanon. Several strategies could be implemented at the institutional and national levels to strengthen self-efficacy and cultivate a sustainable research environment. These include enhancing educational frameworks, integrating research opportunities, and fostering international collaborations. Future research using this validated scale will be instrumental in evaluating the effectiveness of such interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100693"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Informal over-the-counter supply of antibiotics in Ghana: A qualitative analysis of practices in community pharmacies","authors":"Radolf Ansbert Nortey ,&nbsp;Irene Akwo Kretchy ,&nbsp;Mercy Naa Aduele Opare-Addo","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100696","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100696","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Antibiotics are among the most widely prescribed medicines and fall within a well-defined framework for access and supply. Despite existing regulatory systems for antibiotic control, weak regulatory enforcement has led to non-prescription access from community drug retail outlets and widespread self-medication with antibiotics.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To explore the factors associated with the over-the-counter supply of antibiotics within community pharmacies across Ghana.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>The exploratory qualitative study employed semi-structured interviews. The study population consisted of pharmacy practitioners randomly recruited from the medicine retail outlets situated in rural, peri-urban, and urban communities in Ghana. The interview questions were organised within the framework of the theory of planned behaviour and investigated participants' attitudes, social norms, and perceived control over antibiotic use. The data was transcribed, coded, and thematically analysed using NVivo version 10.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Twenty-three pharmacy practitioners (i.e., pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and medicine counter assistants) participated in the study. Participants described how economic incentives, sales targets, and the perceived social status of customers often pressured them to supply antibiotics without prescriptions, especially in an environment where regulatory oversight was viewed as weak or absent. Many noted that customers felt increasingly entitled to request antibiotics, drawing confidence from online health information and limited public education. Although the participants knew about antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance, their awareness of existing national antimicrobial policies was limited.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The over-the-counter supply of antibiotics in Ghana is fuelled by various factors that differ slightly along the lines of community urbanisation and development. Policy makers must take full cognisance of these factors and adopt community-tailored strategies that target medicine retailers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100696"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementation priorities in Australian community pharmacy: A semi-structured survey of Australian pharmacists","authors":"Veronika Seda,&nbsp;Stephen R. Carter,&nbsp;Rebekah J. Moles,&nbsp;Carl R. Schneider","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100683","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100683","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Australian community pharmacy is undergoing transformation, with pharmacists increasingly contributing to primary care and providing professional services. Implementation science offers structured approaches to support the scalable and sustainable delivery of healthcare. However, most Australian research to date has been exploratory in nature.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To identify key factors influencing the implementation of professional services in Australian community pharmacies and develop a community pharmacist implementation importance scale (CPIIS).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A semi-structured national survey was conducted among Australian community pharmacists, guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and Cochrane's twelve key implementation dimensions. Descriptive statistics summarised demographics and workplace practices. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) examined perceived importance of implementation elements, and correlation analyses explored associations with pharmacist and practice characteristics.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Data from 108 eligible respondents were analysed. Pharmacists reported delivering over 9000 services in the previous 14 days, with dose administration aids (67 %) and absence from work certificates (55 %) being most common. EFA identified two key dimensions: “Inner” and “Outer” contexts, with internal factors, such as staffing, workflow, and resource availability, rated as more important. Pharmacist experience was associated with a decrease in the perceived importance of the outer context. The model demonstrated good fit and internal consistency.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Australian community pharmacists currently provide an extensive number and range of professional services. Internal operational factors are prioritised for service implementation. CPIIS offers a practical tool to evaluate the priorities of community pharmacists for implementation of professional services.</div><div><strong>Ethics registration:</strong> Ethics approval from the University of Sydney Ethics and Human Research Committee was obtained [2021/170].</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100683"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145584377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Healthcare providers' perspectives on collaboration of care for acute cystitis in women and the role of the community pharmacy: A qualitative study","authors":"Marle Gemmeke ,&nbsp;Maureen C. Jansen ,&nbsp;Thomas G.H. Kempen ,&nbsp;Marcel L. Bouvy","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100694","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100694","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Acute cystitis (AC) is generally treated in primary care by general practitioners. Support from the community pharmacy may relieve the GP's workload and increase accessibility of care for women.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>To explore healthcare providers' (HCPs') perspectives on the collaboration of care for AC and investigate their views on possibilities for task shifting towards community pharmacy.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>This qualitative study was conducted within the setting of pharmacotherapy audit meetings (PTAMs) involving general practitioners and community pharmacists. Focus group discussions were embedded in PTAMs to gain insight into participants' perspectives on the organization of care for AC and the potential role of the community pharmacies. Additionally, individual interviews were carried out with a subset of PTAM participants and other primary care professionals (e.g. assistants). Focus groups and interviews were audio-taped, transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Five focus groups and 12 interviews were conducted; in total 57 participants were included (45 of them were working in general practice). Although HCPs were experienced in providing AC care, they reported some shortcomings in the current care process. They perceived limited advantages in shifting tasks to community pharmacies. Key barriers included time constraints within pharmacies and insufficient access to patients' medical histories. Expanding the role of community pharmacies could be supported through financial compensation for counseling, adequate training of pharmacy personnel, and strong collaboration between pharmacists and general practitioners.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Although there is room for improvement in the organization of care for AC, participants saw limited opportunities for task shifting towards community pharmacy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100694"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attributes and levels in discrete choice experiments for pharmacy services: A systematic review to inform asthma intervention design","authors":"Kanza Amalina Rosyida ,&nbsp;Susi Ari Kristina ,&nbsp;Aditya Lia Ramadona ,&nbsp;Bandana Saini","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2026.100707","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2026.100707","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Asthma affects over 260 million people worldwide and remains poorly controlled. Pharmacists play an increasing role in management, yet evidence on which pharmacy service attributes patients value is limited.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This review aimed to identify and synthesize the attributes and levels used in discrete choice experiments (DCEs) for patient-centered pharmacy interventions related to asthma.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Following (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) PRISMA guidelines, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for studies published from 1990 to 2025. Eligible studies included patients with asthma, caregivers, clinicians, or members of the general population reporting preference outcomes derived from DCEs or conjoint analyses (CA). Data on study characteristics, attribute development, pretesting, design, analytical models, and behavioral outcomes were extracted. Attributes were grouped into domains.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of the 3287 records, seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Attributes clustered into symptoms, exacerbations, rescue medication use, treatment risks, device convenience, costs, and service processes. Clinical outcomes, especially symptom control and exacerbation prevention, were consistently prioritized. In contrast, pharmacy-specific attributes, including pharmacist counseling, private consultations, and continuity of care, were rarely included. Methodological quality varied, with limited patient involvement in attribute development and inconsistent pretesting procedures.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Evidence emphasizes clinical outcomes rather than pharmacy service features in asthma-related DCEs. Future preference studies should incorporate pharmacy-relevant attributes and adopt more standardized, patient-informed methodologies to support patient-centered, pharmacist-led asthma interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100707"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146076791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacist perceptions on the presentation of social isolation and loneliness (SIL) in community pharmacy settings in Ireland – A mixed methods study","authors":"Jung-Ah Hong,&nbsp;Hebah Al-Rashed,&nbsp;Laura Rice,&nbsp;Fabian F. Sweeney","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100686","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100686","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Social isolation and Loneliness (SIL) represent a critical public health issue as they are strongly associated with adverse physical, mental and emotional health and wellbeing outcomes. Community pharmacies are accessible and frequently accessed healthcare locations and are potentially valuable settings for interventions designed to support patients experiencing SIL. However, a barrier to the development of community pharmacy based SIL interventions is a knowledge gap regarding nature of the presentation of SIL in this setting. This study adopts a mixed methods approach to explore this from the perspectives of practicing community pharmacists in Ireland.</div><div>Semi-structured interviews were conducted with community pharmacists practicing in Ireland (<em>n</em> = 9) followed by a national survey of practicing community pharmacists (<em>n</em> = 95 participants).</div><div>Four themes were identified from the interview data: <strong>recognition of SIL, SIL risk factors, enablers</strong> and <strong>Barriers to supporting patients experiencing SIL</strong>. Pharmacists described frequent encounters with SIL particularly among older and underrepresented patents. SIL was often recognised through the presence of pharmaceutical care issues and other indirect approaches. Pharmacists expressed a strong sense of responsibility to support patients. Barriers to supporting patients were reported such as lack of appropriate training, signposting knowledge and resource constraints. Survey findings corroborated these themes with respondents reporting frequent encounters with SIL, and needs for guidance and resourcing support.</div><div>This study highlights the potential for pharmacies to act as valuable locations for interventions supporting social connectivity. However, integration of pharmacy services into wider support and wellbeing services, appropriate resourcing, inclusion of SIL in pharmacy education, and appropriate patient informed service co-design are critical for this potential to be fully realised.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100686"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and initial content and face validation of a questionnaire to evaluate pharmacists' attitudes and practices in counselling urinary tract infection patients: A mixed methods study","authors":"Aleksandar Jovanović ,&nbsp;Milica Drobac ,&nbsp;Bojana Vidović ,&nbsp;Dušanka Krajnović ,&nbsp;Dragana Pavlović ,&nbsp;Ivana Tadić","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100702","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2025.100702","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The role of pharmacists in managing urinary tract infections (UTIs) is crucial, yet there is no instrument to assess their attitudes and practices in this area. The study aimed to develop and initially validate a questionnaire to evaluate pharmacists' attitudes and practices concerning patient counselling for UTIs, with the ultimate goal of supporting improvements in pharmacy practice and enhancing the quality of patient care.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The questionnaire was developed and initially validated (content and face) through a multi-phase mixed-methods approach consisting of: 1) initial item generation applying a comprehensive literature review, 2) first expert panel discussion, 3) content and cultural validation by pharmacists (focus group discussion), 4) second expert panel discussion, and 5) pretesting by the target population. The necessity, relevance, and clarity were assessed by calculating the Content Validity Ratio (CVR), Item-Level Content Validity Index (I-CVI), and Scale-Level Content Validity Index (S-CVI/Ave). Qualitative data was analyzed using an ethnographic content analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The initial questionnaire consisted of 33 items, divided into two domains: pharmaceutical practice and attitudes. After phases 2–4, all items were rated with satisfactory CVR and I-CVI values (over 0.99 and 0.83, respectively). The final phase of content validation resulted in the questionnaire final version of 25 items with S-CVI/Ave = 0.98 for relevance and S-CVI/Ave = 1 for clarity. Internal consistency analysis demonstrated high reliability for the attitudes toward antibiotics subscale (Cronbach's α = 0.850) and acceptable reliability for the attitudes toward herbal products subscale (Cronbach's α = 0.735).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The developed questionnaire is concise, easy to use and has satisfactory content and face validity. The developed questionnaire can be used to assess pharmacists' practices and attitudes in counselling patients with UTI symptoms, contributing to the identification of areas for improvement in pharmacy practice and patient safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100702"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146022611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}