Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Pharmaceutical industry use of key opinion leaders to market prescription opioids: A review of internal industry documents","authors":"Brian Gac ,&nbsp;Kgosi Tavares ,&nbsp;Hanna Yakubi ,&nbsp;Hannah Khan ,&nbsp;Dorie E. Apollonio ,&nbsp;Eric Crosbie","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100543","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100543","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Prescription opioid-related deaths increased by 200 % from 2000 to 2014. There has been limited research regarding channels used by pharmaceutical companies to market prescription opioids. In this study, we investigated pharmaceutical industry use of key opinion leaders (KOLs).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a retrospective qualitative review of the first 503 opioid industry documents publicly released, which are held at the University of California, San Francisco Opioid Industry Document Archive (OIDA). We reviewed documents including legal rulings, correspondences, witness statements, clinical studies, and corporate communications for relevance and coded them by themes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Between 2001 and 2019, pharmaceutical companies including Janssen, Purdue Pharma, and Cephalon identified, recruited and developed individuals they referred to as “Key Opinion Leaders,” (KOLs) that they recognized could reach strategic audiences to influence prescriber behaviors. Pharmaceutical companies identified KOLs through a variety of sources ranging from partnerships with PR firms to social media analysis and congressional and regulatory sources. Companies recruited KOLs through various methods including surveys to identify common names identified by physicians, internal rankings based on friendliness, and opioid prescribing behaviors. Companies employed KOLs as speakers at conferences for branded opioid products, authors of research articles in support of prescription opioids, and consultants regarding marketing strategies.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>KOLs were employed by the pharmaceutical industry to leverage their reputations in the service of encouraging healthcare providers to prescribe more opioids. It is critical to ensure that researchers and leaders in the medical field are aware and critical of pharmaceutical corporate profit-led biases and are free from conflicts of interest to avoid inappropriate prescribing and minimize adverse outcomes for patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100543"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142745718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging generations: The central role of career-stage mentorship in social and administrative pharmacy","authors":"Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun ,&nbsp;Sabaa Saleh Al-Hemyari ,&nbsp;Moyad Shahwan ,&nbsp;Mena Al-Ani ,&nbsp;Mustafa Habeb ,&nbsp;Faris El-Dahiyat","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mentorship plays a central role in the professional development of practitioners across a vast range of disciplines. Social and administrative pharmacy is no different. Yet, in this field, the practice of experienced practitioners passing on their knowledge and skills to those new to the profession, known as career-stage mentorship, is in decline. This editorial examines why this is happening, what it means for social and administrative pharmacy, and how this valuable practice can be restored.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100506"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Academic conference posters: Describing visual impression in pharmacy education” [Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, Volume 13, March 2024, 100423]","authors":"Sheela Khadka,&nbsp;Katlyn Holt,&nbsp;Michael J. Peeters","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100436","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100436"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140773799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community pharmacy and selfcare provision: An international perspective","authors":"Noelia Amador-Fernandez ,&nbsp;Shane Desselle ,&nbsp;Victoria García-Cárdenas ,&nbsp;Sarah Dineen-Griffin ,&nbsp;Shalom I. Benrimoj","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100466","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100466","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A themed series of papers titled “Selfcare for Health System Sustainability: An International Series on the Role of Community Pharmacy” were published in the Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy journal between 2022 and 2024. The themed series covered 13 countries and had three objectives:</div><div>Objective 1 to describe selfcare policies, strategies and developments in countries and the key changes envisaged to ensure a more effective use of non-prescription products and ensure patient safety regarding drug, non-drug products and practices; Objective 2 to provide country-based selfcare activities and services with examples of programs; and Objective 3 to discuss the challenges and opportunities community pharmacy/pharmacists face in relation to the provision of selfcare services.</div><div>Most countries stated that there was little or no government policy recognition of selfcare and when they do exist, pharmacists' roles are rarely mentioned. Some countries stated that there was “no meaningful translation of the term selfcare” and on many occasions, different terminology such as “health promotion”, “prevention” or “disease prevention” were used.</div><div>Minor ailment services and counselling on self-medication were the only two services listed by all authors related to selfcare. Although some services may include selfcare elements, most services identified include selfcare as a side component. One could question whether the term “selfcare” is understood in its broad definition by the pharmacy profession.</div><div>Some of the challenges identified by authors were lack of service remuneration, lack of standardization of services, lack of selfcare training for pharmacists or lack of integration of pharmacies within the healthcare system. Pharmacies are reportedly already providing many services related to selfcare; however, it might be beneficial if the concept of selfcare was better defined, used more inclusively, more formally codified in regulatory policy to facilitate improvements and recognition of the roles of pharmacists and other health care providers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100466"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141394964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the complementariness of robotic tablet dispensing machines for elderly care: A bibliometric data analysis","authors":"Sunday Adewale Olaleye ,&nbsp;Olaleye Esther Olubunmi ,&nbsp;Berhanemeskel Weldegerima Atsbeha ,&nbsp;Mulugeta Negash Wodaje","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study conducts a bibliometric analysis of academic papers and conference proceedings related to tablet dispensers, medicine dispensers, and pill dispensers within the framework of Sustainable Development Goal 03: Good Health and Well-Being. The analysis spans literature published between 1997 and 2023. Utilizing the Web of Science database, the study employs keywords such as “tablet dispenser,” “medicine dispenser,” and “pill dispenser” to gather relevant English-language papers classified as Proceeding Papers or Articles. The inclusion and exclusion criteria filtered 79 initial records down to 40, focusing on articles pertinent to SDG 03. Data analysis was performed using the Biblioshiny App through RStudio, examining publication trends, authorship patterns, citation networks, and other bibliometric indicators. The findings reveal a steady increase in research output, moderate citation impact, extensive references, and collaborative authorship, with limited international collaboration. The study underscores the growing interest and research activity in robotic tablet dispensing machines for elderly care while highlighting areas for further global engagement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100545"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142747538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges prescribing and dispensing oral antibiotics with poor palatability for paediatric patients: A qualitative interview study with GPs and pharmacists","authors":"Ayat Elgammal ,&nbsp;Joseph Ryan ,&nbsp;Colin Bradley ,&nbsp;Abina Crean ,&nbsp;Margaret Bermingham","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100546","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Poor palatability of antibiotics is a key cause for non-adherence to antibiotic treatment among children. Failure to complete antibiotic treatment because of poor palatability can cause disease recurrence and may contribute to increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the experience and challenges faced by general practitioners (GPs) and community pharmacists regarding prescribing and dispensing oral liquid antibiotics for children and the impact of poorly palatable antibiotic formulations on patients and the health-system.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>One-to-one semi-structured interviews with GPs and pharmacists were conducted via an online video-conferencing platform. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Twenty participants (7 GPs and 13 pharmacists) were interviewed. Three main themes and eight subthemes were identified. Theme 1: <em>challenges reported by GPs and pharmacists</em> included four subthemes; (i) factors affecting prescribing and dispensing antibiotics, (ii) reasons to select poorly palatable antibiotics, (iii) palatability discussion with parents, and (iv) formulation factors affecting oral liquid antibiotic acceptability. Theme 2: <em>the impact of prescribing or dispensing poorly palatable oral liquid antibiotics</em> encompassed two sub themes; (i) patient impact and (ii) health-system impact. Theme 3: <em>overcoming palatability challenges</em> involved two subthemes; (i) raising awareness of flavour and palatability issues among healthcare professionals and (ii) counselling parents while prescribing and before dispensing.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>There is a need to increase palatability awareness among healthcare professionals and parents. The development of more palatable oral liquid formulations can play a role in improving prescribing and medicines taking practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100546"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142747537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-dispensed prescriptions – A nationwide descriptive study","authors":"Heini Kari ,&nbsp;Fredriikka Nurminen ,&nbsp;Hanna Rättö ,&nbsp;Hanna Koskinen","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100541","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100541","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Medication non-adherence is associated with suboptimal health outcomes, higher mortality, and increased healthcare costs.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The aim of this study was to estimate the number and share of non-dispensed prescriptions at a national level and in specific patient and medicine subgroups.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study was a nationwide retrospective register-based study. The data consisted of prescriptions prescribed in Finland in 2020 and dispensed between 2020 and 2022. A prescription was considered non-dispensed if it had not been dispensed within the two-year validity period. For each prescription, information on the patient's birth date, sex, and income as well as details of the prescribed medicine and physician's employment sector (public/private) were collected. Distributions and odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were used in the analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of the 26 million prescriptions, 13.3 % were never filled. Over 1.7 million people (43.3 % of all people with prescriptions issued in 2020) had at least one non-dispensed prescription. The share of non-dispensed prescriptions was lower in men than women (12.9 % vs. 13.5 %; OR:0.95; CI:0.95–0.95). Compared to the youngest age group, the share of non-dispensed prescriptions was lower in the older age groups. The lowest share of non-dispensed medicines was in antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents (7.8 %) and in cardiovascular system medicines (8.1 %), whereas the highest was in dermatologicals (20.2 %). The proportion of non-dispensed prescriptions varied between medicine groups, from 5 % for thyroid therapy to 38 % for other nervous system drugs. The most frequently non-dispensed medications were paracetamol, ibuprofen, and salbutamol.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The share and number of non-dispensed prescriptions varied across therapeutic areas, medicine groups, active pharmaceutical ingredients, and patient groups. Healthcare professionals should avoid unnecessary prescribing and improve medication adherence to ensure safer and more effective care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100541"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the evolution and impact of OTC vending machines in Global Healthcare Systems","authors":"Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun ,&nbsp;Sabaa Saleh Al-Hemyari ,&nbsp;Moyad Shahwan ,&nbsp;Sahab Alkhoujah ,&nbsp;Faris El-Dahiyat ,&nbsp;Ammar Ali Saleh Jaber ,&nbsp;Sa'ed H. Zyoud","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The study of over the counter (OTC) vending machines is crucial given their growing popularity and potential impact on the pharmaceutical industry and consumer behaviour.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study involves a bibliometric quantitative analysis of academic literature to evaluate OTC vending machines in terms of their evolution, current trends, and potential areas for future research<strong>.</strong></div></div><div><h3>Methods and materials</h3><div>The Scopus database was searched using its advanced search tool, focusing on papers that included the search query in their titles, abstracts, and keywords. Data analysis included bibliometric indicators such as publication counts, citation trends, and co-authorship networks, which were visualized using VOSviewer software (version 1.6.20) to highlight key research themes and collaboration patterns.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 399 publications on OTC vending machines were found between 1833 and 2024. Over the last 20 years, there has been an annual increase in the number of publications related to OTC vending machines, rising from 1 in 2001 to 31 in 2023. The United States (<em>n</em> = 118; 29.57 %) led in productivity, followed by the United Kingdom (45; 11.27 %), India (30; 7.51 %), Australia (27; 6.76 %), Canada (16; 4 %), Italy (15; 3.75 %), and China (15; 3.75 %). A total of 35 institutions have been involved in research on OTC vending machines. The Dubai Municipality contributed the highest percentage of articles (<em>n</em> = 3, 0.75 %), followed by the Emirates Health Services (n = 3, 0.75 %), Al Ain University (<em>n</em> = 2, 0.5 %), and Baystate Medical Center (n = 2, 0.5 %). Before 2016, much of the research on OTC vending machines focused on terms related to healthcare policy and health promotion, indicating the early exploration of this field. Present trends highlight terms associated with pharmacy practice, such as pharmacists, pharmacy, and prescription-related subjects.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study emphasises the practical necessity for enhanced regulatory structures to mitigate risks such as medication abuse, unfavourable drug interactions, and incorrect dispensing practices. Additionally, the study highlights the need for interdisciplinary collaboration among technologists, policymakers, and healthcare professionals to maximize the benefits of OTC vending machines while addressing consumer behaviour and safety issues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100540"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening and referral programs for diabetes and cardiovascular disease: Can community pharmacists bridge the care gap?","authors":"Melanie Livet ,&nbsp;Amber Watson ,&nbsp;Shweta Pathak ,&nbsp;Courtney Humphries ,&nbsp;Jessica Roller ,&nbsp;Jon Easter","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100539","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and Objectives</h3><div>Heart disease and diabetes are leading causes of death in the U.S., with timely screening, referrals, and education being critical for effective treatment. The Community-based Valued-driven Care Initiative (CVCI) aimed to develop, implement, and evaluate the feasibility of delivering patient-centered care interventions for high priority disease states in community pharmacies. This article focuses specifically on two of the selected interventions, both of which were screening and referral (S&amp;R) programs for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes (DM) respectively. This exploratory evaluation was designed as an effectiveness-implementation hybrid Type II study. Its objectives were to assess both implementation and preliminary program effectiveness using mixed data.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Fifteen community pharmacies opted to implement one of the two programs over a 12-month period. Implementation feasibility involved examining program adoption rates by sites and patients; acceptability, appropriateness, feasibility, and intent to sustain use survey scores; and pharmacists' interviews. Program effectiveness was based on patient referral rates, physician follow-up communication rates, and perceived outcomes, collected via patient logs, surveys, and interviews.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Two of the 15 sites discontinued participation, yielding an 87 % adoption rate. Patient adoption varied based on contact and screening rates, due to differences in patient recruitment, staffing, and workflow. Pharmacist acceptability, compatibility, and feasibility remained high throughout implementation; however, only three pharmacy sites planned on continuing offering the programs. All at-risk patients were appropriately referred based on screening results, with 65 % having their screening results communicated to their primary healthcare providers. The programs were perceived as beneficial, increasing pharmacists' knowledge and motivation, enhancing relationships with patients, and producing an impact on patients'' health.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Results highlight the implementation feasibility and preliminary outcomes of delivering DM and CVD S&amp;R programs in community pharmacies. However, despite these positive results, most pharmacies did not intend to continue the programs, underscoring the continued need for sustainable clinical services models in non-traditional settings. Success with broader implementation will require a paradigm shift in support of community pharmacists as clinical care extenders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100539"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142759781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A scoping review of motor vehicle operator performance assessments for benzodiazepine receptor agonists","authors":"Andrea L. Murphy ,&nbsp;Korolos Sawires ,&nbsp;Sophie M. Peltekian ,&nbsp;Melissa Helwig ,&nbsp;Marilyn Macdonald ,&nbsp;Ruth Martin-Misener ,&nbsp;Bandana Saini ,&nbsp;Heather Neyedli ,&nbsp;Chris Giacomantonio ,&nbsp;David M. Gardner","doi":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100538","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100538","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Benzodiazepines and <em>Z</em>-drugs (e.g., zopiclone, zolpidem) (benzodiazepine receptor agonists or BZRAs), are prescribed for anxiety and insomnia disorders. However, they are not indicated as first line therapies for long-term management due to harms and efficacy limitations. BZRAs have also been associated with traffic accident risks. Patients taking BZRAs are told to consult with health care providers regarding motor vehicle operation safety. However, advice on driving is variable. The objective of this scoping review is to identify, map, and characterize the evidence for assessments that measure driving performance in people taking BZRAs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Embase (Elsevier), MEDLINE (Ovid), and PsycINFO (EBSCO) were searched. Covidence was used for screening. Each stage of screening included two independent reviewers. A REDCap database was used for data extraction by two independent reviewers. Results were tabulated and summarised as a narrative.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Driving performance was assessed with 20 unique BZRAs across 183 studies (<em>n</em> = 92 experimental; <em>n</em> = 91 observational) in 178 publications. Zopiclone was the most studied. In experimental studies, the Standard Deviation of Lateral Position (SDLP) was used most often (<em>n</em> = 54, 62 %) and many studies (<em>n</em> = 35, 38 %) were conducted in the Netherlands. For observational studies, biological detection (e.g., urine, blood) (<em>n</em> = 73, 80 %) followed by prescription drug/dispensing records (<em>n</em> = 17, 19 %) were the most common impairment measures and Norway (<em>n</em> = 20) is where most studies took place. In experimental studies, most (<em>n</em> = 89, 97 %) were conducted using only one driving setting. Simulated driving in a car (<em>n</em> = 36) and road driving in traffic (n = 36) were common as compared to nontraffic driving course (n = 8) and simulated driving (<em>n</em> = 9). In experimental studies, seventy-eight of the 92 studies (85 %) had at least one measure that identified impairment.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>BZRA effects on motor vehicle driving performance have been studied using heterogenous protocols with multiple measures and settings, ranging from simulation to authentic traffic situations in experimental studies to biological detection and dispensing records in observational studies. Many BZRAs have been studied but study representation does not match prescribing pattern prevalence. The interpretation and contextualization of results for clinical practice is challenging due to the complexity (i.e., protocols, measures, settings). Future work in this area should work to improve knowledge translation of results so information is more readily accessible and applicable to health care providers and patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73003,"journal":{"name":"Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100538"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}