Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy最新文献

{"title":"Circulating tumor cells: overcoming challenges of detecting a needle in a haystack.","authors":"Zhuldyz Myrkhiyeva, Kuanysh Seitkamal, Zhannat Ashikbayeva, Assiya Taizhanova, Daniele Tosi, Aliya Bekmurzayeva","doi":"10.37349/etat.2025.1002321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/etat.2025.1002321","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cancer cells that are detached from the primary and metastatic tumor site and invade the bloodstream. Most importantly, CTCs are the key players in the development of metastasis. As one of the main components of liquid biopsy, they may significantly contribute to improvements in early cancer diagnosis, monitoring response to therapy, and predicting recurrence of the disease. Although identifying and analyzing CTCs offers the potential for a real-time liquid biopsy, their detection is associated with a number of challenges, which mainly stem from three sources: complexity of the CTCs, complexity of the media (blood), and performance of the detection assays. Particularly, low concentration of the CTCs and the presence of a vast population of hematopoietic cells in the blood make their detection technically complex. The heterogeneity of the target cells and not enough sensitivity of the measuring platforms are also among major technical challenges in CTC detection. Therefore, this review aims to give an update on various methods developed for CTC isolation, including chip-based assays and biosensors. The work will elucidate various challenges associated with the isolation and detection of CTCs and showcase the studies that aimed to tackle them. A number of available commercial platforms for CTC detection and hurdles associated with their widespread applications in clinical settings will also be discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":73002,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy","volume":"6 ","pages":"1002321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12123222/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A viral circular RNA in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus modulates viral and host gene expression during latent and lytic replication.","authors":"Soleil Torres, Vaibhav Jain, Daniel Stribling, Lauren A Gay, Muhammed Naeem, Melody Baddoo, Erik K Flemington, Scott A Tibbetts, Rolf Renne","doi":"10.37349/etat.2025.1002320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/etat.2025.1002320","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Circular RNA (circRNA) is a class of noncoding, single-stranded RNA generated by backsplicing, a process where the 5' and 3' ends of an RNA are covalently joined. Virally encoded circRNAs have been identified in several members of Gammaherpesvirinae, including Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). In KSHV, the viral interferon regulatory factor 4 (vIRF4) region produces two isoforms of circRNA (circ-vIRF4) that are detectable during latency and reactivation. Given the growing literature implicating circRNA in human diseases, a role may exist for circ-vIRF4 in the development of KSHV malignancies. Therefore, the aim of this study is to characterize the function of vIRF4 circRNAs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A KSHV mutant (Δcirc-vIRF4) was generated in the BAC16 bacmid and transfected into 293T and iSLK cells. Expression of circRNA after mutagenesis was assessed by qualitative and quantitative PCR. Host and viral gene expression in iSLK cells during both viral latency and reactivation were also assessed by RNA-seq.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>RT-PCR of Δcirc-vIRF4-infected iSLK cells demonstrated no expression of wild-type (WT) isoforms, but PCR cloning showed that alternative backsplice sites were used to express novel vIRF4 circRNAs, where the most prominent isoform was a 1,020 nt isoform. RNA-seq analyses comparing WT- and Δcirc-vIRF4-infected iSLK cells demonstrated significant differential expression of both host and viral genes during both phases of the viral life cycle. Gene ontology analyses returned terms related to cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration for both datasets, as well as kinase signaling and apoptosis for the lytic dataset.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results show that KSHV can switch to an alternative backsplice site for vIRF4 circRNA production in the absence of a canonical splice site and that circ-vIRF4 contributes to the regulation of both host and viral gene expression through an unknown mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":73002,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy","volume":"6 ","pages":"1002320"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12123221/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The DNA methylation landscape of musculoskeletal sarcomas.","authors":"Mariana Chantre-Justino, Walter Meohas","doi":"10.37349/etat.2025.1002319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/etat.2025.1002319","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Musculoskeletal sarcomas represent heterogeneous and rare malignant bone and soft tissue tumors, affecting children and adults. Patients exhibiting poor clinical outcomes are often described, being associated with non-response to chemotherapy, amputation needs, or metastatic disease. Potential biomarkers contributing to diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response could improve this scenario. Despite this, little is known about the genomic aspects of musculoskeletal sarcomas. DNA methylation is the most studied epigenetic mechanism, where changes in methylation profiling are characteristic hallmarks of cancer. Cancer-related methylome profiling has been investigated both in tumor biopsies (genomic DNA) and liquid biopsies (cell-free DNA). Epigenetic therapies by using DNA-demethylating drugs are promising strategies for cancer treatment. This review will discuss translational studies describing how DNA methylation landscape of musculoskeletal sarcomas can be a powerful molecular tool to improve diagnostic accuracy, predict prognosis, and treatment response. Additionally, this review will describe the promising role of epigenetics-targeted drugs as well as the ongoing clinical trials for sarcomas, highlighting the challenges and future directions.</p>","PeriodicalId":73002,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy","volume":"6 ","pages":"1002319"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12123220/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prognostic impact of biomarkers in PMBCL: rationale for early integration of immune checkpoint inhibitors.","authors":"Yana K Mangasarova, Runiza R Abdurashidova, Natalya V Risinskaya, Bella V Biderman, Tatiana V Abramova, Vadim L Surin, Irina A Shupletsova, Tatiana N Obukhova, Rasul I Iusupov, Yulia A Chabaeva, Aminat U Magomedova, Lena E Nikulina, Sergei M Kulikov, Eugene E Zvonkov, Alla M Kovrigina, Andrey B Sudarikov","doi":"10.37349/etat.2025.1002318","DOIUrl":"10.37349/etat.2025.1002318","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>This research aims to guide future strategies for personalized treatment of primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL), particularly to identify high-risk patients who may benefit from incorporating immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in the first-line setting.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective, single-center study included 254 newly diagnosed PMBCL patients treated with rituximab, dose-adjusted etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin (R-DA-EPOCH), rituximab, modified protocol NHL-BFM-90 (RmNHL-BFM-90), or R-DA-EPOCH combined with nivolumab. Clinical parameters, immunohistochemical markers [programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), programmed death-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR, Ki-67, multiple myeloma oncogene 1 (MUM1)], molecular markers (mutations in tumor protein p53 (<i>TP53</i>), <i>CD58</i>, beta-2-microglobulin (<i>B2M</i>), and exportin 1 (<i>XPO1</i>) genes; short tandem repeats at 6p21.3 [major histocompatibility complex (<i>MHC</i>) class I/II], 9p24.1 (<i>PD-L1</i>/<i>PD-L2</i>), 16p13.13 [class II, MHC, transactivator gene (<i>CIITA</i>)]), and cytogenetic profiles [myelocytomatosis oncogene (<i>MYC</i>)/8q24, B-cell lymphoma 2 (<i>BCL2</i>)/18q21, <i>BCL6</i>/3q27, del17p13, and karyotype abnormalities] were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The addition of nivolumab to R-DA-EPOCH as a first-line regimen significantly improved event-free survival (EFS; <i>P</i> = 0.018). This study identified that adverse prognostic factors for PMBCL include allelic imbalance at specific loci 6p21.3 (<i>MHC</i> class I/II), 9p24.1 (<i>PD-L1</i>/<i>PD-L2</i>), and 16p13.13 (<i>CIITA</i>). Incorporating nivolumab into the R-DA-EPOCH regimen as a first-line therapy has shown potential in reducing adverse prognostic factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggest that high-risk patients may benefit significantly from the early incorporation of ICIs into their treatment plans.</p>","PeriodicalId":73002,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy","volume":"6 ","pages":"1002318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12098338/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144144863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in urothelial cancers.","authors":"Jeanny B Aragon-Ching","doi":"10.37349/etat.2025.1002317","DOIUrl":"10.37349/etat.2025.1002317","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The role of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in urothelial cancers is a rapidly evolving area of research. Urothelial cancer is the most common subtype of bladder cancer, and biomarkers that predict response or prognosticate outcomes have been long sought after. Tumor-informed ctDNA assays have been utilized in several other cancers and increasingly used in both muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC) to inform treatment decision-making. While a universal consensus on ctDNA testing has not been fully defined and discussed herein, understanding its benefits and limitations is important to help guide the practical application in the clinic.</p>","PeriodicalId":73002,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy","volume":"6 ","pages":"1002317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12098328/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144144877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utility of CA-125 for diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer: a systematic review.","authors":"Zohre Momenimovahed, Afrooz Mazidimoradi, Leila Allahqoli, Zohre Khalajinia, Hamid Salehiniya, Ibrahim Alkatout","doi":"10.37349/etat.2025.1002316","DOIUrl":"10.37349/etat.2025.1002316","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Different tumor markers are utilized in the assessment of breast cancer. The function of these markers in assessing, tracking, and following up on breast cancer has drawn the interest of numerous researchers. Nonetheless, contradictory findings from research continue to raise questions regarding their effectiveness. Consequently, this research was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of carbohydrate antigen-125 (CA-125) in the treatment of breast cancer.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A thorough investigation was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases utilizing relevant keywords: CA-125, breast cancer, screening and diagnosis, and Mesh to locate articles published before August 2023 without any time limitations. The analysis included observational studies in English pertinent to the study's objective, while review articles, case reports, editor letters, comments, and other reports were not considered. Articles were sought, examined, included, and evaluated according to the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses. The EndNote X9 program has been utilized for item management. The review included articles that investigated the predictive function of CA-125 in the screening, diagnosis, and anticipation for the early and proper detection of breast cancer.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the initial search, 1,475 articles were obtained. After screening and eligibility assessment, 33 studies were reviewed. Based on the findings of the studies, CA-125 can play a role in the diagnosis of breast cancer, its type and stage, early detection of recurrence and metastasis, treatment efficiency, prognosis, and survival rate.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The role of CA-125 as a biomarker for early detection, staging, and monitoring of recurrence and metastasis in breast cancer is still uncertain and needs additional research.</p>","PeriodicalId":73002,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy","volume":"6 ","pages":"1002316"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12082328/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The development and applications of circulating tumour cells, circulating tumour DNA and other emerging biomarkers for early cancer detection.","authors":"David Sinclair Thomas Junior, Junjie Chai, Yong-Jie Lu","doi":"10.37349/etat.2025.1002314","DOIUrl":"10.37349/etat.2025.1002314","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite major improvements in cancer treatment, detection, and health promotion, the mortality rates of late-stage cancer remain high. This is a critical issue because a large proportion of cancer mortality is experienced by patients who have late-stage disease at diagnosis. As survival is substantially higher for almost all cancers when diagnosed at an early stage, effective early cancer detection strategies could drastically reduce overall cancer mortality. Advances in various technologies have culminated in the development of liquid biopsies. The tumour biomarkers applied for non- or minimally-invasive cancer detection include tumour cells and their components in bodily fluids, especially peripheral blood for circulating tumour biomarkers. The most well-studied circulating tumour biomarkers in recent years for the early detection of cancer are circulating tumour cells (CTCs) and circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA), with research into other classes rapidly expanding. CTCs and ctDNA have been detected at an early stage in several types of cancer with high specificity, aiding risk stratification and, in some cases, identifying clinically actionable molecular features. Therefore, these circulating biomarkers offer several advantages over the traditional cancer detection methods. Although their limitations are considerable, the evolving evidence suggests they have tremendous potential as tools for early cancer detection. In this review, we evaluate the development and applications of circulating biomarkers for early cancer detection, with a focus on CTCs and ctDNA. We also briefly explore the emerging evidence on extracellular vesicles, circulating proteins and synthetic biomarkers, discuss the limitations of current approaches and provide suggestions to achieve further progress in this setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":73002,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy","volume":"6 ","pages":"1002314"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12082331/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing the power of tumor-draining lymph nodes: unveiling predictive biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitor.","authors":"Zihan Chen, Jiangnan Yu, Zhikun Guo, Shuxian Chen, Yina Li, Qian Zhou, Lei Wang","doi":"10.37349/etat.2025.1002315","DOIUrl":"10.37349/etat.2025.1002315","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the escalating application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in solid tumors, these therapies have demonstrated clinical benefits but remain hampered by relatively low response rates. Reliable biomarkers to predict ICIs responsiveness are essential for selecting appropriate patients and optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Given the pivotal role of tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) in orchestrating systemic antitumor immunity, their intrinsic features-such as dynamic organization in T cell subsets and functional status of antigen-presenting cells, hold considerable potential as predictive biomarkers for ICIs. Moreover, the complexity of ICIs-induced responses in TDLNs necessitates integrating multiple biomarkers for accurate prediction. Through continuous refinement of predictive strategies, TDLNs are poised to play an indispensable role in enhancing ICIs efficacy and guiding personalized immunotherapy. Here, we provide a review to discuss the possibility of using the intrinsic features of TDLNs as a predictive marker for ICI therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":73002,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy","volume":"6 ","pages":"1002315"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12082330/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144095907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neoantigen-based immunotherapy: advancing precision medicine in cancer and glioblastoma treatment through discovery and innovation.","authors":"Moawiah M Naffaa, Ola A Al-Ewaidat, Sopiko Gogia, Valiko Begiashvili","doi":"10.37349/etat.2025.1002313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/etat.2025.1002313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neoantigen-based immunotherapy has emerged as a transformative approach in cancer treatment, offering precision medicine strategies that target tumor-specific antigens derived from genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic alterations unique to cancer cells. These neoantigens serve as highly specific targets for personalized therapies, promising more effective and tailored treatments. The aim of this article is to explore the advances in neoantigen-based therapies, highlighting successful treatments such as vaccines, tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy, T-cell receptor-engineered T cells therapy (TCR-T), and chimeric antigen receptor T cells therapy (CAR-T), particularly in cancer types like glioblastoma (GBM). Advances in technologies such as next-generation sequencing, RNA-based platforms, and CRISPR gene editing have accelerated the identification and validation of neoantigens, moving them closer to clinical application. Despite promising results, challenges such as tumor heterogeneity, immune evasion, and resistance mechanisms persist. The integration of AI-driven tools and multi-omic data has refined neoantigen discovery, while combination therapies are being developed to address issues like immune suppression and scalability. Additionally, the article discusses the ongoing development of personalized immunotherapies targeting tumor mutations, emphasizing the need for continued collaboration between computational and experimental approaches. Ultimately, the integration of cutting-edge technologies in neoantigen research holds the potential to revolutionize cancer care, offering hope for more effective and targeted treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":73002,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy","volume":"6 ","pages":"1002313"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12040680/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144051471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytokine-based immunotherapy for gastric cancer: targeting inflammation for tumor control.","authors":"Mathan Muthu Chinakannu Marimuthu, Bhavani Sowndharya Balamurugan, Vickram Agaram Sundaram, Saravanan Anbalagan, Hitesh Chopra","doi":"10.37349/etat.2025.1002312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/etat.2025.1002312","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emerging cancer immunotherapy methods, notably cytokine-based ones that modify immune systems' inflammatory reactions to tumor cells, may help slow gastric cancer progression. Cytokines, tiny signaling proteins that communicate between immune cells, may help or hinder cancer growth. Pro-inflammatory cytokines encourage tumor development, whereas antitumor ones help the host reject cancer cells. This study considers cytokine-targeted methods for gastric cancer pro-inflammatory and antitumor immune responses. Researchers want to renew immune cells like cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells by delivering cytokines like interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferons (IFNs), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) to activate inflammatory pathways and combat tumors. Since cytokines have significant pleiotropic effects, their therapeutic use is difficult and may cause excessive systemic inflammation or immunological suppression. This review covers current advancements in synthetic cytokines, cytokine-conjugates, and local administration of these aimed to enhance the therapeutic index: increase the potential to kill cancer cells while minimizing off-target damage. The study examines the relationship between cytokines and tumor microenvironment (TME), revealing the role of immunosuppressive cytokines like IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) in promoting an immune-evasive phenotype. These results suggest that inhibitory pathway targeting, and cytokine-based therapy may overcome resistance mechanisms. Cytokine-based immunotherapies combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors are predicted to change gastric cancer therapy and rebuild tumor-immune microenvironment dynamics, restoring antitumor immunity. Comprehensive data from current clinical studies will assist in establishing the position of these treatments in gastric cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":73002,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy","volume":"6 ","pages":"1002312"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12040674/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144061154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}