Energy advances最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of the impact of remote oxygen plasma treatment on the surface chemistry and electrochemical properties of graphite felt electrodes for redox flow batteries†","authors":"L. Mauricio Murillo-Herrera, Carlos J. Mingoes, J. Obrero-Pérez, Juan R. Sánchez-Valencia, Michael W. Thielke, Ángel Barranco and Ana B. Jorge Sobrido","doi":"10.1039/D4YA00383G","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4YA00383G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The effects of a remote oxygen plasma (ROP) treatment on the surface of commercial graphite felts were investigated and compared against a conventional thermal treatment. In contrast to methodologies where the sample is directly exposed to the plasma, ROP allows for a high control of sample–plasma interaction, thereby avoiding extensive etching processes on the fibre surface. To assess the impact of ROP treatment time, the electrodes were subjected to three different periods (10, 60, and 600 seconds). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the ROP treatment introduced nearly three times more surface oxygen functionalities than the thermal treatment. Raman spectroscopy measurements revealed a significant increase in amorphous carbon domains for the ROP samples. The thermal treatment favoured increases in graphitic defects and resulted in an order of magnitude larger ECSA compared to the ROP treated materials despite having lower content in oxygen functionalities. The electrochemical analysis showed enhanced charge-transfer overpotentials for GF400. The ROP samples exhibited a lower mass-transport overpotential than the thermally treated material and had similar permeabilities, which overall translated to the thermal treatment offering better performance at fast flow rates. However, at slow flow rates (∼10 mL min<small>⁻¹</small>), the ROP treatment for the shortest period offered comparable performance to conventional thermal treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":72913,"journal":{"name":"Energy advances","volume":" 10","pages":" 2503-2511"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ya/d4ya00383g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility study of UV intensity monitoring in water disinfection systems using reverse-biased LED photometers†","authors":"D. Pousty, Y. Gerchman and H. Mamane","doi":"10.1039/D3YA00554B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D3YA00554B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Common ultraviolet (UV) photodiodes or detectors for measuring the intensity of UV-light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in UV disinfection systems are costly. This study explores the potential of using low-cost UV-LEDs as photometers for monitoring UV intensity in water systems. Reverse LEDs (rLEDs) generate a small current proportional to the incident light intensity on the p–n junction when operated in unbiased mode. rLEDs with different wavelengths and power levels were examined to find the optimal rLED for monitoring the intensity of a 275 nm LED strip, achieving less than 1% deviation from a calibrated spectroradiometer. The influence of temperature was also examined on rLED measurements and found non-negligible. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using rLEDs as intensity monitoring sensors for UV-C LED sources, offering a low-cost and reliable alternative for UV intensity monitoring in UV-LED water disinfection systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":72913,"journal":{"name":"Energy advances","volume":" 9","pages":" 2407-2415"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ya/d3ya00554b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142174072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable fermentable sugar production using a glass fiber supported gallium–molybdenum photocatalyst towards bioethanol production: LCA analysis†","authors":"Rajat Chakraborty, Sourav Barman and Aritro Sarkar","doi":"10.1039/D4YA00226A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4YA00226A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >For the first time, a cost-effective glass fiber (GF) support derived from waste printed circuit boards (W-PCBs) was utilized to synthesize a reusable GF-supported gallium–molybdenum photocatalyst (GaMo–GF) for generating fermentable sugar (FS) from delignified corncob (DCC) in a quartz halogen solar batch reactor (QHSR). Additionally, this paper presents a comparative detoxification investigation and subsequent fermentation of the resulting FS using <em>Pichia stipitis</em>. The optimum Ga<small>⁴</small>Mo-GF (with a gallium precursor loading of 4 wt%) photocatalyst exhibited impressive characteristics, including a high specific surface area (28.01 m<small>²</small> g<small>⁻¹</small>), high pore volume (0.04198 cc g<small>⁻¹</small>) and lower band gap energy (2.3 eV), providing a maximum 78.35 mol% FS yield under mild reaction conditions (100 °C and 20 min) with mild energy consumption (12 kJ mL<small>⁻¹</small>). The comparative hydrolysate detoxification study highlighted the superior efficacy of the Amberlite IRP69 cation resin, achieving maximum removal rates of 86% for furfural, 92% for formic acid, and 95% for levulinic acid compared to other methods. Furthermore, the hydrolysate detoxified using Amberlite IRP69 resulted in a higher bioethanol concentration (4.32 mmol mL<small>⁻¹</small>) compared to NaOH neutralization (3.06 mmol mL<small>⁻¹</small>), Ca(OH)<small>₂</small> over-liming (2.88 mmol mL<small>⁻¹</small>), and ethyl acetate solvent extraction (3.73 mmol mL<small>⁻¹</small>) when fermented with <em>Pichia stipitis</em>. Additionally, the overall environmental impact assessment indicated that utilizing the Amberlite IRP69 cation resin not only enhanced bioethanol yield but also reduced environmental impacts. Remarkably, the optimized Ga<small>⁴</small>Mo-GF catalyst demonstrated reusability for up to 7 cycles in the DCC hydrolysis process, showcasing its stability and the consequential reduction in environmental impacts throughout the corncob to bioethanol conversion process.</p>","PeriodicalId":72913,"journal":{"name":"Energy advances","volume":" 10","pages":" 2613-2626"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ya/d4ya00226a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of process parameters on woody biomass fractionation in a methanol/water mixture in a semi-flow reactor†","authors":"Yilin Yao, Eiji Minami and Haruo Kawamoto","doi":"10.1039/D4YA00261J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4YA00261J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The degradation of woody biomass in methanol/water mixtures at elevated temperatures and pressures is a promising candidate for chemical production from renewable resources, combining the wood-degrading ability of water with the product-dissolving capacity of methanol. However, the effects of water and methanol on wood degradation remain unclear. In the present study, the effect of process parameters on the degradation of Japanese cedar in methanol/water at 270 °C and 10–30 MPa was investigated using a semi-flow reactor in which pressure and temperature can be controlled independently. At 270 °C, hemicelluloses were degraded and solubilized more preferentially at 10 MPa, but delignification was more preferred at 20 and 30 MPa. In the resulting products, methylation of coniferyl alcohol from lignin and methyl esterification of methyl glucuronopentosan from hemicellulose were more advanced at 20 and 30 MPa than at 10 MPa. These results suggest that at 10 MPa the influence of water is dominant and promotes polysaccharide degradation, whereas at 20 and 30 MPa the influence of methanol is dominant and promotes delignification. Our findings will provide insight into the establishment of efficient chemical production from woody biomass with solvolysis technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":72913,"journal":{"name":"Energy advances","volume":" 10","pages":" 2530-2542"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ya/d4ya00261j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acid–base concentration swing for direct air capture of carbon dioxide†","authors":"Anatoly Rinberg and Michael J. Aziz","doi":"10.1039/D4YA00251B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4YA00251B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This work demonstrates the first experimental evidence of the acid–base concentration swing (ABCS) for direct air capture of CO<small>₂</small>. This process is based on the effect that concentrating particular acid–base chemical reactants will strongly acidify solution, through Le Chatelier's principle, and result in outgassing absorbed CO<small>₂</small>. After collecting the outgassed CO<small>₂</small>, diluting the solution will result in a reversal of the acid–base reaction, basifying the solution and allowing for atmospheric CO<small>₂</small> absorption. The experimental study examines a system that includes sodium cation as the alkalinity carrier, boric acid, and a polyol complexing agent that reversibly reacts with boric acid to strongly acidify solution upon concentration. Though the tested experimental system faces absorption rate and water capacity limitations, the ABCS process described here provides a basis for further process optimization. A generalized theoretical ABCS reaction framework is developed and different reaction orders and conditions are studied mathematically. Higher order reactions yield favorable cycle output results, reaching volumetric cycle capacity above 50 mM for third-order and 80 mM for fourth-order reactions. Optimal equilibrium constants are determined in order to guide alternative chemical searches and synthetic chemistry design targets. There is a substantial energetic benefit for reaction orders above the first, with second- and third-order ABCS cycles exhibiting a thermodynamic minimum work for the concentrating and outgassing steps around 150 kJ per mole of CO<small>₂</small>. A significant advantage of the ABCS is that it can be driven through well-developed and widely-deployed desalination technologies, such as reverse osmosis, with opportunities for energy recovery when recombining the concentrated and diluted streams, and extraction can occur directly from the liquid phase upon vacuum application.</p>","PeriodicalId":72913,"journal":{"name":"Energy advances","volume":" 9","pages":" 2295-2310"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ya/d4ya00251b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142174057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microreactor assisted soft lithography of nanostructured antimony sulfide thin film patterns: nucleation, growth and application in solid state batteries†","authors":"Bryan Chun, V. Vinay K. Doddapaneni, Marcos Lucero, Changqing Pan, Zhongwei Gao, Zhenxing Feng, Rajiv Malhotra and Chih-hung Chang","doi":"10.1039/D4YA00436A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4YA00436A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This study explores the microreactor-assisted soft lithography (MASL) method for direct, one-step synthesis and patterning of additive-free antimony sulfide (Sb<small>₂</small>S<small>₃</small>) nanostructured thin films. The results reveal the steady state process and its ability to overcome the challenges and limitations of conventional solution deposition processes. This new approach, exploiting continuous flow, prevents the dissolution of the growing film, a common issue in batch solution deposition methods. Furthermore, this study successfully fabricates functional Sb<small>₂</small>S<small>₃</small>–Li coin cell prototypes, demonstrating stable specific capacities of 600 mA h g<small>⁻¹</small> for over 260 cycles at a C/2 charge rate and coulombic efficiencies of 96–98%.</p>","PeriodicalId":72913,"journal":{"name":"Energy advances","volume":" 9","pages":" 2200-2211"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ya/d4ya00436a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141931681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of PCBM nanoparticles in lead-based layered (PEA)2PbI4 perovskite thin films†","authors":"Deepak Aloysius, Muskan Khan, Arindam Mondal and Satyajit Gupta","doi":"10.1039/D4YA00338A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4YA00338A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Two-dimensional (2D) layered halide perovskites are considered to be one of the future potential semiconductor materials due to their higher moisture stability than three-dimensional (3D) perovskites. However, improving their optical and electrical properties is still necessary for critical applications. The technique of additive engineering can be utilized to tune and enhance the optoelectrical properties of the 2D perovskites. This work studies the impact of mixing a certain amount of a fullerene derivative ‘[6,6]-phenyl C<small>₆₁</small>-butyric acid methyl ester’ (PCBM) into 2D (PEA)<small>₂</small>PbI<small>₄</small> perovskite thin films (PEA = phenyl ethyl ammonium). The studies show that PCBM does not affect the structure and bandgap of the (PEA)<small>₂</small>PbI<small>₄</small> perovskite. On the other hand, PCBM improves photoluminescence emission intensity and promotes charge separation at the perovskite/PCBM interface. Further studies convey that, even though PCBM can heal certain defect states in the (PEA)<small>₂</small>PbI<small>₄</small> perovskite material, the electrons generated under intense illumination at the perovskite/PCBM interface are trapped by this fullerene derivative. Hence, PCBM plays a dual role when mixed with the (PEA)<small>₂</small>PbI<small>₄</small> perovskite, as (1) a defect healing agent and (2) an electron acceptor. However, over continuous illumination on the (PEA)<small>₂</small>PbI<small>₄</small> perovskite thin films, the photoexcited electrons are trapped by PCBM. As a result, the photocurrent response and the photocatalytic reaction rate get reduced in PCBM mixed (PEA)<small>₂</small>PbI<small>₄</small> perovskite thin films.</p>","PeriodicalId":72913,"journal":{"name":"Energy advances","volume":" 9","pages":" 2328-2334"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ya/d4ya00338a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141931711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical hydrogen generation by a four-coordinate square-planar Ni(ii) complex with an N2P2-type ligand†","authors":"Hidenori Miyake, Satomi Hirasawa, Yurika Uno, Kenichi Nakao, Takuma Kato, Yuko Wasada-Tsutsui, Yoshikuni Hara, Tomohiro Ozawa, Tomohiko Inomata and Hideki Masuda","doi":"10.1039/D4YA00345D","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4YA00345D","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p &gt;A Ni(&lt;small&gt;II&lt;/small&gt;) complex with an N&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;P&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;-type ligand, [Ni(L&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;H&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;)&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;](BF&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;)&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt; (L&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;H&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt; = 2-((diphenylphosphino)methyl)-pyridine), was prepared and characterized structurally, spectroscopically, and electrochemically. Its electrochemical hydrogen production capability was investigated and compared with that of a previously reported Ni(&lt;small&gt;II&lt;/small&gt;) complex bearing an amino group in the ligand, [Ni(L&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;NH&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;)&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;](BF&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;)&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt; (L&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;NH&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt; = 6-((diphenylphosphino)methyl)-pyridin-2-amine). The X-ray crystal structure was revealed to be a four-coordinate square planar structure (&lt;em&gt;τ&lt;/em&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt; = 0.25) in the &lt;em&gt;cis&lt;/em&gt; form, with the counter anion BF&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; weakly coordinated to the Ni(&lt;small&gt;II&lt;/small&gt;) ion. The structure in the solution was assessed on the basis of UV-vis and NMR spectral features, which showed a four coordinate square planar structure in dichloromethane and a five- or six-coordinate structure bound with solvent molecules in acetonitrile. The electrochemical hydrogen production reaction using AcOH as a proton source showed a similar behaviour to that of [Ni(L&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;NH&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;)&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;](BF&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;)&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, with the catalytic current (&lt;em&gt;i&lt;/em&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;cat&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;) proportional to the square root of the concentration of AcOH added. This indicates that the reaction mechanism is EECC and that the rate-determining step is the reaction of the two-electron reduced Ni(0) species with the approaching proton to form the Ni(&lt;small&gt;II&lt;/small&gt;)–H&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; species. The TOF and overpotential values, when evaluated under the same conditions as in a previous study (complex: 1 mM, electrolyte [&lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt;-Bu&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;N](ClO&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;): 0.1 M in MeCN (3 mL), AcOH = 145 equiv. (p&lt;em&gt;K&lt;/em&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt; = 22.3 in MeCN)), were found to be 1060 s&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; and 710 mV, respectively. These values were higher for the overpotential and smaller for TOF, as compared to those of [Ni(L&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;NH&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;)&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;](BF&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;)&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt; (TOF 8800 s&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, overpotential 430 mV). The structure of the starting material [Ni&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;II&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt;(L&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;H&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;)&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;]&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; and the formation of the hydride Ni(&lt;small&gt;II&lt;/small&gt;) complex [Ni&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;II&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt;(L&lt;small&gt;&lt;sub&gt;H&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/small&gt;)&lt;small&gt;","PeriodicalId":72913,"journal":{"name":"Energy advances","volume":" 10","pages":" 2453-2467"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ya/d4ya00345d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141931679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical modeling and extensive analysis of an extremely efficient RbGeI3-based perovskite solar cell by incorporating a variety of ETL and HTL materials to enhance PV performance","authors":"Md. Mojahidur Rahman, Md. Hasan Ali, Md. Dulal Haque and Abu Zafor Md. Touhidul Islam","doi":"10.1039/D4YA00323C","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4YA00323C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The immense demand for electrical energy motivated us to manipulate solar energy by means of conversion through solar cells (SCs). Advancements in photovoltaic (PV) technology are occurring very rapidly. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on halide perovskite-based SCs because of their superior optoelectronic properties, enhanced efficiency, lightweight nature, and low cost. However, concerns have arisen regarding their longevity, stability, and commerciality due to the presence of toxic lead (Pb). The most prominent purpose of this investigation is to discover additional efficient, sustainable, and eco-friendly device architectures. In this study, we investigated an all-inorganic, lead-free rubidium germanium iodide (RbGeI<small>₃</small>)-based PSC device with the assistance of the SCAPS-1D simulator. Several electron transport layers (ETLs) and hole transport layers (HTLs) were incorporated with the perovskite layer, and an efficient primary structure was discovered. Then, the impact of temperature; back metal work function; series and shunt resistance; surface recombination velocity of carriers; thickness of the perovskite absorber layer, electron transport material (ETM), and hole transport material (HTM); carrier concentration of the perovskite absorber layer, ETM, and HTM; defect density of the perovskite absorber layer, ETM, and HTM; and defect density of the HTL/absorber and absorber/ETL interfaces on the PV performance of the proposed PSC device was analyzed. The optimized device exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 30.35%, with superior values for open circuit voltage (<em>V</em><small>_oc</small>), short circuit current density (<em>J</em><small>_sc</small>), and fill factor (FF) of 1.067 V, 33.15 mA cm<small>⁻²</small>, and 85.82%, respectively. The investigations in this study may be valuable and impactful to solar cell material researchers and move the research interest forward by one step so that experimental work with non-toxic RbGeI<small>₃</small>-based PSC devices will be performed in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":72913,"journal":{"name":"Energy advances","volume":" 9","pages":" 2377-2398"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ya/d4ya00323c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141931680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of tuning decision trees in random forest regression on predicting porosity of a hydrocarbon reservoir. A case study: volve oil field, north sea","authors":"Kushan Sandunil, Ziad Bennour, Hisham Ben Mahmud and Ausama Giwelli","doi":"10.1039/D4YA00313F","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4YA00313F","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p &gt;Machine learning (ML) has emerged as a powerful tool in petroleum engineering for automatically interpreting well logs and characterizing reservoir properties such as porosity. As a result, researchers are trying to enhance the performance of ML models further to widen their applicability in the real world. Random forest regression (RFR) is one such widely used ML technique that was developed by combining multiple decision trees. To improve its performance, one of its hyperparameters, the number of trees in the forest (&lt;em&gt;n_estimators&lt;/em&gt;), is tuned during model optimization. However, the existing literature lacks in-depth studies on the influence of &lt;em&gt;n_estimators&lt;/em&gt; on the RFR model when used for predicting porosity, given that &lt;em&gt;n_estimators&lt;/em&gt; is one of the most influential hyperparameters that can be tuned to optimize the RFR algorithm. In this study, the effects of &lt;em&gt;n_estimators&lt;/em&gt; on the RFR model in porosity prediction were investigated. Furthermore, &lt;em&gt;n_estimators&lt;/em&gt;’ interactions with two other key hyperparameters, namely the number of features considered for the best split (&lt;em&gt;max_features&lt;/em&gt;) and the minimum number of samples required to be at a leaf node (&lt;em&gt;min_samples_leaf&lt;/em&gt;) were explored. The RFR models were developed using 4 input features, namely, resistivity log (RES), neutron porosity log (NPHI), gamma ray log (GR), and the corresponding depths obtained from the Volve oil field in the North Sea, and calculated porosity was used as the target data. The methodology consisted of 4 approaches. In the first approach, only &lt;em&gt;n_estimators&lt;/em&gt; were changed; in the second approach, &lt;em&gt;n_estimators&lt;/em&gt; were changed along with &lt;em&gt;max_features&lt;/em&gt;; in the third approach, &lt;em&gt;n_estimators&lt;/em&gt; were changed along with &lt;em&gt;min_samples_leaf&lt;/em&gt;; and in the final approach, all three hyperparameters were tuned. Altogether 24 RFR models were developed, and models were evaluated using adjusted &lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; (adj. &lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt;), root mean squared error (RMSE), and their computational times. The obtained results showed that the highest performance with an adj. &lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; value of 0.8505 was achieved when &lt;em&gt;n_estimators&lt;/em&gt; was 81, &lt;em&gt;max_features&lt;/em&gt; was 2 and &lt;em&gt;min_samples_leaf&lt;/em&gt; was 1. In approach 2, when &lt;em&gt;n_estimators’&lt;/em&gt; upper limit was increased from 10 to 100, there was a test model performance growth of more than 1.60%, whereas increasing &lt;em&gt;n_estimators’&lt;/em&gt; upper limit from 100 to 1000 showed a performance drop of around 0.4%. Models developed by tuning &lt;em&gt;n_estimators&lt;/em&gt; from 1 to 100 in intervals of 10 had healthy test model adj. &lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; values and lower computational times, making them the best &lt;em&gt;n_estimators’&lt;/em&gt; range and interval when both performances and computational times were taken into consideration to predict the porosity of the Volve oil field in the North Sea.","PeriodicalId":72913,"journal":{"name":"Energy advances","volume":" 9","pages":" 2335-2347"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/ya/d4ya00313f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141931684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}