Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health最新文献

{"title":"The Picture of the New Psychoactive Substances-Problem in Saudi Arabia","authors":"A. Aldlgan","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recently the use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) has increased at an unprecedented pace around the world. Despite many NPS becoming controlled under drug legislation, many of them remain legal in some countries around the world. In Saudi Arabia, NPS are controlled under the Saudi Food and Drug Authority that only cover a few early NPS. The picture of the NPS-problem in Saudi Arabia is vague due to insufficient prevalence data, particularly that using biological samples. Whilst there is evidence of increasing use of NPS throughout the world. Several studies indicate that NPS may cause serious toxicity and impairment to health, therefore it is important to understand the scale of use within society. Awareness among health organisations should be raised regarding these drugs and their risk to individuals, especially young people. With more research and better understanding of the problem and its extent, the response can be improved and be more effective.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100063"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Semi-systematic Frameworks for Naming of NPS in Europe: Synthetic Cannabinoids and Cathinones","authors":"B. Pulver,&nbsp;S. Fischmann,&nbsp;A. Gallegos,&nbsp;R. Christie","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Inherent to the heterogeneous groups of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) and cathinones is a broad structural diversity. Historically, semi-systematic names were chosen for NPS upon first identification to convey structural information. Due to the lack of documentation, naming approaches have been applied inconsistently, leading to names only loosely associated with structural features and several alternative names. One of the roles of the EMCDDA is to share information on NPS with forensic and toxicology laboratories. Because many SCs and cathinones are identified for the first time in Europe, the EMCDDA is responsible for setting best practices and hands-on guidance on naming NPS.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The structural diversity and current naming approaches of SCs and cathinones monitored by the EMCDDA in Europe were reviewed. The structural inventory of SCs and cathinones is visualized in graphical and tabular formats.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Naming syntaxes were developed for SCs and cathinones, considering current names and established naming rationale. For the naming of SCs, an expanded syntax based on the letter code system was developed to combine building blocks and substitution(s). The naming of cathinones was developed based on the main motifs ‘cathinone’ and ‘phenone,’ and incorporates earlier naming approaches. The framework name is composed of a parent element, which, combined with information on the keto alkyl chain or the amine substitution, yields the principal name. A web-based naming tool will complement the theoretical frameworks.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The EMCDDA naming frameworks provide practical guidance through examples and explanations of the rationale on how consistent semi-systematic names can be derived.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of ADB-4en-PINACA Metabolite, 2-Methylmethcathinone and 3-Methylmethcathinone in Authentic Urine Samples","authors":"Y.F. Ching,&nbsp;Y.M. Hooi","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>In Singapore, new psychoactive substances (NPS) continued to be prevalent with synthetic cannabinoids (SC), synthetic cathinones and mitragynine being detected. In early 2023, ADB-4enPINACA metabolite and the positional isomers of 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC), i.e., 2-MMC and 3-MMC were detected in drug users’ urine samples. To the best of our knowledge, ADB-4en-PINACA metabolite was the first time being identified in authentic urine sample.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>0.5 mL of urine samples were incubated with β-glucuronidase enzyme and extracted. The extracted samples were screened using LC-Orbitrap MS method followed by confirmation using LC-QToF MS method.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>ADB-4en-PINACA dihydrodiol metabolite was detected in two authentic urine samples, which was consistent to the result of the metabolic study.1 The identity was confirmed with the reference standard in both HRMS methods. Other SC metabolites such as MDMB-4en-PINACA metabolites, ADBBUTINACA metabolite and/or ADB-PINACA metabolite were also detected in the samples. In addition, 2-MMC and 3-MMC were recently detected in a few drug users’ urine samples. Using the sensitive and selective LC-QToF method, the three positional isomers of methylmethcathinone were chromatography separated and specifically identified with the reference standards.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>New NPS constantly enters the drug market with structural diversity and rapid development of the new derivatives, therefore, NPS continues to pose challenge for the drug detection in urine testing. The laboratory applies various techniques to comprehensively identify the new NPS and their positional isomers to cater for the rapid change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100079"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential in Vitro Activation Profiles for Psychedelic versus Non-psychedelic Ergolines at the 5-HT2A Receptor","authors":"E. Pottie,&nbsp;G.C. Glatfelter,&nbsp;M.H. Baumann,&nbsp;C.P. Stove","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Serotonergic psychedelics induce their characteristic subjective effects via activation of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR). This structurally diverse class of drugs includes ergolines (e.g., LSD), phenethylamines (e.g., mescaline), and tryptamines (e.g., psilocin), all of which have NPS analogues that have emerged on recreational drug markets. Importantly, certain ergolines with structural similarity to LSD, such as lisuride, are unable to evoke psychedelic effects, and the underpinnings of such observations are debated and inconclusive.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A selection of psychedelic and non-psychedelic LSD analogs (including lisuride, AL-LAD, and LAMPA) was tested in two in vitro cell-based 5-HT2AR activation assays. These assays monitor the recruitment of β-arrestin 2 (βarr2) or miniGαq, allowing the assessment of potencies and efficacies in both assays, and affording estimates of biased agonism.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The known psychedelic compound AL-LAD activated 5-HT2AR in both assays with higher intrinsic efficacies (137 – 167 %) than LSD. Conversely, LAMPA, a compound with poorly defined psychedelic properties, showed slightly decreased potencies and intrinsic efficacies (87 - 89%) compared to LSD in both assays. The non-psychedelic lisuride, displayed a notably decreased efficacy (49%) in the βarr2 assay, and no perceptible recruitment of miniGαq.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Collectively, our results suggest that ergoline compounds may need to reach a defined threshold of 5-HT2AR activation, in both βarr2 and miniGαq pathways, to elicit psychedelic subjective effects. This intriguing hypothesis warrants further investigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Treating Post-traumatic Stress Disorder among Arab Addicts in a mandatory Rehabilitation Facility: Case Study Reports","authors":"F. Al Mughairbi,&nbsp;A. Hamid,&nbsp;S. Warrington,&nbsp;V. Dadzie","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is the more commonly used approach with regards to psychological treatment, for a number of psychological disorders, including Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The current case studies discuss the efficacy of CBT when applied in a confined environment (an inpatient, rehabilitation facility) while considering the possible contribution of cultural responsiveness to treatment outcomes in a considerably conservative culture.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Three adult patients in a rehabilitation center with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were treated using CBT. The patients’ scores in GAD 7, PHQ9 and IES-R were noticeably reduced, and patients were relieved from PTSD symptoms. Key elements of CBT such as the use of in vivo exposure were not possible in the treatment, however, realistic and achievable goals set jointly by the clinician and the patients at the beginning of therapy were realized.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Patients applied learned skills in their daily life in the facility. Follow up after the patients were released from the facility was possible with one patient only.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The limited follow up after he was released, makes it difficult to know if the patient had maintained the skills that he obtained during therapy sessions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100067"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enabling Harm Reduction through New Technology","authors":"C.R. Pudney","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>NPS present unique challenges in detection and monitoring. The structures of these drugs change rapidly, are often present in mixtures and are smuggled on complex matrices including paper, fabric, herb material and in vape liquid. For these reasons, instant field-based testing for NPS is not common. We have demonstrated that spectral fingerprinting, the excitation emission matrix of a sample, can be used to discriminate NPS and provide information on concentration. Moreover, we have overcome the challenge in the convolution of spectral signals with complex backgrounds that arise from e.g., paper/fabric-soaked samples. With these technologies combined, we have developed a hand-held, battery-operated device that can be used for the instant presumptive detection of a large range of NPS on a very broad range of physical matrices, as well as identification of NPS directly from tablets. We show the utility of this device in decreasing the flow of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) into prisons, the identification of SCs in vape liquid and direct from unopened vape pens, and the identification of benzodiazepine tablets. Through this technology, we aim to enable the identification of NPS by users who would otherwise not engage in harm reduction services.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection, Chemical Analysis and Pharmacological Characterization of Dipyanone and other New Synthetic Opioids Related to Prescription Drugs","authors":"M.M. Vandeputte,&nbsp;S.E. Walton,&nbsp;S.A. Shuda,&nbsp;A.J. Krotulski,&nbsp;C.P. Stove","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>New synthetic opioids (NSOs) continue to emerge on recreational drug markets. We performed in vitro pharmacological characterization of dipyanone, desmethylmoramide and acetoxymethylketobemidone (O-AMKD) – recent NSOs that are structurally related to the prescription opioids methadone and ketobemidone. Dipyanone was also detected for the first time in a seized powder and quantified in a postmortem toxicology case.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In the applied cell-based assay, activation of human MOR, fused to one subunit of a nanoluciferase, leads to recruitment of βarr2, fused to the complementing subunit. The resulting functional complementation enables restoration of luciferase activity (NanoBiT®, Promega). Quantification of dipyanone in blood was done via liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry using standard addition.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Dipyanone (EC50=39.9 nM; Emax=155% vs. hydromorphone) is about equally active as methadone (EC50=50.3 nM; Emax=152%), whereas desmethylmoramide (EC50=1335 nM; Emax=126%) is considerably less active. A close structural analogue of ketobemidone (EC50=134 nM; Emax=156%), O-AMKD showed a lower potency (EC50=1262 nM) and efficacy (Emax=109%). Furthermore, dipyanone was quantified in blood (370 ng/mL) and detected alongside other NSOs and novel benzodiazepines.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The uncontrolled availability and unsupervised use of NSOs are reasons for concern. Careful monitoring is required to detect other NSOs related to prescription opioids that may emerge on recreational drug markets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the Opioid Epidemic through Pharmacovigilance Signals: an Analysis of Pharmacovigilance Datasets collecting Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) reported to EudraVigilance (EV) and the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) over 10 Years","authors":"S. Chiappini,&nbsp;R. Vickers-Smith,&nbsp;A. Guirguis,&nbsp;J. Corkery,&nbsp;G. Martinotti,&nbsp;D.R. Harris,&nbsp;F. Schifano","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>In the past twenty years, the consumption of opioid medications has reached significant proportions, leading to the so-called opioid epidemic, characterized by cyclical waves of heroin use and the non-medical use of pharmaceutical opioids, increased dependence, and an alarming rate of opioid overdose deaths due to illicitly manufactured fentanyl, fentanyl analogues, and other chemicals, known as novel synthetic opioids (NOSs). The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are pharmacovigilance signals of abuse, misuse, and dependence, and their nature for the following prescription opioids: codeine, dihydrocodeine, fentanyl, oxycodone, pentazocine, and tramadol.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Both the pharmacovigilance datasets EudraVigilance (EV) and the FDA Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS) were analyzed. A descriptive analysis of the selected Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) was performed, and pharmacovigilance signal measures (i.e., reporting odds ratio, proportional reporting ratio, information component, and empirical Bayesian geometric mean) were computed for preferred terms (PTs) of abuse, misuse, dependence, and withdrawal, as well as PTs eventually related to them (e.g., aggression, euphoric mood, etc.).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>From 2003 to 2018, there was an increase in ADR reports for the selected opioids in both datasets. Overall, 16,506 and 130,293 individual ADRs for the selected opioids were submitted to EV and FAERS, respectively. Compared with other opioids, abuse concerns were mostly recorded in relation to fentanyl and oxycodone, while tramadol and oxycodone were more associated with drug dependence and withdrawal. Benzodiazepines, antidepressants, antihistamines, recreational drugs (e.g., cocaine and alcohol, etc.), and several new psychoactive substances, e.g., mitragynine and cathinones, were the most commonly reported concomitant drugs.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Pharmacovigilance databases confirmed previous data on the abuse and dependence of prescription opioids and should be considered a resource for monitoring and preventing such issues. Psychiatrists and clinicians prescribing opioids should be aware of their misuse and dependence liability and effects that may accompany their use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100078"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From JWH-018 to OXIZIDS: Structural Changes in Newly Emerged Synthetic Cannabinoids in the European Union from December 2008 to December 2021","authors":"R. Andrews,&nbsp;R. Jorge,&nbsp;R. Christie,&nbsp;A. Gallegos","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>With new synthetic cannabinoids (SC) appearing on the European drug market every year, regional early warning systems are key to detect, monitor, and respond to the threats posed by them. The European Union Early Warning System (EU EWS) implemented by the EMCDDA started monitoring these substances in 2008. Since then, various national, European, and international drug controls have been implemented aiming at tackling these compounds. As a response, new SCs have appeared in the market containing structural moieties not covered by controls in place, increasing the diversity of substances and complexity of forensic analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>All SCs under monitoring by the EMCDDA by the end of 2021 were organised according to their 4 structural elements: core, tail, linker, and linked groups. SC structural evolution has been analyzed in tandem with European and international legislation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This study describes the structural evolution of SCs that have appeared in the EU, employing an in-depth analysis of the core, linker, linked and tail groups. This data has been compiled into tree maps and histograms, and a timeline displaying key structural milestones.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>SCs in Europe have diversified far from the original compound, JWH-018. This diversification has run in tandem with the introduction of legislation in a game of cat and mouse. The SC market is fast moving, with new structural groups appearing on the market less than 5 months after the introduction of a general SC ban in China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100071"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EMCDDA Framework for Naming Synthetic Cannabinoids","authors":"B. Pulver,&nbsp;S. Fischmann,&nbsp;A. Gallegos,&nbsp;R. Christie","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are the largest and structurally most heterogeneous group of NPS. Several independent naming conventions have been employed, leading to inconsistent and sometimes ambiguous short names.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>All SCs monitored by the EMCDDA were assessed, and letter codes were assigned to each building block. An expanded syntax was developed to combine building blocks and their substitution. Established letter codes, including the highly recognizable ‘FUB’ and ‘GaClone’ letter codes, were kept unchanged.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The chemical diversity is presented in graphical and tabular format, providing a structural library of SCs. Examples of previous inconsistencies include multiple letter codes describing the same structural feature (benzyl – B/BENZ/BZ), inconsistent abbreviation of the systematic name (methyl dimethylbutanoate – MDMB, amino dimethyloxobutane – ADMB), missing representation of important parts (e.g. 5F-AB-FUPPYCA: 5-fluoropentyl tail, AB-CHMFUPPYCA: cyclohexylmethyl–CHM tail) and multiple approaches to the abbreviation of halogenated structures. The principles of the framework are unambiguous, consistent, and easy-to-understand letter codes with abbreviations of common features shared across building blocks. The EMCDDA framework applies only to SCs that have emerged on the drug market because the time of notification significantly impacts the letter code assigned to the respective SC.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The EMCDDA framework on naming SCs provides a valuable resource for practical information, guidance on consistent naming, and the rationale for how the names are derived. With the globalization of the market in SCs, there is a need for a concerted effort and international collaboration towards harmonized naming of emerging SCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}