Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health最新文献

{"title":"The Synthetic Cannabinoids ADB-FUBINACA Modulate Mitochondrial Function and Dynamics at Biologically Relevant Concentrations During In Vitro Neurodifferentiation","authors":"R.F. Malheiro,&nbsp;H. Carmo,&nbsp;F. Carvalho,&nbsp;J.P. Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) pose a significant risk to neurodevelopment, as they may disrupt the proper brain development by interfering with the endocannabinoid system. Previously, we demonstrated that the SC ADB-FUBINACA (ADB) enhances neurodifferentiation of NG108-15 neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells via CB1 receptor activation. Interestingly, the influence of mitochondria on cellular homeostatic responses has emerged as a central regulator of neural stem cell fate. Thus, here we aimed to evaluate the effects of this SC on mitochondrial function and dynamics during in vitro neurodifferentiation. NG108-15 cells were differentiated in serum-starved (1% FBS) cell culture medium supplemented with 30µM retinoic acid and 10µM forskolin. ADB was added once at the beginning of differentiation at in vivo relevant concentration (between 1 pM and 1 µM). Mitochondrial membrane potential (assessed by TMRE labelling) and intracellular ATP levels (luciferase-based luminescence assay) were evaluated after 24h and 72h. Specific cell-permeable or cell-impermeable CB1R antagonists/ inverse agonists (SR141716A and hemopressin, respectively) were added 20 minutes prior to ADB exposure to assess the role of CB1R in the observed effects. The expression of the mitochondrial fission marker dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), fusion marker mitochondrial dynamin-like GTPase (OPA1), and Voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) was analyzed by Western-blot at 24 or 72h. ADB (1pM and 1nM) reduced intracellular ATP levels by approximately 30-35% at 24h, which returned to control levels after 72h. These effects were mediated by CB1R signaling, as they were prevented by both SR141716A and hemopressin. Reduced intracellular TMRE retention by around 1.2-1.3-fold was observed for all concentrations tested at 72h, but this effect was not blocked by CB1R antagonists. Notably, while the higher concentration of ADB (1 µM) increased DRP1 levels around 1.6-fold at 24h, the levels of OPA1 and VDAC, an indirect marker of mitochondrial mass, decreased by 1.6 to 2.1-fold at 72h after exposure to 1nM and 1 µM. Overall, ADB seems to disrupt both mitochondrial function and dynamics during the neurodifferentiation process of NG108-15 cells. Different mechanisms seem to underlie mitochondrial function-related effects, as only the modulation of energy supply was dependent on CB1R activation. However, further research is thus required to better understand the mechanisms underlying cannabinoids’ modulation of mitochondrial activity and their role in the SCs-induced enhancement of neurodifferentiation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From JWH-018 to OXIZIDS: Structural Changes in Newly Emerged Synthetic Cannabinoids in the European Union from December 2008 to December 2021","authors":"R. Andrews,&nbsp;R. Jorge,&nbsp;R. Christie,&nbsp;A. Gallegos","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>With new synthetic cannabinoids (SC) appearing on the European drug market every year, regional early warning systems are key to detect, monitor, and respond to the threats posed by them. The European Union Early Warning System (EU EWS) implemented by the EMCDDA started monitoring these substances in 2008. Since then, various national, European, and international drug controls have been implemented aiming at tackling these compounds. As a response, new SCs have appeared in the market containing structural moieties not covered by controls in place, increasing the diversity of substances and complexity of forensic analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>All SCs under monitoring by the EMCDDA by the end of 2021 were organised according to their 4 structural elements: core, tail, linker, and linked groups. SC structural evolution has been analyzed in tandem with European and international legislation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This study describes the structural evolution of SCs that have appeared in the EU, employing an in-depth analysis of the core, linker, linked and tail groups. This data has been compiled into tree maps and histograms, and a timeline displaying key structural milestones.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>SCs in Europe have diversified far from the original compound, JWH-018. This diversification has run in tandem with the introduction of legislation in a game of cat and mouse. The SC market is fast moving, with new structural groups appearing on the market less than 5 months after the introduction of a general SC ban in China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100071"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the Opioid Epidemic through Pharmacovigilance Signals: an Analysis of Pharmacovigilance Datasets collecting Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) reported to EudraVigilance (EV) and the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) over 10 Years","authors":"S. Chiappini,&nbsp;R. Vickers-Smith,&nbsp;A. Guirguis,&nbsp;J. Corkery,&nbsp;G. Martinotti,&nbsp;D.R. Harris,&nbsp;F. Schifano","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>In the past twenty years, the consumption of opioid medications has reached significant proportions, leading to the so-called opioid epidemic, characterized by cyclical waves of heroin use and the non-medical use of pharmaceutical opioids, increased dependence, and an alarming rate of opioid overdose deaths due to illicitly manufactured fentanyl, fentanyl analogues, and other chemicals, known as novel synthetic opioids (NOSs). The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are pharmacovigilance signals of abuse, misuse, and dependence, and their nature for the following prescription opioids: codeine, dihydrocodeine, fentanyl, oxycodone, pentazocine, and tramadol.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Both the pharmacovigilance datasets EudraVigilance (EV) and the FDA Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS) were analyzed. A descriptive analysis of the selected Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) was performed, and pharmacovigilance signal measures (i.e., reporting odds ratio, proportional reporting ratio, information component, and empirical Bayesian geometric mean) were computed for preferred terms (PTs) of abuse, misuse, dependence, and withdrawal, as well as PTs eventually related to them (e.g., aggression, euphoric mood, etc.).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>From 2003 to 2018, there was an increase in ADR reports for the selected opioids in both datasets. Overall, 16,506 and 130,293 individual ADRs for the selected opioids were submitted to EV and FAERS, respectively. Compared with other opioids, abuse concerns were mostly recorded in relation to fentanyl and oxycodone, while tramadol and oxycodone were more associated with drug dependence and withdrawal. Benzodiazepines, antidepressants, antihistamines, recreational drugs (e.g., cocaine and alcohol, etc.), and several new psychoactive substances, e.g., mitragynine and cathinones, were the most commonly reported concomitant drugs.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Pharmacovigilance databases confirmed previous data on the abuse and dependence of prescription opioids and should be considered a resource for monitoring and preventing such issues. Psychiatrists and clinicians prescribing opioids should be aware of their misuse and dependence liability and effects that may accompany their use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100078"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143141777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enabling Harm Reduction through New Technology","authors":"C.R. Pudney","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>NPS present unique challenges in detection and monitoring. The structures of these drugs change rapidly, are often present in mixtures and are smuggled on complex matrices including paper, fabric, herb material and in vape liquid. For these reasons, instant field-based testing for NPS is not common. We have demonstrated that spectral fingerprinting, the excitation emission matrix of a sample, can be used to discriminate NPS and provide information on concentration. Moreover, we have overcome the challenge in the convolution of spectral signals with complex backgrounds that arise from e.g., paper/fabric-soaked samples. With these technologies combined, we have developed a hand-held, battery-operated device that can be used for the instant presumptive detection of a large range of NPS on a very broad range of physical matrices, as well as identification of NPS directly from tablets. We show the utility of this device in decreasing the flow of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) into prisons, the identification of SCs in vape liquid and direct from unopened vape pens, and the identification of benzodiazepine tablets. Through this technology, we aim to enable the identification of NPS by users who would otherwise not engage in harm reduction services.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EMCDDA Framework for Naming Synthetic Cannabinoids","authors":"B. Pulver,&nbsp;S. Fischmann,&nbsp;A. Gallegos,&nbsp;R. Christie","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are the largest and structurally most heterogeneous group of NPS. Several independent naming conventions have been employed, leading to inconsistent and sometimes ambiguous short names.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>All SCs monitored by the EMCDDA were assessed, and letter codes were assigned to each building block. An expanded syntax was developed to combine building blocks and their substitution. Established letter codes, including the highly recognizable ‘FUB’ and ‘GaClone’ letter codes, were kept unchanged.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The chemical diversity is presented in graphical and tabular format, providing a structural library of SCs. Examples of previous inconsistencies include multiple letter codes describing the same structural feature (benzyl – B/BENZ/BZ), inconsistent abbreviation of the systematic name (methyl dimethylbutanoate – MDMB, amino dimethyloxobutane – ADMB), missing representation of important parts (e.g. 5F-AB-FUPPYCA: 5-fluoropentyl tail, AB-CHMFUPPYCA: cyclohexylmethyl–CHM tail) and multiple approaches to the abbreviation of halogenated structures. The principles of the framework are unambiguous, consistent, and easy-to-understand letter codes with abbreviations of common features shared across building blocks. The EMCDDA framework applies only to SCs that have emerged on the drug market because the time of notification significantly impacts the letter code assigned to the respective SC.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The EMCDDA framework on naming SCs provides a valuable resource for practical information, guidance on consistent naming, and the rationale for how the names are derived. With the globalization of the market in SCs, there is a need for a concerted effort and international collaboration towards harmonized naming of emerging SCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship between Self-Report Antipsychotics Side Effects and Depression in Saudi Arabia","authors":"Y. Al Ruthia","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The relationship between antipsychotics’ side effects and depression/anxiety among Arabic-speaking patients with different psychiatric conditions has not been examined before. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the association between antipsychotics’ side effects and depression and anxiety.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This was a single-centre prospective cross-sectional study in which Arabic-speaking adult (≥18 yrs.) patients, treated with antipsychotics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, were recruited. The Arabic versions of the Glasgow antipsychotic side effect scale (GASS), Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item (PHQ-9), and Generalized Anxiety Scale 7-item (GAD-7) were used to measure antipsychotics’ side effects, depression, and anxiety, respectively. Multiple linear regressions were conducted.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>One-hundred patients consented to participate and were included in the analysis. The mean age of the patients was 38 years, 72% were females, 40% had a college degree or higher, and 73% had no comorbidities. Patients with higher PHQ-9 scores (β=0.883, 95% CI [0.642–1.126], p&lt;0.0001), and GAD-7 scores (β=0.797, 95% CI [0.412–1.182], p&lt;0.0001) were more likely to have higher GASS scores controlling for age, gender, and education.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Patients with more severe forms of depression and anxiety are more likely to report higher rates of antipsychotics’ adverse events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100068"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NPS: Challenges and Future Outlooks – the Analytical Toxicologists’ Points of View","authors":"V. Abbate,&nbsp;M. Vigar,&nbsp;C. Watkins,&nbsp;J. Clifford,&nbsp;M. Jones","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, the global market for novel psychoactive substances (NPS) has continued to grow rapidly, presenting significant challenges for analytical toxicologists. Indeed, the constant emergence and the evolving nature of NPS requires their rapid detection and identification; studies on their pharmacokinetics; and ideally the prediction of future analogues to try and stay ahead of the competition with illicit NPS manufacturers. This presentation will provide an overview, from the analytical toxicologists’ point of view, of the current challenges and future outlooks for detecting, identifying, and predicting NPS. It will explore both recent efforts in my group, and what we plan to do in the near future to tackle the emergence of NPS using multidisciplinary approaches. I will discuss the importance of both emerging analytical tools and techniques, including portable instruments, for the rapid and on-site detection and identification of NPS. Finally, I will briefly mention how computational methods could simplify substance identification and aid in predicting the emergence of NPS. It is hoped that some of the described approaches will have positive implications for public health and safety and will create opportunities to promote exchange between various stakeholders, including basic scientists/toxicologists, clinicians, and policy makers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100061"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Saudi Forensic Toxicologists are Paving the Road Toward National and Regional Early Warning Systems (EWS) on the New Psychoactive Substance (NPS)","authors":"F.F. Alzahrani","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global expansion of NPS encouraged the proposal of alternative policies that seem to be effective in protecting public health. In Europe, the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) and Europol, with their partners, operate the EU Early Warning System (EWS), which disseminates information on trends in drug abuse across the EU member states, Turkey, and Norway. Since NPS market is so dynamic, less developed countries, with limited analytical capabilities and lack of legislations, are in danger of NPS outbreak. In Saudi Arabia, we believe that there is a recognized opportunity for more systematic use and timely triangulation of existing data to rapidly assess and identify emerging illicit drug trends. The overarching aim of this scoping study was to determine the feasibility of establishing a national early warning system (EWS). The objectives were to identify existing data sources routinely collected and collated; and identify and describe the data sources feasible for inclusion in an EWS. A national level brainstorming, among forensic toxicologists, was carried out for months through online meetings, conference talks and epidemiological surveys, to identify and convince stakeholders, estimate the possible danger, and promote the idea of establishing a national NPS. From forensic toxicologist point of view, the analytical data of biological samples and seized material strongly suggests that there is an urgent need for national and regional EWSs. In this conference, we would like to share the most recent developments and our long-term goals and future plans. We firmly believe that establishment of a national EWS must be done in close collaboration with the existing international agencies, like the UNODC, the EMCDDA, or the EWS. Also, it must be supported by awareness campaigns showing the dangers of NPS use for potential consumers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100069"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel NPS Monitoring System in Victoria, Australia","authors":"S. Greene,&nbsp;B. Syjanen,&nbsp;S. Hodgson,&nbsp;R. Abouchedid,&nbsp;J. Schumann","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100094","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100094","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional data sources utilised in monitoring NPS use within a community are limited by slow translation of information, and inability to identify NPS causing actual harm. The Emerging Drugs Network of Australia VIC (EDNAV) is a novel NPS monitoring system collecting clinical and analytical data on patients presenting to a network of 16 metropolitan and regional Emergency Departments with reported or suspected illicit drug toxicity. Blood samples are analyzed using liquid chromatography / mass spectrometry for over 700 common pharmaceutical drugs and NPS. Deidentified clinical and analytical data stored in a secure online clinical registry are synthesised into a weekly report which is utilised by a multi-disciplinary team to identify high risk signals. A novel risk matrix is used to grade severity of signals. Signals classified as threats are translated rapidly into harm reduction messaging and provide to at risk communities through multiple modes of communication. In the past two years, over 2000 acute cases have undergone comprehensive toxicological analysis leading to 750 NPS detections (66 distinct NPS) and the issuance of associated public health alerts, and the characterization of a range of NPS toxicity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100094"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of External Influences on Drug Trends at Music Festivals in New Zealand, 2018 to 2023","authors":"L. Philip,&nbsp;C. Black,&nbsp;G. Powell,&nbsp;L. Clark,&nbsp;C. Johnson,&nbsp;O. Johnson","doi":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etdah.2023.100108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Changes in the drug trends seen at music festivals in New Zealand may be influenced by factors, such as the availability of the drugs, enforcement activities, media attention and legislative changes to drug checking services. The Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR) was involved in testing samples collected from music festivals since 2018. In 2021, drug checking was legalised and ESR has since become an authorised drug checking provider.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Samples from music festivals in New Zealand between 2018 and 2023 were analyzed for the presence of controlled drugs. Festivals from before the legalisation of drug checking are compared to festivals after drug checking legalisation. Samples were analyzed using a combination of Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and/or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A summary of the recent trends in drugs collected from music festivals in New Zealand will be presented, along with some possible explanations of the observed changes. This builds from a previous presentation at the NPS conference in 2021.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Media attention and enforcement activities may result in temporary changes to the drug landscape seen at music festivals. Similarly, the COVID-19 pandemic had effects on the importation of many substances due to border closures which has shown to influence the availability of some substances available. A third influence on drug trends at music festivals is legislation regarding drug checking services, their availability and accessibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72899,"journal":{"name":"Emerging trends in drugs, addictions, and health","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}