Shuailong Zhang, Fenggang Li, Rongxin Fu, Hang Li, Suli Zou, Nan Ma, Shengyuan Qu, Jian Li
{"title":"A Versatile Continuum Gripping Robot with a Concealable Gripper.","authors":"Shuailong Zhang, Fenggang Li, Rongxin Fu, Hang Li, Suli Zou, Nan Ma, Shengyuan Qu, Jian Li","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0003","DOIUrl":"10.34133/cbsystems.0003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Continuum robots with their inherent compliance provide the potential for crossing narrow unstructured workspace and safely grasping various objects. However, the display gripper increases the size of the robots, and therefore, it tends to get stuck in constrained environments. This paper proposes a versatile continuum grasping robot (CGR) with a concealable gripper. The CGR can capture large objects with respect to the robot's scale using the continuum manipulator and can grasp various objects using the end concealable gripper especially in narrow and unstructured workspaces. To perform the cooperative operation of the concealable gripper and the continuum manipulator, a global kinematic model based on screw theory and a motion planning approach referred to as \"multi-node synergy method\" for the CGR are presented. The simulation and experimental results show that objects of different shapes and sizes can be captured by the same CGR even in complex and narrow environments. Finally, in the future, the CGR is expected to serve for satellite capture in harsh space environments such as high vacuum, strong radiation, and extreme temperatures.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"4 ","pages":"0003"},"PeriodicalIF":10.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10076060/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9289766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mochammad Ariyanto, Chowdhury Mohammad Masum Refat, Kazuyoshi Hirao, Keisuke Morishima
{"title":"Movement Optimization for a Cyborg Cockroach in a Bounded Space Incorporating Machine Learning.","authors":"Mochammad Ariyanto, Chowdhury Mohammad Masum Refat, Kazuyoshi Hirao, Keisuke Morishima","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34133/cbsystems.0012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cockroaches can traverse unknown obstacle-terrain, self-right on the ground and climb above the obstacle. However, they have limited motion, such as less activity in light/bright areas and lower temperatures. Therefore, the movement of the cyborg cockroaches needs to be optimized for the utilization of the cockroach as a cyborg insect. This study aims to increase the search rate and distance traveled by cockroaches and reduce the stop time by utilizing automatic stimulation from machine learning. Multiple machine learning classifiers were applied to classify the offline binary classification of the cockroach movement based on the inertial measuring unit input signals. Ten time-domain features were chosen and applied as the classifier inputs. The highest performance of the classifiers was implemented for the online motion recognition and automatic stimulation provided to the cerci to trigger the free walking motion of the cockroach. A user interface was developed to run multiple computational processes simultaneously in real time such as computer vision, data acquisition, feature extraction, automatic stimulation, and machine learning using a multithreading algorithm. On the basis of the experiment results, we successfully demonstrated that the movement performance of cockroaches was importantly improved by applying machine learning classification and automatic stimulation. This system increased the search rate and traveled distance by 68% and 70%, respectively, while the stop time was reduced by 78%.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"4 ","pages":"0012"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10019993/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9643132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiyue Liang, Zhuo Chen, Yan Deng, Dan Liu, Xiaoming Liu, Qiang Huang, Tatsuo Arai
{"title":"Field-Controlled Microrobots Fabricated by Photopolymerization.","authors":"Xiyue Liang, Zhuo Chen, Yan Deng, Dan Liu, Xiaoming Liu, Qiang Huang, Tatsuo Arai","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34133/cbsystems.0009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Field-controlled microrobots have attracted extensive research in the biological and medical fields due to the prominent characteristics including high flexibility, small size, strong controllability, remote manipulation, and minimal damage to living organisms. However, the fabrication of these field-controlled microrobots with complex and high-precision 2- or 3-dimensional structures remains challenging. The photopolymerization technology is often chosen to fabricate field-controlled microrobots due to its fast-printing velocity, high accuracy, and high surface quality. This review categorizes the photopolymerization technologies utilized in the fabrication of field-controlled microrobots into stereolithography, digital light processing, and 2-photon polymerization. Furthermore, the photopolymerized microrobots actuated by different field forces and their functions are introduced. Finally, we conclude the future development and potential applications of photopolymerization for the fabrication of field-controlled microrobots.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"4 ","pages":"0009"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10243896/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9954549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hongzhao Xie, Zihang Gao, Guanglu Jia, Shingo Shimoda, Qing Shi
{"title":"Learning Rat-Like Behavioral Interaction Using a Small-Scale Robotic Rat.","authors":"Hongzhao Xie, Zihang Gao, Guanglu Jia, Shingo Shimoda, Qing Shi","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34133/cbsystems.0032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this paper, we propose a novel method for emulating rat-like behavioral interactions in robots using reinforcement learning. Specifically, we develop a state decision method to optimize the interaction process among 6 known behavior types that have been identified in previous research on rat interactions. The novelty of our method lies in using the temporal difference (TD) algorithm to optimize the state decision process, which enables the robots to make informed decisions about their behavior choices. To assess the similarity between robot and rat behavior, we use Pearson correlation. We then use TD-<i>λ</i> to update the state value function and make state decisions based on probability. The robots execute these decisions using our dynamics-based controller. Our results demonstrate that our method can generate rat-like behaviors on both short- and long-term timescales, with interaction information entropy comparable to that between real rats. Overall, our approach shows promise for controlling robots in robot-rat interactions and highlights the potential of using reinforcement learning to develop more sophisticated robotic systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"4 ","pages":"0032"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10278959/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10086098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhi Chen, Jin Yan, Xiaohui Song, Yongjun Qiao, Yong Joo Loh, Qing Xie, Chuanxin M Niu
{"title":"Heavier Load Alters Upper Limb Muscle Synergy with Correlated fNIRS Responses in BA4 and BA6.","authors":"Zhi Chen, Jin Yan, Xiaohui Song, Yongjun Qiao, Yong Joo Loh, Qing Xie, Chuanxin M Niu","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34133/cbsystems.0033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In neurorehabilitation, motor performances may improve if patients could accomplish the training by overcoming mechanical loads. When the load inertia is increased, it has been found to trigger linear responses in motor-related cortices. The cortical responses, however, are unclear whether they also correlate to changes in muscular patterns. Therefore, it remains difficult to justify the magnitude of load during rehabilitation because of the gap between cortical and muscular activation. Here, we test the hypothesis that increases in load inertia may alter the muscle synergies, and the change in synergy may correlate with cortical activation. Twelve healthy subjects participated in the study. Each subject lifted dumbbells (either 0, 3, or 15 pounds) from the resting position to the armpit repetitively at 1 Hz. Surface electromyographic signals were collected from 8 muscles around the shoulder and the elbow, and hemodynamic signals were collected using functional near-infrared spectroscopy from motor-related regions Brodmann Area 4 (BA4) and BA6. Results showed that, given higher inertia, the synergy vectors differed farther from the baseline. Moreover, synergy similarity on the vector decreased linearly with cortical responses in BA4 and BA6, which associated with increases in inertia. Despite studies in literature that movements with similar kinematics tend not to differ in synergy vectors, we show a different possibility that the synergy vectors may deviate from a baseline. At least 2 consequences of adding inertia have been identified: to decrease synergy similarity and to increase motor cortical activity. The dual effects potentially provide a new benchmark for therapeutic goal setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"4 ","pages":"0033"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10233656/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9582625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hang Yuan, Wenwen Yuan, Sixuan Duan, Keran Jiao, Quan Zhang, Eng Gee Lim, Min Chen, Chun Zhao, Peng Pan, Xinyu Liu, Pengfei Song
{"title":"Microfluidic-Assisted <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> Sorting: Current Status and Future Prospects.","authors":"Hang Yuan, Wenwen Yuan, Sixuan Duan, Keran Jiao, Quan Zhang, Eng Gee Lim, Min Chen, Chun Zhao, Peng Pan, Xinyu Liu, Pengfei Song","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34133/cbsystems.0011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> (<i>C. elegans</i>) has been a popular model organism for several decades since its first discovery of the huge research potential for modeling human diseases and genetics. Sorting is an important means of providing stage- or age-synchronized worm populations for many worm-based bioassays. However, conventional manual techniques for <i>C. elegans</i> sorting are tedious and inefficient, and commercial complex object parametric analyzer and sorter is too expensive and bulky for most laboratories. Recently, the development of lab-on-a-chip (microfluidics) technology has greatly facilitated <i>C. elegans</i> studies where large numbers of synchronized worm populations are required and advances of new designs, mechanisms, and automation algorithms. Most previous reviews have focused on the development of microfluidic devices but lacked the summaries and discussion of the biological research demands of <i>C. elegans</i>, and are hard to read for worm researchers. We aim to comprehensively review the up-to-date microfluidic-assisted <i>C. elegans</i> sorting developments from several angles to suit different background researchers, i.e., biologists and engineers. First, we highlighted the microfluidic <i>C. elegans</i> sorting devices' advantages and limitations compared to the conventional commercialized worm sorting tools. Second, to benefit the engineers, we reviewed the current devices from the perspectives of active or passive sorting, sorting strategies, target populations, and sorting criteria. Third, to benefit the biologists, we reviewed the contributions of sorting to biological research. We expect, by providing this comprehensive review, that each researcher from this multidisciplinary community can effectively find the needed information and, in turn, facilitate future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"4 ","pages":"0011"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10243201/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9602643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chikahiro Imashiro, Yangyan Jin, Motoaki Hayama, Takahiro G Yamada, Akira Funahashi, Katsuhisa Sakaguchi, Shinjiro Umezu, Jun Komotori
{"title":"Titanium Culture Vessel Presenting Temperature Gradation for the Thermotolerance Estimation of Cells.","authors":"Chikahiro Imashiro, Yangyan Jin, Motoaki Hayama, Takahiro G Yamada, Akira Funahashi, Katsuhisa Sakaguchi, Shinjiro Umezu, Jun Komotori","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34133/cbsystems.0049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hyperthermia can be induced to exploit the thermal intolerance of cancer cells, which is worse than that of normal cells, as a potential noninvasive cancer treatment. To develop an effective hyperthermia treatment, thermal cytotoxicity of cells should be comprehensively investigated. However, to conduct such investigations, the culture temperature must be accurately regulated. We previously reported a culture system in which the culture temperature could be accurately regulated by employing metallic culture vessels. However, appropriate temperature conditions for hyperthermia depend on the cell species. Consequently, several experiments need to be conducted, which is a bottleneck of inducing hyperthermia. Hence, we developed a cell culture system with temperature gradation on a metallic culture surface. Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 cells and normal human dermal fibroblasts were used as cancer and normal cell models, respectively. Normal cells showed stronger thermal tolerance; this was because the novel system immediately exhibited a temperature gradation. Thus, the developed culture system can be used to investigate the optimum thermal conditions for effective hyperthermia treatment. Furthermore, as the reactions of cultured cells can be effectively assessed with the present results, further research involving the thermal stimulation of cells is possible.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"4 ","pages":"0049"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10405790/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10019434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ling Li, Xiaojian Li, Bo Ouyang, Hangjie Mo, Hongliang Ren, Shanlin Yang
{"title":"Three-Dimensional Collision Avoidance Method for Robot-Assisted Minimally Invasive Surgery.","authors":"Ling Li, Xiaojian Li, Bo Ouyang, Hangjie Mo, Hongliang Ren, Shanlin Yang","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34133/cbsystems.0042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery, if a collision occurs, the robot system program could be damaged, and normal tissues could be injured. To avoid collisions during surgery, a 3-dimensional collision avoidance method is proposed in this paper. The proposed method is predicated on the design of 3 strategic vectors: the collision-with-instrument-avoidance (CI) vector, the collision-with-tissues-avoidance (CT) vector, and the constrained-control (CC) vector. The CI vector demarcates 3 specific directions to forestall collision among the surgical instruments. The CT vector, on the other hand, comprises 2 components tailored to prevent inadvertent contact between the robot-controlled instrument and nontarget tissues. Meanwhile, the CC vector is introduced to guide the endpoint of the robot-controlled instrument toward the desired position, ensuring precision in its movements, in alignment with the surgical goals. Simulation results verify the proposed collision avoidance method for robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery. The code and data are available at https://github.com/cynerelee/collision-avoidance.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"4 ","pages":"0042"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10479965/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10171621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaolei Cao, Xiao Huang, Yan Zhao, Zeyuan Sun, Hui Li, Zhihong Jiang, Marco Ceccarelli
{"title":"A Method of Human-Like Compliant Assembly Based on Variable Admittance Control for Space Maintenance.","authors":"Xiaolei Cao, Xiao Huang, Yan Zhao, Zeyuan Sun, Hui Li, Zhihong Jiang, Marco Ceccarelli","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34133/cbsystems.0046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>On-orbit assembly has become a crucial aspect of space operations, where the manipulator frequently and directly interacts with objects in a complex assembly process. The traditional manipulator control has limitations in adapting to diverse assembly tasks and is vulnerable to vibration, leading to assembly failure. To address this issue, we propose a human-like variable admittance control method based on the variable damping characteristics of the human arm. By collecting the velocity and contact force of human arm operations in assembly, we analyze the damping change of human arm and establish the active compliance model based on S-type damping variation rule in assembly. Furthermore, 3 passive contact models are proposed between the end of the human arm and the environment: one-sided bevel contact, both sides bevel contact, and pin-hole contact. On the basis of these active and passive models, a typical space assembly task for a robot is designed, and a human-like variable admittance controller is established and simulated. Finally, we build a ground verification platform and complete different assembly tasks, thereby successfully verifying the safety, robustness, and adaptability of the human-like variable admittance control method.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"4 ","pages":"0046"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10482162/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10189853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chenhao Bao, Xin Hu, Dan Zhang, Zhao Lv, Jingjing Chen
{"title":"Predicting Moral Elevation Conveyed in Danmaku Comments Using EEGs.","authors":"Chenhao Bao, Xin Hu, Dan Zhang, Zhao Lv, Jingjing Chen","doi":"10.34133/cbsystems.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34133/cbsystems.0028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Moral elevation, the emotion that arises when individuals observe others' moral behaviors, plays an important role in determining moral behaviors in real life. While recent research has demonstrated the potential to decode basic emotions with brain signals, there has been limited exploration of affective computing for moral elevation, an emotion related to social cognition. To address this gap, we recorded electroencephalography (EEG) signals from 23 participants while they viewed videos that were expected to elicit moral elevation. More than 30,000 danmaku comments were extracted as a crowdsourcing tagging method to label moral elevation continuously at a 1-s temporal resolution. Then, by employing power spectra features and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regularized regression analyses, we achieved a promising prediction performance for moral elevation (prediction <i>r</i> = 0.44 ± 0.11). Our findings indicate that it is possible to decode moral elevation using EEG signals. Moreover, the small-sample neural data can predict the continuous moral elevation experience conveyed in danmaku comments from a large population.</p>","PeriodicalId":72764,"journal":{"name":"Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"4 ","pages":"0028"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10284275/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10089661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}