Advances in experimental medicine and biology最新文献

{"title":"Ethical and Regulation Aspects Relevant to the Study of Reproduction in Wild Species.","authors":"Pierfrancesco Biasetti, Barbara de Mori","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-87707-0_4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-87707-0_4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The advancements in wildlife reproductive science present both ethical challenges and opportunities for the conservation and management of wild populations. This chapter delves into the ethical dimensions surrounding the applications of wildlife reproductive research and technologies. We emphasize the need for a comprehensive ethical analysis encompassing various dimensions such as social values, animal welfare, research ethics, conservation strategies, and environmental ethics. Advancements in wildlife reproduction science and technology can influence our health and views of society, the health and lives of wild animals, the conservation and management of populations living in the wild or kept as genetic reserves, and, ultimately, our relationship with the environment and our very ideas of nature and naturalness. We analyze and discuss from an ethical standpoint some key issues, including taxa prioritization, boundary problems, animal welfare, gathering and managing samples, technological dependency, respect for naturalness, and compliance with international regulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"16 ","pages":"121-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146257090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Convergence of Ancient Medical Wisdom and Modern Physiology: Sodium Ion Wave Propagation in Endothelial Cells, IL-1 Vascular Pathways, and the Six-Day Progression Pattern of Clinical Symptoms.","authors":"Yang Liu","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-22285-5_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-22285-5_20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon (YEIC) stands as China's most significant ancient medical text, categorizing the human vascular system as a meridian network divided into six major functional categories. The discovery of mapping between Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and signaling molecules enables us to explore the physiological and pathological processes revealed by this ancient medical classic using modern medical terminology-many of which remain incompletely understood by contemporary medicine. This chapter's analysis demonstrates that meridians should be understood not as singular anatomical structures but as functional networks of blood vessels sharing identical physiological properties. The traditional Chinese concept of \"Qi flow\" can be interpreted from a modern physiological perspective as the wave-like propagation of sodium ion concentration changes within vascular endothelial cells. This \"Qi flow\" model effectively explains pathological disruptions: when sodium ion concentrations in specific vascular segments become abnormally elevated or depleted, they create blockades in normal wave propagation, corresponding to pathological states described in TCM theory-abnormally elevated sodium concentrations correlate with \"Upward Opposed Qi Flow\" (), while abnormally decreased concentrations correspond to \"Opposed Qi Flow\" (), both representing interruptions in the normal directional flow of ionic waves. This model also perfectly elucidates the molecular mechanism of ginseng as the most renowned Qi-replenishing herb: its therapeutic mechanism involves inhibiting Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump activity, which reduces sodium ion efflux from endothelial cells, maintaining elevated intracellular sodium levels while avoiding systemic complications associated with high-sodium diets. We have also explained in modern medical terms the molecular etiology of head tremors as described in YEIC: this condition is associated with excessively low sodium ion concentrations in the upper body combined with excessively high concentrations in the lower body. Furthermore, this chapter provides a detailed analysis of IL-1 \"invasion\" progression within the human body over a 6-day period across six distinct types of blood vessels, along with the clinical symptomatic manifestations it triggers.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1512 ","pages":"413-430"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148409968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Examination of Arterial Function and Mechanotransduction Through Brachial Arteries via Flow-Mediated Dilation.","authors":"Bingjie Zhou, Yating Shi, Sridhar Santhanam, Qianhong Wu","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-22285-5_9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-22285-5_9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiovascular disease remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, with endothelial dysfunction playing a pivotal role in its initiation and progression. Early detection and accurate evaluation of endothelial dysfunction are therefore essential for effective risk assessment and intervention. This chapter reviews recent developments in a widely used method, flow-mediated dilation (FMD), for assessing endothelial function in clinical research. We begin with an overview of vascular structure and endothelial physiology, laying the groundwork for a deeper exploration of the mechanotransduction processes at the cellular level that drive vasodilation during FMD. Next, we describe the FMD procedure in detail, which evaluates arterial functions by measuring ultrasound-based arterial vasodilation in response to a period of temporary ischemia. We then discuss the limitations of using FMD%, the traditional marker representing the percentage of vasodilation, as the sole output of the FMD test. Although widely used, FMD% fails to capture the full mechanotransduction process linking shear stress to arterial dilation, leading to potentially incomplete or biased interpretations. To overcome this limitation, we introduce a novel physics-based framework for interpreting FMD results. This approach utilizes a set of biophysical models to extract physiologically meaningful parameters by integrating theoretical insights with experimental FMD measurements. Finally, we outline the significant potential of this advanced FMD analysis tool, which may enable a more comprehensive and mechanistically informed assessment of endothelial function.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1512 ","pages":"191-210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148409980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Interdependence of Carbon Substrates and Metabolic Pathways Enables the Metabolic Plasticity of Cancer Cells.","authors":"Inês Serpa-Gonçalves, Jacinta Serpa","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-12166-0_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-12166-0_1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The tumor microenvironment (TME) functions as a dynamic and co-evolving ecosystem, where malignant and non-malignant cells form a metabolically interdependent community. This ecological view reimagines tumors not as isolated cell masses, but as complex biotopes in which cellular interactions are integral to tumor initiation, growth, and progression. A hallmark of this adaptive environment is metabolic plasticity-an essential mechanism that enables tumor cells, including the metastatic ones, to reprogram their metabolism in response to fluctuating nutrient availability and environmental stressors. At the core of this reprogramming lies carbon metabolism, characterized by the selective and flexible utilization of key metabolites, including glucose, lactate, glutamine, cysteine, and fatty acids. These compounds support energy production, biomass synthesis, and redox balance, while also facilitating the export and repurposing of metabolic byproducts for signaling or reuse. This chapter presents a conceptual framework that explores the interdependence of central metabolic pathways, emphasizing how tumors coordinate energy generation, biosynthesis, and redox control to support malignant progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1501 ","pages":"1-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148417855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipid Remodeling and Metabolic Adaptation in Cancer Cell Membranes: A Platform for Membrane-Targeted Nanotherapy.","authors":"Adriana Cruz, Vasco D B Bonifácio","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-12166-0_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-12166-0_22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells induces profound alterations in membrane lipid organization, affecting phospholipid distribution, surface charge, and overall lipid composition. These modifications contribute to key oncogenic processes, including tumor progression, immune evasion, and resistance to therapy. Importantly, they also give rise to distinct biophysical features that may serve as selective targets for therapeutic intervention. Among these, the externalization of anionic phospholipids and the overexpression of negatively charged glycoconjugates render cancer cell membranes particularly susceptible to cationic membrane-active agents. Cationic anticancer peptides (ACPs) and their synthetic mimics (SMACPs) have emerged as promising candidates for selectively disrupting malignant membranes; however, limitations related to stability, bioavailability, and toxicity have restricted their clinical utility. To address these challenges, nanotherapeutic platforms-particularly dendrimers-have emerged as promising tools to enhance peptide delivery, enable precise targeting, and support multifunctional therapeutic strategies. Dendrimers, including the most recent class of polyurea (PURE) dendrimers, feature modular and biodegradable architectures that enable concurrent drug delivery, gene silencing, and imaging functionalities. This chapter examines how membrane lipid remodeling contributes to cancer pathophysiology and highlights recent advances in dendrimer-based nanocarriers as precision tools for exploiting membrane-associated vulnerabilities in oncology.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1501 ","pages":"601-615"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148417897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proteomic Technology.","authors":"Timothy Daniel Veenstra","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-22340-1_1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-032-22340-1_1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The proteome is defined as the total protein complement of a genome-whether that genome is associated with an individual cell, tissue, or organism (Wasinger et al., Electrophoresis 16:1090-1094, 1995). Proteomics refers to the application of technologies to characterize the proteome. The term \"proteome\" was coined by researchers at the University of Sydney, Australia, in a paper published in 1995 (Wasinger et al., Electrophoresis 16:1090-1094, 1995). But did proteomics really begin in 1995 or were researchers doing proteomic research long before? As a PhD student, I would tell people that my field of expertise was protein science, as I was involved in determining the three-dimensional structures of proteins using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. As my career evolved to using mass spectrometry (MS) to analyze complex mixtures of proteins, my field of expertise was proteomics. While still studying proteins, what had changed was the number of proteins I was analyzing per experiment. In a nutshell, proteomics is simply the large-scale study of proteins. While protein scientists have been studying proteins for almost 200 years (Mulder, Bulletin des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles en Néerlande 104, 1838), proteomics has increased the throughput and the ability to characterize proteins in the context of other proteins within their environment. While well-known for its high-throughput ability to identify and quantitate proteins, proteomics encompasses several different facets of protein characterization including such things as structure, function, protein-protein interactions, posttranslational modifications, and protein quantitation. Data acquired under any of these broad categories can be applied to greater understand something part of the cell system.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1511 ","pages":"1-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147925531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuronal Axon Generation/Regeneration Regulated by Sulfated Glycans.","authors":"Kenji Kadomatsu, Kazuma Sakamoto","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-04153-1_2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-032-04153-1_2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It has long been recognized that central nerve axons do not regenerate spontaneously in adults. On the other hand, it is also known that axons of embryonic neurons and peripheral neurons, even of adults, can regenerate and reconstruct neural circuits. These differences can be attributed to intrinsic factors, that is, the regenerative capacities of neurons, and extrinsic factors, that is, the extracellular environments. Recent analyses at the single-cell level have led to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie differences in the regenerative ability of neurons. At the same time, our understanding of the extracellular environments that determine whether neural axons can regenerate has also advanced. Sulfated glycans, which are sugar chains known as \"third life chains\" in addition to nucleic acids and proteins, are among the most important extracellular molecules involved in conferring regenerative capacity. Once thought to be merely a physical barrier to neuronal axons, the sulfated glycans have recently been shown to inhibit neuronal axon regeneration via their specific neuronal receptors and intracellular signaling. In this chapter, we will introduce the recent advances in our understanding of the regulation of nerve axons by sulfated glycans, while unraveling the history of research on axon regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1491 ","pages":"9-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147589373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Insights into Plant Allergens and the Development of Neoglycopolymers for Anti-allergic Drug Design.","authors":"Megumi Maeda, Mariko Kimura, Yoshinobu Kimura","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-04153-1_28","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-032-04153-1_28","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant allergens that cause pollinosis and food allergies are often N-glycosylated. Plant antigenic N-glycans contain antigenic β1,2-xylosyl and/or α1,3-fucosyl residues in the tri-mannosyl core structure, and some structures have N-acetylglucosamine or Le^a epitope at their non-reducing terminal. Recently, it has been shown that plant antigenic N-glycans of pollens and plant food allergens are cross-reactive but are minor epitopes of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) of allergic patients and are not involved in induction of allergic symptoms. On the other hand, the core structure of the plant antigenic N-glycan, free Man₃Xyl₁Fuc₁GlcNAc₂ (M3FX), has been found to suppress cedar pollen allergen Cry j 1-specific Th2 immune responses (cell proliferation and IL-4 production), suggesting that M3FX may be a lead compound for drugs against pollen allergies. In order to elucidate the suppressive mechanism of Th2 immune response, it will be necessary to synthesize neoglycopolymers carrying multivalent M3FX to enhance the immunomodulatory activity of M3FX. In this review, we describe the structural features of plant antigenic N-glycans found in pollen and plant food allergens and the role of serum IgE in cedar pollinosis and peanut allergy to plant antigenic N-glycans as well. Subsequently, we introduce methods for preparing glycopeptides containing plant antigenic N-glycans and neoglycopolymers synthesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1491 ","pages":"487-495"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147589375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glycan-Based Targeting Technology and Its Application in Therapeutic In Vivo Synthetic Chemistry.","authors":"Tsung-Che Chang, Shunya Ohara, Katsunori Tanaka","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-04153-1_36","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-032-04153-1_36","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chemotherapy lacks specificity, resulting in significant side effects on healthy tissues. Although molecularly targeted therapies have become standard treatments instead of chemotherapy, cancer heterogeneity hinders their effectiveness, and the availability of targeted antigens in clinical samples remains limited. Cell surface glycans have various \"glycan patterns\" composed of different glycan molecules, facilitating strong and selective cell-to-cell recognition. To better understand the factors influencing glycan pattern recognition in vivo, we created artificial glycoalbumins and identified cancer-specific accumulation patterns for various glycoalbumins modified with specific glycan patterns. To leverage the insights gained from these studies, we used glycoalbumin scaffolds as glycosylated therapeutic artificial metalloenzymes for cancer treatment by localizing their biological activity to avoid unwanted side effects. This review presents our foundational research that has driven artificial glycoalbumin-based targeting and subsequent adaptations for potential therapeutic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1491 ","pages":"647-655"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147589343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preventing Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents Through Exercise.","authors":"Valeria Calcaterra, Matteo Vandoni, Virginia Rossi, Alessandro Gatti, Gianvincenzo Zuccotti","doi":"10.1007/978-981-95-7000-3_19","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-981-95-7000-3_19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an increasingly concerning public health issue among young people, closely linked to the global rise in obesity. It significantly contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Since MetS develops progressively, early intervention through lifestyle changes is essential for prevention. Physical activity (PA) plays a vital role in maintaining a healthy lifestyle, particularly during childhood, and serves as a powerful preventive measure against obesity and its associated conditions. Regular PA and exercise offer extensive benefits, including reductions in body fat, improved insulin sensitivity, enhanced cardiovascular and pulmonary function, increased cerebral blood flow and oxygenation, and improved muscle development and strength. These benefits largely result from metabolic adaptations triggered by movement, regulated by molecules that maintain cellular balance. Importantly, PA and exercise not only provide metabolic advantages but also represent a promising non-pharmacological strategy for managing diabetes and cardiovascular conditions. To design effective exercise interventions for adolescents with or at risk of MetS, it is essential to focus on both physiological impact and behavioral sustainability. Promoting activities that are enjoyable, high-intensity, and varied can boost adherence, enhance self-efficacy, and yield meaningful clinical outcomes. Programs that are engaging, personalized, and regularly assessed are most effective in supporting long-term health and sustainable lifestyle changes in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":7270,"journal":{"name":"Advances in experimental medicine and biology","volume":"1505 ","pages":"393-407"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147588903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}