{"title":"No evidence for generational differences in the conventionalisation of face emojis","authors":"Vera Kempe , Limor Raviv","doi":"10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100750","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100750","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite strong popular beliefs that older users misunderstand emojis, empirical evidence is equivocal. Here we propose that different generations of users may vary in the degree of intra-generational agreement on emoji meanings (i.e., how much people from the same generation agree on what an emoji means). Inspired by research in cultural evolution demonstrating a positive association between social network size and the conventionalisation of signs, we hypothesised that younger users would show stronger agreement on emoji meanings because they tend to be embedded in larger online social networks than older users. We examined generational differences in intra-generational agreement on emoji interpretations, taking into account variability arising from different emoji renderings across platforms. In a pre-registered online study, 394 respondents from the culturally defined generations of GenZ (n = 152, age 13–24 years), Millennials (n = 149, age 25–40 years), and GenX/BabyBoomers (n = 93, age 41–76 years) produced three words to describe the meanings of 24 target face emojis and 10 popular filler emojis. Frequentist and Bayesian analyses showed no generational differences in intra-generational response entropy and in the probability of selecting the most frequent meaning within one's generation. Exploratory analysis further showed that the most commonly provided emoji interpretations did not differ across generations, despite generational differences in social media usage patterns. Together, these findings suggest that different generations not only interpret face emojis in similar ways, but also show similar intra-generational agreement on emoji meanings, consistent with the idea that, after a decade of use, face emojis have become a widely conventionalised semiotic system accessible to digital media users regardless of age.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72681,"journal":{"name":"Computers in human behavior reports","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100750"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144878565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Budu Tang , Wataru Sato , Koh Shimokawa , Chun-Ting Hsu , Takanori Kochiyama
{"title":"Development of pixel-based facial thermal image analysis for emotion sensing","authors":"Budu Tang , Wataru Sato , Koh Shimokawa , Chun-Ting Hsu , Takanori Kochiyama","doi":"10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100761","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100761","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal imaging technology, known for its noncontact and noninvasive nature, offers distinct advantages in computerized emotion sensing. In the literature, a decrease in nose-tip temperature has been associated with dynamic subjective arousal. However, these studies were limited by their focus on a few regions of interest, neglecting a comprehensive analysis of the entire face, and not accounting for the temporal dynamics of thermal changes. To overcome these limitations, we propose an analytical method for facial thermal images using statistical parametric mapping (SPM), which was developed for functional brain image analysis. We developed semiautomated preprocessing protocols to effectively realign and standardize facial thermal images. To validate these analyses, we recorded the thermal images of participants’ faces and assessed dynamic valence and arousal ratings while they observed emotional films. The proposed SPM analyses revealed significant negative associations with dynamic arousal ratings at the nose tip and forehead. The analyses incorporating temporal disparity revealed more forehead clusters than the analyses assuming no delay. These findings validate the proposed pixel-based facial thermal image analysis method using SPM. The results suggest that computerized pixel-based analysis of facial thermal images can be used to estimate dynamic emotional states, with potential applications in various human behavioral fields, including mental health diagnosis and marketing research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72681,"journal":{"name":"Computers in human behavior reports","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100761"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144766487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multi-platform Campaigning: Web 2.0 adoption in Indonesia's 2020 regional elections","authors":"Zuhairi Sanofi, Evie Ariadne Shinta Dewi, Hadi Suprapto Arifin, Dian Wardiana Sjuchro","doi":"10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100776","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100776","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Digital technology has become an integral part of modern political campaigns, enabling candidates, especially at the local level, to leverage various social media platforms. This study analyzes multi-platform adoption patterns in the 2020 Indonesian Regional Elections by examining 2882 campaign accounts on Facebook (N = 1722), Instagram (N = 727), and X (N = 433). The findings reveal that Facebook is the primary platform for official campaign activities, compared to Instagram and X. Candidate characteristics, particularly age, significantly influence the adoption of Instagram as a platform for official campaign activities. In contrast, structural factors such as campaign team involvement and political party support influence strategies on Facebook and X. Furthermore, candidates primarily rely on official accounts managed by their campaign teams, rather than personal or supporter accounts, across all platforms. This trend correlates with stronger support for DPRD seats, which facilitate professional account management by providing better access to political resources, infrastructure, and coordinated communication strategies, thereby maximising the effectiveness of social media campaigns. This study provides valuable insights into the strategic use of social media in the context of general elections, highlighting implications for political actors navigating digital campaigns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72681,"journal":{"name":"Computers in human behavior reports","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100776"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marisa Bucolo , Jonathan Roberts , Jared Donovan , Matthew Dunbabin
{"title":"Development and evaluation of zoomorphic gestural communication on a spot quadruped robot","authors":"Marisa Bucolo , Jonathan Roberts , Jared Donovan , Matthew Dunbabin","doi":"10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100749","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100749","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bi-lateral communication between humans and robots is critical to their effective collaboration and the successful adoption of robotics in industry and as consumer products by the general public. While significant work has been done into communicating human intent to robots, less research has investigated conveying robotic intent to people. This study investigates the use of zoomorphic gestural communication on a commercially available Boston Dynamics Spot quadruped platform to determine if people can reliably recognise the robot’s intended actions from its movement. This is of particular interest as legged platforms bear much closer resemblance to living creatures than wheeled platforms or robotic arms and have not been thoroughly explored in research before. Specifically, we investigate whether ‘gestural building blocks’, based on the existing movement capabilities of the robot, can be composed together to successfully convey a range of intended gestural meanings to a person. To assess this, videos of four distinct gestural movement sequences related to a workplace inspection scenario were presented to participants who then completed a multi-choice survey and the Godspeed indices to measure their interpretation of each gesture and their overall impression of the robot across the key areas of anthropomorphism, likeability, perceived intelligence and perceived safety. Our results show that zoomorphic gestural communication using the existing gestural abilities of a quadruped robot produced successfully identified gestural meaning the majority of the time for all videos and that participants overall held positive attitudes towards the robot. This finding provides the groundwork for further exploration of the gestural communication modality for robots of this class.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72681,"journal":{"name":"Computers in human behavior reports","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100749"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144771390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Digital resource engagement, health challenges, and mathematical achievement in school children: An in-depth analysis of PISA data 2022","authors":"Dirgha Raj Joshi , Jeevan Khanal","doi":"10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100782","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100782","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of digital resources in teaching and learning has garnered significant attention among scholars and policymakers worldwide. This study aims to explore the global trends in digital resource utilization within mathematics education and investigate the relationship between their use, reported health issues, confidence in mathematics, and overall mathematics achievement. Drawing upon data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2022, which involved 613,744 participants across 81 countries (including 37 OECD countries), we employ frequency, percentage analysis, and structural equation modeling (SEM) for data analysis. From an Activity Theory perspective, our findings reveal notable disparities in the utilization of digital tools in schools. While simple calculations and equation solving are prevalent, more complex activities like simulations and coding remain underutilized. This highlights a gap in integrating digital resources for advanced mathematical problem-solving. Furthermore, our study underscores the adverse effects of health challenges, such as anxiety and sleep difficulties, on school students' engagement and performance in mathematics. Structural equation modeling demonstrates that health problems and direct use of digital resources have a negative impact on achievement. However, confidence in mathematics learning positively influences overall performance. These insights have implications for educational policies and practices aimed at enhancing effective digital resource integration and supporting students’ holistic well-being.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72681,"journal":{"name":"Computers in human behavior reports","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100782"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144890515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiaxuan Wang , Jinghao Zhang , Julie N.Y. Zhu , Liying Bai
{"title":"“Choose what suits you”: The role of relative competency strength in shaping job applicants’ reactions and strategies toward AI-based interview","authors":"Jiaxuan Wang , Jinghao Zhang , Julie N.Y. Zhu , Liying Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100777","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100777","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in work contexts significantly breeds organizational practices of AI-based personnel recruitment and selection in recent years. Despite its benefits for organizations, whether job applicants favor the adoption of AI-based interview remains unclear. In the present research, we draw on expectancy theory to propose a contingent model explaining when and why applicants are more willing to accept an AI-based interview (vs. human-based interview). We introduce relative competency strength to identify whether AI-based interviews fit their applicants' unique competency. Across three experimental studies (total <em>N</em> = 760), we found that AI-based interview (vs. human-based interview) induced both higher uniqueness neglect expectations and higher fairness expectations of applicants. Moreover, applicants' relative competency strength moderated the impacts on both expectations separately. Specifically, applicants with higher cognitive competency strength had stronger fairness expectations and applicants with higher non-cognitive competency strength had stronger uniqueness neglect expectations, which further differentiated their subsequent job seeking strategies. Overall, our research implies that job applicants' reactions toward AI-based interviews depend on their recognition of their relative competency strength, suggesting an adaptive approach to job applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72681,"journal":{"name":"Computers in human behavior reports","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100777"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144860472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tianyi Zhang , Melissa Russell , Vassilis Kostakos , Simon D'Alfonso
{"title":"StudentSense: Primary outcomes of a smartphone digital phenotyping study of university students in Australia","authors":"Tianyi Zhang , Melissa Russell , Vassilis Kostakos , Simon D'Alfonso","doi":"10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100769","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100769","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>University students face increasing mental health challenges, yet traditional assessment methods often lack timeliness and contextual relevance. This study presents StudentSense, a digital phenotyping investigation examining associations between smartphone-sensed behavior and psychological wellbeing over a 17-week academic semester. A total of 151 students from the University of Melbourne participated, providing continuous passive smartphone data (e.g., screen activity, app usage, location, keyboard, and on-screen text) and self-reported assessment data, including the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21), Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF), College Student Subjective Wellbeing Questionnaire (CSSWQ), and UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8). We used Monte Carlo subsampling correlation analysis to explore relationships between behavioral and psychometric variables. Findings showed that levels of depression, anxiety, stress, and loneliness declined following the examination periods. Screen usage was positively correlated with the reported level of a loneliness item, while time spent at significant locations (e.g., university, home) was negatively correlated with depression. Students reporting higher wellbeing and extroversion reported more positive university experiences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72681,"journal":{"name":"Computers in human behavior reports","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100769"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144827581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yannik A. Escher , Hannes M. Petrowsky , Friederike Knabbe , Poldi Kuhl , David D. Loschelder
{"title":"A psychological framework for social skill acquisition in immersive VR environments: Conceptualization, application, and empirical evaluation","authors":"Yannik A. Escher , Hannes M. Petrowsky , Friederike Knabbe , Poldi Kuhl , David D. Loschelder","doi":"10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100765","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100765","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ability to navigate complex social situations is central for human interaction. Yet, effective trainings in (psychologically) safe environments for the acquisition of widely applicable social skills remain elusive. We suggest enhancing individuals' social skills and their antecedents through virtual reality (VR) to address this gap. Our research seeks to conceptualize, apply, and empirically evaluate a novel framework for social skill acquisition in immersive environments. Using a specifically developed job-interview training, we employ a preregistered 2 × 3 mixed intervention design (<em>N</em> = 114), comparing VR-based vs. chat-based trainings across three measurement waves (before vs. immediately after vs. four months after training). Results show that our VR intervention significantly improved individuals' job-interview self-efficacy and lowered their task-related anxiety. The chat-based intervention had similarly favorable effects. The positive effects on self-efficacy and anxiety from both trainings persisted over four months. The VR training, however, required only 50% of the training time for comparable success, and participants reported a preference for the VR experience—recalling it more vividly and expressing a higher willingness to reengage in similar trainings. Mediation results align with our proposed framework for social skill acquisition in immersive environments and establish VR's effectiveness through key psychological pathways—physiological arousal, as well as cognitive and motivational factors. Our work contributes a conceptual framework to the growing body of literature on learning in VR and empirically highlights that VR trainings can provide an engaging and efficient method for training complex social behaviors in a simulated, safe, standardized, and scalable environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72681,"journal":{"name":"Computers in human behavior reports","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100765"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144826824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Herald Cela , Michael Vogrin , Thomas Schmickl , Guilherme Wood
{"title":"Emotional dynamics and engagement cycles in swiping dating apps: An agent-based modeling approach","authors":"Herald Cela , Michael Vogrin , Thomas Schmickl , Guilherme Wood","doi":"10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100775","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100775","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Swiping dating apps have transformed mate selection by providing users with rapid access to a large pool of potential partners. Yet, repeated exposure to implicit rejection and unmet expectations may cause emotional fatigue and cyclical patterns of disengagement. This study explores how emotional dynamics drive engagement on such platforms, with attention to the moderating roles of gender and relationship-seeking strategy. We developed an agent-based model simulating 500 agents over a 30-day period. Agents interacted based on gender and strategic orientation (casual, serious, hybrid), with emotional states regulated through a control-theoretic framework that tracks discrepancies between expected and actual outcomes. Results revealed a steady emotional decline across all groups, accompanied by fluctuating engagement patterns. Male agents exhibited higher emotional states and greater behavioral volatility, marked by increased disengagement and re-engagement tendencies. Relationship-seeking strategy showed less consistent effects, with some variation in behavioral stability across outcomes. These findings highlight the emotional cost of prolonged app use and the influence of user characteristics on retention patterns. We advocate for emotionally responsive platform design—such as recovery prompts and expectation management tools—to reduce churn and improve user well-being. Policymakers and designers should consider the psychological implications of sustained swiping-based engagement, including the potential for compulsive use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72681,"journal":{"name":"Computers in human behavior reports","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100775"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144863684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A unified protocol chatbot reduces anxiety by encouraging university students’ negative emotional expressions: A randomized controlled trial","authors":"Kenji Yokotani , Masaya Ito , Nao Ihara , Yuko Shigeeda","doi":"10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100770","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100770","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of chatbot services has been rising in the field of mental health; however, the therapeutic mechanism underlying them remains unclear. Hence, through a randomized controlled trial, we aimed to show that a chatbot utilizing a Unified Protocol (UP) for the transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders—referred to as the UP chatbot—could reduce symptoms of anxiety in university students by encouraging their negative emotional expressions. We randomly assigned 310 Japanese university students to one of four groups: one that received only the UP chatbot service; one that received only the UP guidance service; one that received both services; and a waitlist group that did not receive any service. Over an 8-week intervention and a 4-week follow-up, the participants filled out questionnaires assessing symptoms of anxiety and depression. Additionally, we employed sentiment analysis to examine their emotional expressions with the chatbot. Our analysis of a latent growth curve modeling indicated that the participants in the group receiving only the UP chatbot service reported significantly higher reductions in symptoms of anxiety than the waitlist group; these effects were sustained during the follow-up. Furthermore, they demonstrated significantly stronger expressions of sadness than the waitlist group. Thus, the UP chatbot, similar to the UP human therapist, may have encouraged the participants to express negative emotions, facilitated emotional acceptance, and reduced their anxiety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72681,"journal":{"name":"Computers in human behavior reports","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100770"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144830301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}