Oxidation of Metals最新文献

{"title":"Characterisation of Scale Layer Structure and Resulting Mechanical Properties Under Varying Carbon and Chromium Contents","authors":"Tim Bergelt,&nbsp;Marcel Graf,&nbsp;Lisa Winter,&nbsp;Simon Peddinghaus,&nbsp;Norman Mohnfeld,&nbsp;Hendrik Wester,&nbsp;Johanna Uhe,&nbsp;Bernd-Arno Behrens,&nbsp;Thomas Lampke","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10398-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10398-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In hot forming processes and during heat treatment, scale layer formation occurs on the surface by temperatures over 570 °C. The structure of the scale layer depends on many different parameters, such as temperature, time, atmosphere and the alloying elements of the material. The aim of this work is to characterise the scale layer forming on steels with different carbon and chromium contents. Focus is on phase analysis using EDX and correlation of the iron oxide phases with hardness using nanoindentation. In addition to the well-known iron oxide phases and the three-layer-structure a fourth layer, called subscale, was identified, which primarily consists of chromium and silicon oxides. As this layer is the interface with the base material, it could influence the adhesion of the scale layer. The hardness measurements show high values in the area of the subscale, which indicates brittle fracture behaviour. The thickness of the subscale and the primary elements it contains depend on the alloying elements of the base material. For an unalloyed steel, the subscale thickness was reduced, compared to the low-alloy steels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11085-026-10398-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147830089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early-Stage Corrosion Behavior of Bare and Pre-oxidized SS 316L in an LFR-Relevant Flowing Liquid Pb Environment","authors":"Paulson Varghese,&nbsp;Matthew Kevin Margeson,&nbsp;Jung-Kun Lee","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10396-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10396-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The early-stage corrosion behavior of bare and pre-oxidized SS 316L was investigated in oxygen-controlled flowing liquid lead (Pb) at 400 °C under LFR-relevant conditions. Experiments were conducted at an oxygen concentration of ~ 5 × 10^⁻7 wt% and a flow velocity of ~ 1.25 m/s for exposure durations up to 1000 h. A combination of SEM/EDS, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and TEM was employed to characterize oxide evolution and assess corrosion mechanisms. Bare SS 316L developed a thin in-situ oxide scale that evolved from a non-uniform layer (~ 200 nm) after 500 h to a more uniform thickness (~ 300 nm) after 1000 h. Phase analysis identified this scale predominantly as an (Fe, Cr)₃O₄ spinel. No evidence of Pb penetration into the substrate or Ni depletion was observed, indicating that the oxide remained adherent and provided a partial diffusion barrier under the present conditions. Pre-oxidation at 800 °C for 60 h produced a duplex oxide structure consisting of an inner Cr₂O₃ layer and an outer (Cr, Mn)₃O₄ spinel layer (~ 0.75 ± 0.2 µm). During Pb exposure, the outer spinel layer underwent progressive degradation, characterized by thinning, Pb infiltration, and localized delamination. In contrast, the inner Cr₂O₃ layer remained dense, continuous, and adherent up to 1000 h, effectively limiting Pb ingress into the substrate. The results suggest that corrosion of SS 316L in liquid Pb involves competing oxide growth and dissolution processes, with the stability of Cr-rich oxide playing a key role in controlling degradation. Compared to the bare alloy, pre-oxidized SS 316L exhibited improved early-stage corrosion resistance by preserving a stable inner Cr₂O₃ layer and delaying transition toward less protective Fe-rich oxides. This study provides mechanistic insight into oxide evolution in pure liquid Pb at 400 °C under flowing conditions and highlights the importance of engineered pre-oxidation treatments for enhancing the corrosion performance of structural materials in lead-cooled fast reactor systems.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147797195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigations on the Cyclic Oxidation Behaviour of the Ni-Based Superalloy AD730™ at Elevated Temperature","authors":"K. Jahns,&nbsp;A. Obrosov,&nbsp;S. Weiß,&nbsp;U. Krupp","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10382-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10382-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, the cyclic oxidation behaviour of the polycrystalline Ni-based superalloy AD730™ was investigated. Cyclic oxidation tests were carried out in laboratory air at temperatures of 800 °C, 900 °C, 1000 °C and 1100 °C up to 500 cycles (1 h per cycle). The oxidation behaviour of AD730™ approximately followed the parabolic rate law, and the average activation energy is about 312 kJ/mol. At lower temperatures, a two-stage oxidation kinetics were observed, and the transition time decreased as the oxidation temperature increased. SEM observations indicated the formation of continuous but relatively irregular oxide layers with a surface nodular-type structure that thickened with increasing temperature. SEM–EDS analysis revealed that the oxide layers mainly consisted of a Cr₂O₃ scale covered by TiO₂. Aluminum was internally oxidized to form Al₂O₃ as elongated precipitates, which grew along grain boundaries via branch-like growth. Furthermore, TiO₂ and TiN precipitates were found within the internal oxidation zone. The internal oxidation depth increased with rising temperature.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11085-026-10382-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147707791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Hf on the Self-Healing Property of the Alumina Film on AFA Alloy in a Decoking Environment","authors":"Cheng Luo,&nbsp;Yuanbin Xiao,&nbsp;Jin Ji,&nbsp;Ya Liu,&nbsp;Changjun Wu,&nbsp;Junxiu Chen,&nbsp;Xiangying Zhu,&nbsp;Xuping Su","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10393-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10393-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated the effect of Hf content on the self-healing behavior of Al₂O₃ films formed on alumina-forming austenitic (AFA) alloys under the decoking environment of petrochemical cracking process. AFA alloys with different addition of Hf (0–1 wt%) were subjected to pre-oxidation under low oxygen partial pressure to form the initial Al₂O₃ films. Following simulated mechanical damage, the samples underwent coking and decoking tests. The addition of Hf significantly changes the self-healing performance of the oxide film on the AFA alloy. The scratch regions of AFA alloys with 0, 0.05, and 0.25 wt% Hf are covered with undesirable Cr₂O₃ films. A dense and continuous Al₂O₃ self-healing film formed with 0.5 wt% Hf addition. Hf⁴⁺ segregates along Al₂O₃ grain boundaries, blocking cation diffusion channels, promoting formation of Al₂O₃ and refining grains. Nanoscale HfO₂ pegs at the film/substrate interface, enhancing film adhesion. This study provides key insights for designing self-healing, coke-resistant furnace tubes with long-term performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural Characteristics and Corrosion Behavior of Laser Cladding Coatings for Aircraft Component Repair as an Alternative to Electroplated Hard Chromium Coating","authors":"Weiming Liu,&nbsp;Jun Liao,&nbsp;Long Xiao,&nbsp;Hongbo Pa","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10392-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10392-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the microstructural characteristics and corrosion behavior of nickel-based and iron-based alloy coatings fabricated via laser cladding (LC) by electrochemical methods and microanalysis measurements, in comparison with conventional electroplated hard chromium (EHC) coatings. The results demonstrate that LC coatings form robust metallurgical bonds with the substrate, unlike EHC’s weaker physical bonds. The nickel-based LC coating’s multi-scale microstructure displays Fe–Ni matrix containing Fe–Ni–Cr solid solutions and (FeNi)₂₃C₆ carbide precipitates, which promotes homogeneous corrosion and stable protective oxide films, enabling effective Cl⁻ resistance. In contrast, the iron-based LC coating’s austenitic matrix with Fe–Cr intermetallic compounds induces microgalvanic corrosion, accelerating localized attack and degrading protective efficiency. EHC relies on a Cr₂O₃ film for protection but suffers from limited cohesion due to its physical bond. These results establish LC nickel-based alloys as a potential alternative to EHC for aircraft surface modification, offering enhanced corrosion resistance via metallurgical bonding and optimized microstructures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxidation of Al2O3-/Cr2O3-Forming High-Entropy Alloys and Role of Trace Reactive Elements: A Review","authors":"Xiaoxiao Tan,&nbsp;Jianqiang Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10391-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10391-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>High-entropy alloys (HEAs), with their intrinsically complex compositions and distinctive microstructures, present unique challenges in high-temperature applications. The simultaneous oxidation of multiple principal elements leads to thermodynamic competition and kinetic pathways that are highly sensitive to local chemical fluctuations, which may result in oxide scales with significant chemical heterogeneity and structural non-uniformity. These features can undermine scale stability and accelerate interfacial degradation, limiting the long-term performance of HEAs in high-temperature environments. Recent studies show that the deliberate addition of trace amounts of reactive elements (REs) can substantially improve the oxidation resistance of HEAs, akin to the reactive element effect (REE) seen in conventional alloys. This review systematically explores the oxidation behavior of HEAs, focusing on their characteristic challenges as well as the role of RE doping across the entire oxidation process: from initial stages (including selective oxidation and alumina phase transformation) to steady-state regimes (encompassing scale growth kinetics and adhesion). The analysis provides valuable insights into the design of high-performance HEAs with enhanced oxidation resistance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11085-026-10391-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147642797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Learning Techniques for Aircraft Corrosion Detection: a Comprehensive Review","authors":"Meena Kumari,&nbsp;Vivek Singh Verma","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10388-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10388-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aircraft corrosion is a significant issue for the aerospace sector as it compromises the structural integrity, safety of passengers, and performance of an aircraft during the lifecycle of the aircraft. The common inspection methods that are used include manual visual inspection and Non-Destructive Testing (NDT), which are always subjective, time-consuming, and fail to detect any damage in a structure, especially in its complicated structure. Such constraints have increased the demand for automated and intelligent systems of inspection. Deep learning (DL) has become a disruptive solution to corrosion assessment because of its ability to extract features, segment semantics, and predict assessment through high-dimensional image data. The presented review summarizes the progress in the state-of-the-art DL architecture used to detect aircraft corrosion, such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Fully Convolutional Networks (FCNs), U-Net variants, Vision Transformers (ViTs), and ensemble models. The research articles examined have shown better results in relation to traditional image processing techniques, with the assessment criteria being accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and mean Intersection over Union (mIoU). The major enabling strategies that are used to address the lack of data and environmental variability are also examined, such as advanced data augmentation, transfer learning, and the construction of corrosion-specific annotated datasets. Moreover, innovations including multi-modal sensing, Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), federated and edge cloud computing are used in real-life operation conditions with enhanced transparency and real-time performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11085-026-10388-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147642342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Molten-Salt Hot-Corrosion Resistance of an SLM Ni–Cr–Co–W Alloy Enabled by Protective Cr2O3 Spallation and a Stable Bilayer Scale","authors":"Yan Wang,&nbsp;Xiaobin Yang,&nbsp;Jinpeng Su,&nbsp;Junming Liu,&nbsp;Yuwei Liu,&nbsp;Yanjun Lu,&nbsp;Yuting Lv,&nbsp;Zuozhi Li,&nbsp;Shuo Ma","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10385-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10385-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper employs selective laser melting (SLM) to fabricate a Ni–18Cr–16Co–20W alloy and systematically investigates its hot-corrosion behaviour at 900 °C. Results indicate the alloy’s hot corrosion process undergoes three characteristic stages: rapid oxide scale formation, significant spallation of the Cr₂O₃ layer, and the establishment of a stable double-layer oxide scale. Owing to Cr’s strongest affinity for O, a predominantly Cr₂O₃ oxide scale rapidly forms on the alloy surface during the initial corrosion phase. However, influenced by the corrosive salt medium, this rapidly generated oxide scale exhibits numerous defects and is prone to spallation. The migration of Cr³⁺ ions creates Cr-poor regions within the matrix, thereby promoting extensive oxidation reactions of the relatively less reactive Ni and Co. Benefiting from the protective effect of the outer layer, the resulting NiO and CoO films exhibit a more compact structure. Following the spallation of Cr₂O₃, the concentration of surface corrosion salts decreases, and the hot corrosion process gradually shifts towards a high-temperature oxidation mechanism. This ultimately leads to the formation of a distinctive double-layer oxide structure composed of NiCr₂O₄/CoCr₂O₄ and Cr₂O₃. Based on this, the spallation behaviour of Cr₂O₃ can be considered protective.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147607335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fretting Wear and Corrosion Behavior Study of CrAlN and CrAlSiN Coatings in Lead-Bismuth Environment (LBE)","authors":"Zuhan Yuan,&nbsp;Jiaojiao Ma,&nbsp;Bangyang Xiao,&nbsp;Xiujie He,&nbsp;Naibin Jiang","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10387-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10387-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fretting wear and liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) corrosion pose a serious threat to the structural integrity of heat-transfer tubes in lead-bismuth-cooled fast reactors. To address this coupled degradation, CrAlN and CrAlSiN coatings were deposited on 316H stainless steel by multi-arc ion plating. Their microstructure, corrosion resistance in static LBE at 480 °C for 2000 h, and fretting wear behavior under molten LBE (280 °C and 480 °C, displacement amplitudes of 60 μm and 120 μm) were investigated. The as-deposited coatings were dense, adherent, and exhibited a nanolayered structure. After prolonged corrosion, both coatings showed only slight surface oxidation and effectively blocked Pb-Bi penetration and Ni outward diffusion. Fretting tests demonstrated that the coatings significantly reduced wear volume (by factors of 1.5–2.7) compared with the uncoated substrate. The CrAlSiN coating reduced wear volume by factors of 1.1–1.5 compared with the CrAlN coating. The coatings exhibited a hardness up to approximately 28 GPa, which is 9.3–9.5 times that of the 316H substrate, along with significantly enhanced H/E and H³/E² ratios. The protective mechanism is attributed to the coatings’ high hardness, favorable H/E and H³/E² ratios, and their layered nanostructure, which acts as a barrier and undergoes sequential wear. This work confirms that CrAlN-based coatings are promising surface solutions for enhancing the longevity of components in LBE-cooled nuclear systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147561673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Water Vapor on the Oxidation Behavior of Ni-Based Superalloys Under the Coupling Conditions of Thermal Shock and Creep","authors":"Haiqing Pei,&nbsp;Haoyu Yu,&nbsp;Shizhi Zhao,&nbsp;Xiaonan Gao,&nbsp;Zhixun Wen,&nbsp;Zhufeng Yue,&nbsp;Laohu Long,&nbsp;Tianjian Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10390-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10390-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The oxidation behavior of an equiaxed Ni-based superalloy (MS4716CC2) under coupled gas thermal shock (950 °C), creep stress (200 MPa), and water vapor (0% and 0.2%) was investigated. The oxide scale exhibited a typical three-layer structure: an outer NiO layer, an intermediate complex spinel layer, and an inner α-Al₂O₃ layer. Quantitative kinetic analysis revealed that the introduction of 0.2% water vapor accelerated the internal <i>γ</i>' phase depletion rate. (The parabolic rate constant for the depletion layer thickening, <i>K</i>_h, increased from 0.35 to 0.61.) Paradoxically, the net mass gain rate decreased (<i>K</i>_p dropped from 3.73 to 1.20) due to severe scale spallation. This was mechanistically attributed to water vapor inducing proton incorporation and increasing cation vacancy concentration, which facilitated the anomalous outward migration of metal ions (particularly Mo). This process resulted in the formation of porous Mo-dominated volatile oxides/hydroxides, severely compromising the structural integrity and adhesion of the protective scale.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147561430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}