Oxidation of Metals最新文献

{"title":"A Critical Performance Assessment of Thermal Spray Coatings for High-Temperature Corrosion Protection of Boiler Steels","authors":"Vikas Gupta,&nbsp;Anshuman Srivastava,&nbsp;Abhishek Dwivedi,&nbsp;Pooja Singh,&nbsp;Tanweer Alam,&nbsp;Nidhi Asthana,&nbsp;Laxman Singh","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10474-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10474-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hot corrosion at high temperatures is a major reason of premature degradation of boiler components in coal-fired thermal power plants, leading to reduced efficiency and increased maintenance costs. Conventional boiler steels exhibit poor resistance in aggressive environments containing molten sulfates, chlorides, and oxidizing gases at temperatures ranging from 560 to 980 °C. This review critically evaluates recent advances in thermal spray coatings for improving the hot corrosion resistance of boiler steels under such severe conditions. Particular emphasis is placed on coating materials, deposition techniques, microstructural characteristics, and degradation mechanisms associated with plasma spray, HVOF, D-Gun, and cold spray techniques. The main degradation processes including oxidation, sulfidation, chlorination, molten-salt attack, and oxide-scale spallation are examined in detail. Reported studies show that coatings like NiCrAlY, Cr₃C₂–NiCr, and WC–Co/Cr, Al₂O₃-based and composite coating systems significantly increase corrosion resistance through the development of dense Cr₂O₃ and Al₂O₃-rich protective oxide layers. The review further identifies major research gaps related to long-term cyclic exposure, biomass-fired boiler environments, and multilayer coating durability. Present limitations associated with oxide-scale instability, coating porosity, and long-term service degradation is also highlighted. Emerging developments in nanostructured and functionally graded coatings are also discussed for future high-temperature applications. The study provides a concise understanding for selecting suitable coating systems for advanced boiler protection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149338445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of Chemical Composition and Microstructure of As-cast Al1.5CoCrNiY0.01 Multi-Principal Element Alloy After Laser Cladding and Behavioral Features of the Laser Clad Coating During Thermal Cycling","authors":"Olga Samoilova,&nbsp;Svetlana Pratskova,&nbsp;Kirill Pashkeev,&nbsp;Nataliya Shaburova,&nbsp;Arman Bilgenov,&nbsp;Mariappan Anandkumar,&nbsp;Sergei Naifert,&nbsp;Evgeny Trofimov","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10476-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10476-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study compares the microstructure, microhardness, phase stability, and chemical homogeneity of as-cast Al_1.5CoCrNiY_0.01 MPEA versus laser-deposited coating, both before and after thermal cycling at 1100 °C. The microstructure of the alloy was shown to evolve from a pronounced dendritic one to a nonequilibrium eutectic one after laser cladding and coarsening after isothermal holding cycles. The microhardness of the alloy was determined to change from 680 ± 20 HV_0.3 in the as-cast condition to 320 ± 7 HV_0.3 after cladding and 450 ± 10 HV_0.3 after thermal cycling. The coating demonstrates visually observable good adhesion to the matrix material (a nickel-based heat-resistant alloy) due to the liquid metal pool formed during the laser cladding process. The laser clad layer showed high resistance to high-temperature oxidation. After thermal cycling testing, the total specific mass gain of the sample was 0.276 mg/cm², and the oxide layer formed on its surface, measuring 3 ± 1 μm thick, was mostly Al₂O₃. The combined data obtained allow us to propose as-cast Al_1.5CoCrNiY_0.01 MPEA as a promising material for laser clad coating with the ability to operate at high temperatures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149339621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Long-Term CMAS Degradation Mechanisms of Gd2Zr2O7 and La2Zr2O7 Based EB-PVD Thermal Barrier Coatings","authors":"Yasin Ozgurluk,&nbsp;Ozge Ozgurluk,&nbsp;Ismail Kabacelik,&nbsp;Mustafa Senay,&nbsp;Abdullah Cahit Karaoglanli","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10475-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10475-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Gd₂Zr₂O₇ (GZ) and La₂Zr₂O₇ (LZ) thermal barrier coatings were deposited by electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) on cold gas dynamic sprayed CoNiCrAlY bond coats over Inconel 718 substrates. The systems were exposed to a vermiculite-derived silicate deposit at 1250 °C for nominal holding times of 4–32 h and examined by SEM, EDS, and XRD. Both systems exhibited intercolumnar infiltration, reduced measured porosity, increasing local hardness, oxide growth, and eventual loss of the continuous ceramic layer. Pronounced fragmentation was observed in the 16 h GZ specimen, and no continuous GZ topcoat was observed at the 20 h condition. A continuous LZ layer remained identifiable at 20 h, whereas the continuous layer was absent at 24 h. These are post-test observations from different specimens, not exact failure times. Diffraction features assigned to silicate phases and residual zirconates were interpreted together with the microstructural observations; residual zirconate peaks do not demonstrate preservation of a continuous coating. The examined LZ specimens retained a continuous ceramic layer to a later sampled exposure condition than the GZ specimens. This qualitative comparison is limited by one specimen per coating–time condition, discrete 4 h sampling and the absence of deposit-free controls, which prevents separation of thermal aging from deposit-assisted degradation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149338825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Martensite Transformation on Oxidation Resistance and Corrosion Resistance of Zr–1Nb–0.01Cu Alloy Cladding Tubes","authors":"Zhongtang Gao,&nbsp;Ya Liu,&nbsp;Qihang Bi,&nbsp;Tianxiang Cheng,&nbsp;Guanghai Bai,&nbsp;Jiahao Yang,&nbsp;Yuan Yu,&nbsp;Zhiming Gao","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10472-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10472-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The effects of martensite transformation on the oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance of zirconium alloy cladding tubes have been systematically investigated. The oxidation film growth behavior, element distribution, and corrosion electrochemical behavior were analyzed by oxidation weight gain tests, optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and electrochemical workstation, respectively. The results reveal that the high-temperature oxidation kinetics of the four temperature-transformed samples all follow super-linear oxidation kinetics law. Considering the weight-gain behavior together with the oxide-scale thickness and morphology, the 1050 and 1150 °C-treated specimens exhibit relatively similar oxidation behavior, whereas the 1250 °C-treated specimen shows more pronounced oxide-scale growth and degradation under the present experimental conditions. The three-layer oxidation structures consisted of ZrO₂ layer, α-Zr(O) layer, and prior-β layer are formed after the oxidation treatment is applied. The interface between α-Zr(O) and prior-β layers exhibits wavy undulation. Cracks were observed within the oxide scale, although their specific contribution to oxygen transport during high-temperature oxidation cannot be directly established from the present post-quench observations. The corrosion resistance of the alloy shows initially increases and subsequently decreases with the increase of transformation temperature in the environment of 1 wt% LiOH. The sample of transformed at 1150 °C exhibits the lowest corrosion current density (1.12 × 10⁻⁷ A/cm²), the highest charge transfer impedance, a stable and dense surface passive film, and demonstrates optimal corrosion resistance. Overall, the martensite transformation temperature of 1050–1150 °C achieves an optimal compromise both oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance, which is beneficial for improving the comprehensive corrosion resistance of cladding tubes. The research findings provide an experimental basis for optimizing the heat treatment process and designing accident tolerance for nuclear fuel zirconium alloy cladding tubes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149230619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature-Dependent Cyclic Oxidation Behavior and Oxide Scale Evolution of Laser-Clad Stellite 6 Coating","authors":"Chenyang Guan,&nbsp;Yi Li,&nbsp;Chen Pan,&nbsp;Haixin Yan,&nbsp;Duoli Wu,&nbsp;Chao Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10468-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10468-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Laser-clad Co-based coatings were fabricated on 304 stainless steel substrates and subjected to cyclic oxidation in air at 600, 700, and 800 °C for 240 cycles (240 h total elapsed time, 200 h cumulative hot time) to investigate their high-temperature oxidation behavior. The oxidation resistance of the coatings progressively deteriorated with increasing temperature. At 600 °C, the coating exhibited the lowest mass gain of 0.10 mg/cm² (absolute mass change ~ 0.14 mg, close to the balance resolution), with the formation of CoO, Cr₂O₃, and CoCr₂O₄ spinel, together with the Co₇Fe₃ intermetallic phase originating from the coating. Increasing the oxidation temperature to 700 °C promoted the development of a relatively thin oxide scale with a similar phase constitution. At 800 °C, a thick Cr₂O₃-rich oxide scale formed, while the porous CoO layer underwent severe spallation. Based on the observed phase evolution, a plausible oxidation sequence is proposed, in which Co and Cr are preferentially oxidized to form CoO and Cr₂O₃, followed by the formation of CoCr₂O₄ spinel through solid-state reactions between the constituent oxides. Meanwhile, Fe reacts with Co to form the Co₇Fe₃ intermetallic phase. The formation of a relatively dense Cr₂O₃ layer, together with the CoCr₂O₄ spinel, may contribute to the oxidation resistance of the coating, whereas the severe spallation of the porous CoO scale at 800 °C promotes further oxidation. These findings provide a basis for understanding the temperature-dependent cyclic oxidation behavior and oxide-scale evolution of laser-clad Co-based coatings in air.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149230643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ti–Al–C MAX Phase Coatings as MCrAlY Replacements: A Critical Review of the Synthesis–Performance Gap","authors":"Kourosh Nematipour,&nbsp;Mansour Razavi,&nbsp;Mohammad Javad Eshraghi,&nbsp;Zahra Mahmoudi,&nbsp;Ahmad Malekan","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10469-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10469-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>MCrAlY overlays are limited by a depleting aluminium reservoir: β-NiAl consumption, spinel formation, interdiffusion, expansion mismatch. Alumina-forming MAX phases are proposed as alternatives, but on the wrong member of the family: almost every quantitative comparison against MCrAlY concerns Cr₂AlC, while the Ti–Al–C literature is dominated by synthesis. The extrapolation is unsafe: the competing oxide in Ti-containing MAX phases is non-protective TiO₂, not Cr₂O₃, and Ti₃AlC₂ carries a third less aluminium and more TiO₂ than Ti₂AlC. Purity is decisive: at 1000 °C, Cr₂AlC of 64 and 82 wt% oxidised faster than CoNiCrAlY; only 97 wt% did better. A PVD film carries some twenty times less aluminium; on a conditional estimate from matched Cr₂AlC data, 5 µm exhausts it in about 70 h at 1000 °C, 30 µm in 2600 h, against 16,000 h at 150 µm. In the one composition with a series, kinetic differences correlate more closely with defect population than with any measured parameter, though grain size, texture and stress were not separated; across compositions oxide chemistry decides. No deposited Ti–Al–C coating on a superalloy has been sectioned after exposure, and the one MCrAlY-referenced comparison places bulk Ti₂AlC an order of magnitude behind at 750 °C. Reactive cathodic arc deposition is a promising route for experimental investigation, not a solution: the rate and thickness usually quoted come from a study whose coatings were cubic (Ti,Al)C, the alloy-cathode route that forms the MAX phase reports neither, and its anneal is unproven on a superalloy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic Prediction of Selective Oxidation Windows in Cu–Sn Alloys Using Composition-Dependent CALPHAD Solution Models","authors":"Dragan Manasijević","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10470-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10470-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the present work, the selective oxidation behavior of Cu–Sn alloys was investigated using an integrated CALPHAD–HSC thermodynamic approach. Phase constitution and temperature- and composition-dependent activities of Cu and Sn were calculated using the assessed COST 531 thermodynamic database, while oxide stability, equilibrium oxygen partial pressures, and metal–oxide–gas equilibria were evaluated using HSC Chemistry. Activity-corrected oxidation boundaries were constructed to quantify selective oxidation windows as functions of alloy composition and temperature. The results demonstrate that non-ideal interactions substantially influence the predicted oxidation windows. In addition, the Redlich–Kister (RK) parameters describing the liquid Cu–Sn phase were implemented directly into HSC Chemistry through a dedicated activity-coefficient model, enabling self-consistent recalculation of Cu and Sn activities during Gibbs energy minimization. Equilibrium predictions at 1100 °C were compared using three treatments of the liquid phase: ideal solution behavior, fixed CALPHAD-derived activity coefficients, and the self-consistent CALPHAD–RK model. The three metallic-phase treatments produce only limited differences in the equilibrium oxidation degrees at 1100 °C. The self-consistent treatment provides the most conservative predictions, with slightly lower Sn oxidation and somewhat greater Cu oxidation than the simpler treatments. The influence of composition-dependent activity updating is most pronounced in dilute Cu–Sn alloys and during the final stage of Sn removal. This study provides a systematic computational assessment of composition- and temperature-dependent selective oxidation in Cu–Sn alloys and quantifies the influence of alternative metallic-phase descriptions on the predicted Sn-removal/Cu-loss relationship.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Temperature Nitridation and Degradation of Austenitic Stainless Steels and Ni-Based Alloys for Ammonia Decomposition Systems: A Critical Review and Preliminary Experimental Observations","authors":"Peichen Yu,&nbsp;Yongbo Yuan,&nbsp;Longyu Ren,&nbsp;Zhiyang Fan,&nbsp;Hao Guan,&nbsp;Zhangjian Zhou,&nbsp;Hongyu Zhou,&nbsp;Yinsheng He,&nbsp;Wenyue Zheng","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10466-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10466-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Reliable structural materials are essential for the safety of high-temperature ammonia decomposition systems, where components may experience complex NH₃/H₂/N₂ atmospheres and associated nitridation-induced degradation. This review critically evaluates the high-temperature nitridation and associated degradation mechanisms of austenitic stainless steels and Ni-based alloys exposed to ammonia-containing environments relevant to ammonia decomposition systems. The available literature is analyzed by distinguishing direct ammonia-containing evidence from mechanistic evidence obtained under non-ammonia nitriding conditions, thereby clarifying the applicability and limitations of each evidence base. The review establishes the relationships among nitrogen supply, nitrogen ingress, nitride formation, elemental redistribution, defect evolution, and material degradation. The results demonstrate that nitridation responses are governed by the coupled effects of gas chemistry, temperature, exposure history, alloy chemistry, surface-scale stability, and defect-assisted transport rather than by alloy category alone. Austenitic stainless steels generally exhibit nitrogen enrichment, expanded-austenite evolution, and Cr-rich nitride precipitation, whereas Ni-based alloys tend to develop internal nitridation associated with strong nitride-forming elements such as Cr, Al, Ti, and Nb. These behaviors represent condition-dependent tendencies rather than strict distinctions between alloy classes. Preliminary NH₃ exposure experiments on 310S stainless steel at 500 °C and Inconel 600 at 700 °C, each conducted for 300 h at an initial NH₃ pressure of 3 MPa, are included as separate case studies to illustrate nitridation-related responses rather than to rank alloy resistance. This review highlights the need for more controlled NH₃/H₂/N₂ exposure studies and coupled microstructural–mechanical characterization to support material selection for future ammonia decomposition systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural transformations in Cu@Ag core-shell powders during annealing: preliminary oxidation study","authors":"Angelina Strakošová,&nbsp;Drahomír Dvorský,&nbsp;Orsolya Molnárová,&nbsp;Pavel Lejček","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10467-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10467-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Silver-coated copper (Cu@Ag) powder with a core-shell structure is a highly attractive starting material for producing components used in electronic applications, as both Cu and Ag are characterized by high thermal and electrical conductivity. Moreover, a combination of these two materials gives the possibility to improve the oxidation resistance of Cu by Ag coating and reduce the material cost, as Ag coating is usually very thin. However, is Ag able to protect Cu even at elevated temperatures? In this work, the qualitative characterization of the Cu@Ag core-shell powders after heat-treatment at 700 °C in air is described. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy and focused ion beam was used to depict the oxidation process and to help compile the oxidation mechanism of Cu@Ag core-shell powders, which consists of four stages. Unlike previous works published on hollow nanoparticles, we describe the formation of partially hollow Cu-oxide microparticles during oxidation of commercial Cu@Ag core–shell powders under the specific conditions in this work.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11085-026-10467-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior of a Diffusion-Bonded Cr–Fe–C–WC Complex Carbide Composite","authors":"Vikas Singh,&nbsp;Praveen K. Pandey,&nbsp;Bharat Singh Chahar,&nbsp;K. Mondal","doi":"10.1007/s11085-026-10465-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11085-026-10465-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Oxidation resistance of ceramic composites is one of the primary requirements since these composites often experience high temperature under oxidative conditions. The present work concentrates on the high-temperature oxidation behavior of a recently developed optimized diffusion-bonded Cr–Fe–C-based complex carbide composite to understand its oxidation kinetics, oxide-film stability, and degradation mechanisms. The composite consists of 10 wt% WC, 10 wt% Cr, and 80 wt% Cr–Fe–C carbide. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) was carried out at 1200 °C under a uniaxial pressure of 30 MPa, with a dwell time of 15 min and a heating rate of 100 °C·min⁻¹ under vacuum. In this material design, chromium acts as a diffusion-assisting phase rather than a retained metallic binder. This results in a chemically graded multi-carbide microstructure without a continuous binder phase. Isothermal oxidation tests were conducted in air at 500, 650, and 800 °C for 12 h using continuous mass-gain measurements. The composite exhibits strong temperature-dependent oxidation behavior, characterized by low specific mass gain and early kinetic saturation across the examined temperature range. Parabolic rate analysis and Arrhenius fitting yield an apparent activation energy of 89.5 ± 5.4 kJ·mol. Post-oxidation characterizations using SEM, EDS, and XPS reveal a temperature-dependent evolution of oxide morphology and chemistry. Chromium-derived oxides form the most stable and surface-retained oxide backbone at elevated temperatures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":724,"journal":{"name":"Oxidation of Metals","volume":"103 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}